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The geographical proximity influences the formation of regional organisations because: 

• It is influenced by almost some historical enmities and weaknesses. 

• Sometimes the similar interests come together. 

• Even fruitful areas for regional economy are also the result of geographical proximity.

The major land reforms carried in India were:  

(i) Abolition of Zamindari system, 

(ii) Consolidation of small land holdings and 

(iii) Putting an upper limit or ceiling on the maximum amount of land one can possess. 

• Some of these land reforms could not be properly implemented in India because the landowners were very powerful and yielded lot of political influence. 

• As a result these land reforms were either not translated into laws or when made into laws, they remained only on papers. 

Although Indo-Pakistan relations seem to be the story of endemic conflict and violence, there have been a series of efforts to manage tensions and build peace under the various agreements: 

• Agreed to undertake confidence building measures to reduce the risk of war. 

• Social activists and prominent personalities have collaborated to create an atmosphere of friendship. 

• Leaders have met at summits to better understanding. 

• Bus routes have been opened up between these two countries. 

• Trade between the two parts of Punjab has increased substantially in the last five years. 

• Visas have been given more easily.

No, despite the above mentioned agreements and initiatives, we can not be sure that both the countries are well in their way to friendship, still some areas of conflict exist there to be sorted out.

• Zamindari system was abolished to release land from big landlord who were least interested in agriculture. 

• Lands were consolidated to bring small pieces together to increase the farm size. 

Drawbacks: 

• Despite a ‘ceiling’, people with excess land managed to violate the laws. 

• The tenants who worked on someone else’s land were given greater legal security which rarely implemented. 

• Landowners were very powerful and wielded considerable political influence.

1. Advantage : If the party follows the footsteps of the party president, there will be discipline and unity within the party Shortcoming: The party president can take its decision without taking into consideration the views of its party members. So, the inner democracy may get weakened. 

2. Advantage : If the party listens to the majority group, there will be more confidence among the party members and inner democracy will be strengthened. Shortcoming: If the party listens to the majority group, factionalism may increase in the party. One faction may try to back another faction to gather support. 

3. Advantage : Secret ballot voting is an appropriate system. It is more democratic. Through it, any member can express his views. Shortcoming: Sometimes, the party members may vote through secret ballot by ignoring the whip of the party issued by the party president. It may prove fatal to the party. 

4. Advantage : The novice and less experienced candidates will be benefited if they consult the senior and experienced leaders of the party and also follow their guidelines.

Shortcoming : If the party members only consult the senior and experienced leaders and follow their guidelines, their hold will get strengthened in the party.

The Article 51 of Indian Constitution deals with the “Directive Principles of State Policy” on “promotion of international peace and security”. 

• promotes international peace and security. 

• maintains just and honourable relations between nations. 

• fosters respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one another. 

• encourages settlement of international dispute by arbitration.

Two consumer rights which will help me to get justice when cheated, are,

• Right to be heard.
• Right to seek redressal

Similarity in GPF and PPF

a. Tax rebate 

b. Both are schemes of provident fund 

c. Both are long term policy

Difference in GPF and PPF 

a. GPF is compulsory for salaried employees Any adult can open PPF account 

b. Certain amount is deducted from salary every month in GPF. Deposits can be either in a lump sum or instalments, in PPF.

To ensure not being cheated by milk vendor, we must observe following points: 

i. He should not use narrow bottle with thick glass as it do not contain specified amount 

ii. Measure milk unto brim 

iii. Should empting the entire content while measuring milk 

iv. Milk should not be of diseased animal 

v. No foul odour 

vi. Should not be adulterated with water or any other adulterant 

vii. Should not be fat free 

viii. Should not charge more than market price 

Substance Abuse: 

a. Lack of mental and physical co-ordination 

b. Impaired memory 

c. Reflexes become slow 

d. Hallucinations 

e. Increased blood pressure 

f. Nausea and insomnia

i. Do not give complete information through advertisement 

ii. Shown for very brief period 

iii. Shows free gifts but gifts may be of substandard quality 

iv. In any advertisement they mark which creates confusion for the customer 

v. Whenever there is sale, when you go for purchasing you will find very few quantity of that item.

a.Stages of adulthood: 

i. Early adulthood 

ii. Middle adulthood 

iii. Late adulthood 

b.Characteristics of Early adulthood 

i. Setting down stage 

ii. Reproductive age 

iii. Problem age 

iv. Period of emotional tension

c. Characteristics of middle adulthood 

i. A dreaded age 

ii. Is a time of transition 

iii. A time of stress 

iv. A time of achievement

d. Characteristics of late adulthood 

i. A period of decline 

ii. Judged by different criteria 

iii. Individual differences 

iv. Many stereotypes of old people

a. Vertical lines create illusion of height 

b. Makes short person look taller

Characteristics of Adulthood are as follows: 

1. Financial independence 

2. Transition in family relationship 

3. Adjustment to marriage life 

4. Self directed 

Two ways in which vertical lines in an apparel affect the body shape of a person are 

• They make the person appear taller. 
• They make the fat person appear slimmer or thinner.

 To bring Variety in meals:- 

1. Selection of food from different food groups 

2. Variety in colour combination 

3. Variety in texture – Soft, solid, Crisp, Liquid 

4. Variety in taste and flavor 

5. Variety in method of cooking 

 Heavy work: are the activities which require more energy. 

examples: running, jogging and mopping etc. 

Moderate work: activities which require average energy, such as ironing, sweeping and cooking etc. 

Light work: activities which require minimum energy such as watching T.V, listening music, etc. 

A nursing mother needs more calcium than a normal adult for the following reasons 

• Increased production of milk.
• For increased mineral absorption

One benefit of investing in shares is that one can earn profit if company is having heavy profit. Similarly, one drawback of investment in shares is to face losses if company is going in loss. Moreover, there is no income tax rebate on these transactions.

 Possible reasons for holes in silk saree:- 

1. Storage area was damp 

2. Clothes were not washed 

3. Clothes were not dried properly 

4. Not properly packed 

5. Insect repellents were not used 

To avoid this problem

1. Storage area should be clean and dry 

2. Clothes should be washed/dry cleaned and dry 

3. Should be packed in newspaper or polythene. 

4. Use naphthalene balls/neem leaves 

Life Style Diseases 

1. Hypertension 

Dietary Management 

a. Give high fibre diet 

b. Give complex carbohydrates 

c. Low fat dairy products should be given 

d. Low sodium and low calorie diet 

e. Avoid high intake of fat 

2. Diabetes

Dietary Management 

a. Give high protein diet 

b. Give low carbohydrate diet 

c. Reduce fat intake 

d. Give permitted fruits in moderation 

e. Give liquids 

Ways in which shopkeepers cheat consumers  

a. Use defective weights and measures 

b. Adulteration 

c. Lack of quality products 

d. Price variation 

e. Misleading packing

Tips: 

1 Become aware of rights and responsibilities 

2 Choose intelligently 

3 Demand safe and reliable products at a reasonable price. 

4 Read labels properly 

5 Do not buy loose food stuffs 

6 Always buy from reputed shops 

7 Take action when faced with a problem 8 Always demand for bills

The two features of DWCRA is that 

• It facilitates access to any poor women to employment.
• It improves socio-economic status of poor women and children from rural areas

Starch is used to stiffen cotton and linen.

Selection of Silk Saree 

1 Should buy from reputed shop and brand 

2 Look for silk mark 

3 Colour should be bight for the occasion 

4 Should have latest design

Storing 

1 It should be properly aired 

2 Should be dry cleaned 

3 Protect from light 

4 Wrap in clean muslin cloth 

5 Insert tissue paper between folds 

Development of Woman and Children in Rural Areas (DWRCA). Rs.11,000/- per month. 

i. Wrap in clean white sheets. 

ii. Interest tissue paper in between. 

iii. Air occasionally and refold in opposite direction. 

iv. Never place naphthalene balls.

i. Mix the starch paste or powder in water, mix well. 

ii. No lumps 

iii. Dip the opened, wet article in solution. 

iv. Squeeze well and dry in sun.

i. Channelizing his energies by helping him to take part in co-curricular activities. 

ii. By sharing negative experiences of others with him. 

iii. Encouraging him to say No to his peers who are already bunking classes. 

iv. Counselling sessions with school counselor.

i. To spread awareness about safe sex methods. 

ii. Awareness about maintain reproductive health. 

iii. Awareness about STD’s.

i. Firm to touch, 

ii. Free from resins, 

iii. Should give good lather, 

Advantages – 

i. Soaps are cheaper, 

ii. Soaps are biodegradable, 

i. Teaching water purification methods in rural areas. 

ii. Giving training to under privileged women to cook healthy and nutritious meals. 

iii. Teaching women to be economical by managing available resources to fulfil their needs.

iv. Adult education

(i) 

a) A Monochromatic light passes through the glass slab and refracts and emerged out. But we can observe the same color throughout. Even after emerging out 

b) When it is passed through a glass prism, it refracts and the refracted ray is parallel to one side of a prism. Here also, the color of the light doesn't change 

(ii) 

a) White light refracts and simultaneously, dispersion happens and it gets split into its constituent colours. 

b) Refraction happens and also dispersion happens and its constituent colours.

•  Tyndall effect refers to the scattering of light by colloidal particles. 

•  The intensity of the scattered light depends on the difference in the refactive indices of the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium. 

•  Larger the difference, greater will be the intensity of the scattered light. 

•  In lyophobic sols, the particles are not as highly solvated as in lyophilic sols. So, the difference in refractive indices between the particles and the medium is quite large in lyophobic sols. Therefore, they show distinct Tyndall effect. 

Four instances of Tyndall effect as following 

•  Shining a flashlight beam into a glass of milk is an excellent demonstration of the Tyndall effect. You might want to use skim milk or dilute the milk with a bit of water so you can see the effect of the colloid particles on the light beam. 

•  An example of how the Tyndall effect scatters blue light may be seen in the blue color of smoke from motorcycles or two-stroke engines. 

•  The visible beam of headlights in fog is caused by the Tyndall effect. The water droplets scatter the light, making the headlight beams visible. 

•  The Tyndall effect is used in commercial and lab settings to determine the particle size of aerosols.

• In animals, the messages are communicated in the form of nerve impulses quickly. But still, there are some limitations to the nervous system. 

• Nerve impulses can reach only those cells which are connected by the nervous tissues. 

•  And the cells connected by nervous tissues, after generation and transmission of the impulse, take some time to rest before the generation and transmission of new impulse. 

•  In simple words, cells cannot continuously generate and transmit nerve impulses. 

• This is the reason why most multicellular organisms use another form of control and coordination, named chemical coordination. 

•  The advantage of chemical coordination is that the information spreads out throughout the body by blood (then the required part picks it up...as per its requirement) and the effect generally lasts longer.

•  Homologous structures are similar structures in related organisms. The most important thing to remember about homologous structures is that they share common ancestry. 

•  In other words, only organisms that are somehow related to each other can have homologous structures. 

• For example, a chimpanzee’s arm and a human’s arm are homologous structures. 

•  Both sets of arms have a similar structure and use and chimpanzees and humans share a common ancestor. 

Yes, it is necessary that they have a common ancestor, since otherwise there cannot be any similarity in basic plan, origin or internal structure.

• Pollination is when pollen grains from an anther, the male portion of a flower, are transferred to a female part in the flower, known as the stigma. 

• In order for pollination to be successful, the pollen grains transferred must be from a flower of the same species.

Types of Pollination:

Significance of Pollination 

•    Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. 

•    Pollination is a very important part of the life cycle of plants. Insects, birds, bats and the wind take pollen between flowering plants, which means the plants can make seeds and reproduce. 

•    Its significance is to carry the pollen grains to the stigma for the process of fertilisation. 

•    It is of two types self pollination (from the anther to the stigma of the same flower) and cross pollination (anther to the stigma of another flower of a different plant of same species).

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower is known as pollination.

Significance of pollination : 

(a) It is a significant event because it precedes fertilization. 

(b) It brings the male and female gametes closer for the process of fertilization. 

(c) Cross-pollination introduces variations in plants because of the mixing of different genes. 

These variations further increase the adaptability to plants towards the environment or surroundings.

Punjab Accord :- 

i. Chandigarh was transferred to Punjab 

ii. Punjab and Haryana border dispute was solved 

iii. Ravi- Beas river dispute was resolved between Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan 

iv. Compensation to the people affect by the militancy 

• The Chipko movement began in two or three villages of Uttarakhand on refusal of permission to villages to fell ash trees for making agricultural tools and allotted the same land to sports manufacturers for commercial uses. 

• The villagers protested against the practices of logging to be permitted by government. 

• The villagers used a novel tactic to hug the trees to protect them from being cut down. 

Impact of movement : 

• It soon spread across many parts of Uttarakhand and larger issues of ecological and economic exploitation were also raised. 

• The government issued a ban on felling of tress in Himalayan region for fifteen years until green cover was fully restored. 

• Active participation of women was also a very novel aspect of the movement. 

• This movement was started with a single issue but became symbol of many such popular movements emerging in different parts of the country during 1970s.

Punjab Accord was an agreement signed between the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Harchand Singh Longowal, the then President of Akali Dal in 1985 to be known as ‘Rajiv Gandhi Longowal Accord’ also to create normalcy in Punjab: 

• Chandigarh would be transferred to Punjab. 

• To appoint a separate commission to resolve border dispute between Punjab and Haryana. 

• To set up a tribunal to settle down the sharing of Ravi-Beas river water among Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. 

• To provide agreement for compensation to better treatment to those affected by militancy in Punjab. 

• To withdraw the Armed Forces Special Power Act in Punjab. 

But peace could not be established easily in Punjab and resulted as follows: 

• It led to many excesses Dy police and violation of human rights. 

• It fragmented the Akali Dal. 

• The President’s rule was imposed and normal political process was suspended.

• Hence, political process could not be restored in this atmosphere. Even during elections in 1992, only 24% electors turned out to vote.

Consequently above mentioned added to tension between Punjab and its neighbouring states.

1. The most important development of this period was the defeat of the Congress party in the elections held in 1989. The party that had won as many as 415 seats in the Lok Sabha in 1984 was reduced to only 197 in this election. The Congress improved its performance and came back to power soon after the mid-term elections held in 1991. But the elections of 1989 marked the end of ‘Congress system’. 

2. Second development was the rise of the Mandal issue in national politics. This followed the decision by the new national Front Government in 1990, to implement the recommendation of reserved for the Other backward Classes. This led to violent anti-Mandal protests in different parts of the country. 

3. Third, the economic policy followed by the various governments took a radically different turn. This is known as the initiation of the structural adjustment programme or the new economic reforms. These changes first became very visible in 1991 and radically changed the direction that the Indian widely criticised by various movements and organisations. But the various governments that came to power in this period have continued to follow these. 

4. Fourth, a number of events culminated in the demolition of the disputed structure at Ayodhya (known as Babri Masjid) in December 1992. This event symbolised and triggered various changes in the politics of the country and intensified debates about the nature of Indian nationalism and secularism.

5. Finally, the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991 led to a change in leadership of the Congress Party. In the elections of 1991, Congress emerged as the single largest party. Following Rajiv Gnadhi’s death, the party chose Narshimha Rao as the Prime Minister.

Consequences of the partition of India : 

1. The year 1947 was the year of one of the largest, most abrupt, unplanned and tragic transfer of population that Indian history was known. In the name of religion, people of a community killed and maimed people of the other community. Cities like Lahore, Calcutta (Kolkata) and Amritsar were titled as communal zones. 

2. Muslims would avoid going into areas where mainly Hindus and Sikhs lived. Similarly, the Hindus and Sikhs stayed away from Muslim areas. 

3. People went through immense sufferings because they were forced to abandon their homes and move across borders. Minorities on both sides of the border fled their homes and often secured temporary shelter in ‘refugee camps’. They often found helpless local police and administration helpless in what was till recently their own country. They travelled to the other side of the new border by all sorts of means, often by foot. Even during this journey they were often attacked, killed or raped. Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of the border. They were made to convert to the religion of the abductor and were forced into marriage. In many cases, women were killed by their own family members to preserve the ‘family honour’. Many children were separated from their parents. 

4. Those who did manage to cross the border found that they had no home. For lakhs of these ‘refugees’ the country’s freedom meant life in refugee camps, for a long time. 

5. While recounting the trauma of partition, they have often used the phrase that the survivors themselves used to describe partition—as a division of hearts. 

6. The partition was not merely a division of properties, liabilities and assets, or a political division of the country and the administrative apparatus. The employees of the government and the railways were also divided. Partition forced about 80 lakh people to migrate across the new border. About 5 to 10 lakhs people were killed in partition-related violence. However, beyond the administrative concerns and financial strains, the partition posed another deeper issue. The leaders of the Indian national struggle did not accept the two-nation theory. And yet, partition on religious had taken place.

In 1971, after the Indo-Pak war, the leaders of the two countries met at Simla and signed peace agreement. It was signed between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

A newspaper is described as ‘printed periodical’ containing news published daily.

Advantages of a newspaper

• The market can be broadly selected, catering to different types.

• The medium permits flexibility of length and size.

• Advertisements can be enhanced by the use of colour.

• Advertising can be inserted at a fairly short notice.

• Advertising can be restricted to a region, if required.

False: National income includes income of government sector in the form of receiving of taxes.

Correlation is usually defined as a measure of the linear relationship between two quantitative variables (e.g., height and weight). Often a slightly looser definition is used, whereby correlation simply means that there is some type of relationship between two variables. This post will define positive and negative correlation, provide some examples of correlation, explain how to measure correlation and discuss some pitfalls regarding correlation.

Importance of Correlation:

(i) Correlation helps us in determining the degree of relationship between variables. It enables us to make our decision for the future course of actions.

(ii) Correlation analysis helps us in understanding the nature and degree of relationship which can be used for future planning and forecasting.

(iii) Forecasting without any prior correlation analysis may prove to be defective, less reliable and more uncertain. If it is based upon the result of correlation analysis, it will be more reliable.

In our daily life we have to face various forms of scarcity. Our wants are of various types. They are related to food, clothing, shelter, entertainment, education, travelling etc. We face problems in satisfying them because they need scarce resources. We have to choose the wants which have more intensity. First we satisfy essential wants and satisfy them.

India had to adopt set of economic reforms i.e. liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation because of the following factors:

1. Mounting fiscal deficit: In our planned economic development, anticipated expenditure was always in excess of anticipated receipts resulting into fiscal deficit. It increased to 8.5% of GDP in 1991 as against 5% in 1981-82. In order to meet this deficit, government had to make public borrowings involving interest burden of borrowing.

2. Adverse balance of payment : Deficit in balance of payment means when foreign payments are in excess of foreign receipts. In India, it mounted from Rs.2214 crores in 1980-81 to Rs.17367 crores in 1990-91. To meet this deficit, government had to depend upon external borrowings.

3. Gulf crisis: Iran-Iraq war in 1990-91, is known as gulf-crisis. It led to a sharp rise in petrol prices in the international market. Our exports to gulf countries fell sharply but there was a steep rise in import bills. It made the balance of payment position further grim. It compelled the government to introduce the new economic policy at this juncture.

4. Fall in foreign reserves: At one time, during 1990-91, foreign exchange reserves fell to a lower level of 2400 crores, which was just enough for the payments of three weeks imports. The crisis was so serious that Chandra Shekhar government had to mortgage gold reserves with other countries to pay off interest and foreign debts. It forced India to adopt a new set of measures to accumulate foreign exchange reserves.

5. Rise in prices:  After 1960-61, prices of all
commodities continued to rise. The situation became serious when the rate of inflation arose from 6.7% to 16.7%.

6. Poor performance of public sector undertakings: Government of India expanded public sector in a jhuge way during 1951-1991, but their return was negligible. So, it was the need of the hour to shift it to the private sector instead of public sector.

Answer:

Economic reforms initialed in India in the year 1991 wore crisis driven rather than being strategic. The following factors became the reason for economic reforms to be introduced in India (i) High Fiscal Deficit, Debt Trap and Low Foreign Exchange Reserves Government expenditure exceeded the revenue, from various sources such as taxation, earning from public sector enterprises etc due to high spending on social sector, infrastructure and defence. The government borrowed funds to finance the deficit from banks, people of the country and international financial institutions. Due to faulty policies, government was not able to make repayments on its external borrowings and starting taking fresh loans to repay the previous loans thus getting caught in a debt trap. Secondly, foreign exchange reserves borrowed from other countries and financial institutions spent on meeting consumption needs. As a result foreign exchange reserves declined to a level and that was not adequate to finance imports for more than two weeks. (iii) High Inflation Long term rise in general price level is called inflation. Prices of many essential goods rose sharply due to slow output growth and high demand, which resulted in double digit inflation (inflation at more than 10% level) in 1980-81 to 1990-91. During this critical situation no country or international lender was willing to lend to India. India approached the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), popularly known as World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for loan. India was granted $7 billion as loan to manage the crisis on the condition that India would liberalize and open up the economy by removing restrictions on the private sector, reduce the role of the government in many areas and remove trade restrictions. India agreed to the conditionalities of World Bank and IMF and thus announced the New Economic Policy (MEP) consisting of wide ranging economic reforms under three heads viz liberalization, privatization and globalization.