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c) When they are earned

Plasmid is a circular extra-chromosomal DNA molecule present in a bacterial cell, which replicate autonomously along with bacterial chromosomal DNA.

Role of vectors: The vectors have the ability to replicate within the bacterial cells independent of the control of chromosomal DNA. If an alien piece of DNA is linked to the vector like bacteriophage or plasmid DNA, it can be made to multiply its number equal to the copy number of the vector. Vectors are also used in the selection of recombinants from non-recombinants. Plasmids and bacteriophages are the most commonly used vectors.

Following are the features of management: 

1. Management is a group activity – Management comes into picture where groups of persons are involved in working towards a common objective. Where a single individual works for his individual goals, management has no role to play. 

2. Management is multi-dimensional – Management is a composite process consisting of management of people, work and operations. It integrates people in relation to physical resources. 

3. Management is all pervasive – Management is required in all types of organisations and at each level. It focuses on efficiency and effectiveness in the activities of an organisation. 

4. Management is a dynamic function – Management is a dynamic function of business organisation. Its functions change from time to time depending upon the conditions of the business i.e., changes in economic, social, political, technological and human conditions. It adjusts itself to the atmosphere which is always dynamic. 

5. Management is intangible – Management is an unseen force. Management requires application of mind involving foresight, intelligent imagination and sound judgment. The success of management is felt through orderliness, enthusiastic employees and adequate work output. 

6. Management is continuous process – Management is not confined to a particular point of time. It involves continuous handling of problems and issues. 

7. Management is goal oriented process – Management deals with achieving organisational and personal goals. It seeks to harmonise the personal goals with organisational goals.

 Following are the characteristics of management: 

a. Management is a goal oriented process which unites the efforts of different individuals in the organization towards achieving these goals. 

b. Management is all pervasive as the activities involved in managing an enterprise are common to all organizations whether economic, social or political. 

c. Management is multidimensional as it is a complex activity that has three dimensions: Management of work, Management of people, Management of operations. 

d. Management is a process consisting of continuous, composite, but separate functions. 

e. Management is a group activity which ensures team work and coordination of individual effort in a common direction. 

f. Management is a dynamic function and has to adapt itself to the changing environment. g. Management is an intangible force that cannot be seen but its presence can be felt in the way the organization functions. 

1. (a) The voice and opinion of the general public is important as they may be interested in the company and its product and have an impact on the business ability to achieve its objectives. Thus, it is imperative to manage public opinion and the company’s relation with the public on a regular basis. 

(b) Consumer activist groups need to be satisfied because they can impose restriction on the sales of the firm’s products directly by urging customers to refrain from buying them through the imposition of laws. 

2. The following departments in the firm can be given the task to disseminate information and buijd goodwill: 

(a) The marketing department. 

(b) A separate department to manage public relations

Following are two dimensions of business environment discussed in the given para : 

(a) Legal environment – Legal environment consists of those governmental regulations and laws that define the rules under which business must operate. Typically, government laws and rules are designed to foster the overall goal. The legal environment provides operating parameters under whjph business has to exist and work. Legal environment, therefore, exercises a significant influence on business activities. 

Following are the components of legal environment: 

1. Rights and duties of citizens. 

2. Laws relating to business. 

3. Judicial system of the country. 

4. Flexibility of laws. 

(b) Political environment – Political environment provides the framework within which the business has to function. Policies of the government change with the change in the political party in power. No business can succeed without understanding the political environment i.e., political peace, stability and political programmes of the parties. Policies of the government change according to the attitudes of the political leaders. 

Following are the components of political environment: 

1. Type of government in existence. 

2. Governmental attitude towards various industries. 

3. Platforms of political parties. 

4. Lobbying efforts by interest groups. 

5. Progress towards the passage of laws. 

6. Predisposition of candidates running for office.

A. a. The voice and opinion of the general public is important as they may be interested in the company and its product and have an impact on the business ability to achieve its objectives. Thus, it is imperative to manage public opinion and the company’s relation with the public on a regular basis. 

b. Consumer Activist groups need to be satisfied because they can impose restriction on the sales of the firm’s products directly by urging customers to refrain from buying them through the imposition of laws. 

B. The following departments in the firm can be given the task to disseminate information and build goodwill: 

a. The marketing department. 

b. A separate department to manage public relations

The dimensions of Business environment discussed above which brought about the above change are: 

a. Legal environment- Legal environment includes various legislations passed by the Government, administrative orders issued by government authorities, court judgments, as well as the decisions rendered by various commissions and agencies at every level of government-Center, State, Local. Non-Compliance of laws can land the business enterprises into legal problems. 

b. Political environment- Political environment includes political conditions such as general stability and peace in the country and specific attitudes that elected government representatives hold towards business. Attitudes of the government officials may have either positive or negative impact upon business. 

The following are the variables used by R&T Reality to prepare its market offering: 

a. Product: Product means goods or services or ‘anything of value’, which is offered to the market for sale. The concept of product relates to not only the physical product but also the benefits offered by it from customer’s view point. The concept of product also includes the extended product or what is offered to the customers by way of after sales services, handling complaints, etc. The important product decisions include deciding about the features, quality, packaging, labeling and branding of the products. 

b. Price: Price is the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product. The marketers have not only to decide about the objectives of price setting but to analyse the factors determining the price and fix a price for the firm’s products. Decisions have to be taken in respect of discounts to customers, traders and credit terms, etc, so that the customers perceive the price to be in line with the value of the product. 

c. Place: Place or physical distribution include activities that make firms products available to the large customers. Important decision areas in this respect include selection of intermediaries to reach the customers, providing support to the intermediaries. The other  decision areas relate to managing inventory, storage and warehousing and transportation of goods from the place it is produced to the place it is required by the buyers. 

d. Promotion: Promotion of products and services include activities that communicate availability, features, merits, etc, of the products to the target customers and persuade them to buy it. Most marketing organizations undertake various promotional activities and spend substantial amount of money on the promotion of their goods through using number of tools such as advertising, personal selling and sales promotion techniques. 

The following are the variables used by R&T Reality to prepare its market offering : 

(a) Product – Product means goods or services or ‘anything of value’, which is offered to the market for sale. The concept of product relates to not only the physical product but also the benefits offered by it from customer’s view point. The concept of product also includes the extended product or what is offered to the customers by way of after sales services, handling complaints, etc. The important product decisions include deciding about the features, quality, packaging, labeling and branding of the products. 

(b) Price – Price is the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product. The marketers have not only to decide about the objectives of price setting but to analyse the factors determining the price and fix a price for the firm’s products. Decisions have to be taken in respect of discounts to customers, traders and credit terms, etc., so that the customers perceive the price to be in line with the value of the product. 

(c) Place – Place or physical distribution include activities that make firms products available to the large customers. Important decision areas in this respect include selection of intermediaries to reach the customers, providing support to the intermediaries. The other decision areas relate to managing inventory, storage and warehousing and transportation of goods from the place it is produced to the place it is required by the buyers.

(d) Promotion – Promotion of products and services include activities that communicate availability, features, merits, etc., of the products to the target customers and persuade them to buy it. Most marketing organisations undertake various promotional activities and spend substantial amount of money on the promotion of their goods through using number of tools such as advertising, personal selling and sales promotion techniques

Pure substances exhibiting conductivity similar to that of silicon and germanium are called intrinsic semiconductors.

Griffin’s behaviour was very unusual. He did not go to church. Some days he would be continuously busy in his work and on others, he would just pace up and down in his room. His temper was very unpredictable. Moreover, he rarely went abroad by daylight and had no communication with the outside world. However, he always kept himself covered whether it was cold or hot. Griffin would walk on the loneliest paths and among the shades of the trees. People often got scared when they met him walking down the street. Moreover, his appearance made him the talk of the town. Mrs Hall kept telling everybody that he was an 'experimental investigator’. However, many also believed that he was a criminal trying to hide himself in bandages. Some thought that he was an anarchist. Then there were people like Fearenside who believed that he was a piebald. 

The ‘Theatre-In-Education Company’ (Sanskar Rang Toli) was established in October 16, 1989, and is one of the most important theatre education resource centres in the country. It consists of a group of actor-teachers working with and performing for children. The major focus of the TIE Company is to perform creative, curriculum-based and participatory plays in schools, specially designed and prepared for student of different age groups. The major thrust of the plays is to create an atmosphere that encourages student to raise questions, take decisions and make choices with an awareness of themselves within the larger social context.

They reflect the time and place in which the character lives, his social standing, his present circumstances and his emotional state.

Theatre Educator.

Theatre teacher instructors coach students in the techniques of acting, directing, playwriting, script analysis and the history of theatre. They help them acquire confidence, speaking skills and sense timing. They encourage students in their work, direct rehearsals and guide them in their roles. At the same time, they instruct students in backstage work including set design, production organization, set building, stage lighting and sound, properties, costuming and makeup.

North poles.

The intersection of magnetic field lines at a point means that the compass needle would point towards two directions at that point, which is not possible.

1. (a) deceased 

2. (a) siblings 

3. (d) repeal 

4. (a) discriminate

1. The Indian Succession Act 1925 is being amended because it doesn’t allow Christian women to have rights in the property of their deceased children. 

2. The Law Ministry has asked the Law Commission to give its recommendations on removing this inequality against women in the Succession Act that has continued since the British era. 

3. The government has been receiving representation from the Christians of India to remove this anomaly which deprives a mother of her rightful share in the property. 

4. The repeal of such discriminating provisions will give mother their first and equal rights in the property of their deceased children. 

1. (d) expressing clearly 

2. (c) stringent 

3. (b) pollution 

4. (b) diluting

1. The ministry of environment and forests has asked for public comments on environmental laws to review them rationally and amending Air and Water Acts, if needed, in the changing circumstances. 

2. Environmentalists don’t have genuine faith in the intention of the ministry of environment and forests. They are worried that the review has been commissioned only to dilute the laws regarding the prevention of pollution. 

3. In the US, the US Environmental Agency has far more stringent parametres when compared to their counterparts in India. In the last few years, 80% of industries in Ghaziabad and Noida have not been complying with their Act. 

4. It will have a disastrous effect on the environment if air and water pollution control laws are relaxed in Delhi. People can’t survive in the city if that happens. 

1. (a) simmering 

2. (c) species 

3. (a) irrelevant 

4. (c) recreation

1. Students want good education but most of them are dissatisfied with it. There is a simmering unease among them that they are not really learning much in such a set up. 

2. There are three possible key factors behind a successful schooling system. They are: 

(i) building of knowledge and critical faculties 

(ii) good facilities and environment 

(iii) an equitable system for all students 

3. Language problem, ill treatment, irrelevant subject matter, absence of toilets for girls are some of the factors that let students drop out of their schools in the middle. 

4. About 28% of teachers in primary schools are not even professionally qualified. In the North-eastern states and in Bihar, Bengal and J&K, 3 out of 5 teachers are not duly qualified to teach primary students.

Bamboo the plant which flower only once in their lifetime.

Expected values 

1. Unity in Diversity 

2. Mutual cooperation. 

3. To develop the feelings of nationalism, 

4. Fraternity 

5. Communal Harmony

1. The Tirthankars preached about a new religion which came to be known as Jainism. 

According to them the last aim of life is the attainment of Nirvana. Pure knowledge, pure character and pure philosophy are three means to attain Nirvana. They are known as Triratna. 

2. The followers of this religion believed in asceticism and penance. They believed that salvation could be achieved by giving more and more pain to the body so they gave lot of pain to their bodies. 

3. Jainism is the great patron of Ahimsa in life. The followers believe that every things of the world are animate. According to them it is a sin to be a reason and injury to human beings, animal, plant or sect. 

4. The followers of this religion accept the existence of God but they do not believe in God. They worship their Tirthankars. 

5. The disciples neither consider the Vedas as having divine knowledge nor the means of salvation mentioned in the Vedas. According to them, soul will be free from the bond of karma. As the cycle of karma ends the individual attains salvation. 

6. They accept the existence of soul. They believe that soul is immortal while it is in the body it is distinct and different from the body. 

7. According to its philosophy, all the people are equal No one to be high or low on the basis of caste. So, they do not believe in casteism. The cycle of birth and re-birth will be shaped by the Karmas. It emphasizes to perform good deeds for next birth. 

8. Tirthankar Mahavir inspired and taught to his followers to lead a high world life. He beawared them from anger, greed, jealously, theft, censure and unethical deeds.

1. Mahatma Buddha preached very simple teachings and followers adopted them very easily. 

He streesed on four noble truths 

(i) The world is full of sorrows 

(ii) The cause of sorrow is desire 

(iii) Conquer sorrow by conquering desire 

(iv) Desire can be conquered by eight fold path. 

2. The eight fold path: 

(i) Right Belief 

(ii) Right thought, 

(iii) Right speech, 

(iv) Right Action, 

(v) Right means of livelihood, 

(vi) Right effort, 

(vii) Right Recollection, 

(viii) Right Meditation. 

3. One should not hurt living beings with action, speech or heart. Killing animals and animals sacrifice is a sin. To show love and sympathy with others and follow the non-violence. 

4. It accepts the karma theory, one gets result of his present actions in the next birth. Do good get good results and do bad to get bad results. To have better future one has to do good deeds. 

5. The main aim of an individual is to attain nibbana. He would not want to indugle himself in the quarrel of heaven or hell. One who attains Nibbana gets away from the cycle of birth and death. 

6. He did not believe in worship of God, and Goddess. He remained mum in the regard of authority of God. According to him, an authority exists which runs the universe, it is Dharma instead of God. The sacrifice of animals is a useless rituals and customs. He discarded the theory of Hinduism that Moksha can be attained by it. The chanting of mantras was considered useless. 

7. According to his views about vedas and Sanskrit, were very much different from the Hinduism. True knowledge might be given in any language. He rejected to accept Sanskrit as more sacred than other languages. No more importance was given to vedas. 

8. He did not believe in discrimination on the caste system. All human beings are equal and no one to be considered superior or inferior on caste basis. He did not favour of stricts meditation. Nothing could be attained by not eating or drinking anything. Staying in the family life one could attain nibbana.

1. Mughal rulers used to adopt big titles at the time of coronation or after a victory over any enemy. These titles were announced by naqib. An atmosphere of awe was created in the evidence. Such title of the reigning ruler with royal protocol were on the Mughal coins. 

2. The important aspect of Mughal polity was to give the titles to able persons. The promotion of any courtier or others in court hierarchy was known by the titles which he held. 

3. Aurangzeb gave title of Mirza Raja to his top most nobles Jai singh and Jaswant Singh. These titles could either be earned or paid. Mirkhan gave ? one lakh to Aurangeb for the letter Alif means A, to be added to make a change it to Amir Khan. 

4. The robe of honour-khilat was included with rewards, that was a garment once worn by the Emperor. Sarapa was another gift. It had three parts-a tunic, a turban and a sash. Rulers used to gift jewelled ornaments.

5. In very rare circumstances, emperor used to give the lotus blosom set with jewels. 

6. Courtiers df the Mughal courts never approached the emperor empty handed. They offered either small amount of money as nazr or a large amount as peshkash. 

7. Gifts were considered as the symbols of respect and honour in diplomatic relations. The Diplomats used to do an important work to negotiate treaties between competing political powers. 

8. Thomas Roy was very much disappointed whenever he got back the ring which he gifted to Asaf Khan. Which was not costly.

1. Akbar’s religious policy was based on the concepts of liberalness and tolerance. His mother Hamidabano Begum was Shia. He was influenced by her liberal and tolerable nature. 

2. Akbar remained under the protection of Bairam Khan. A direct impact of liberal ideas of Bairam khan and his teacher Abdul Latiff was observed. He established marital relations with Rajputs. Hindu Queen played an influencive role in changing his religious ideas. 

3. The liberal religious ideas were propagated by the Sufi saints. It also helped in changing Akbar’s religious ideas. 

4. It was a demand of that time because Akbar was willing to extend the boundary of his .. empire and give a strong regime so he wanted to have cooperation of both Hindus and Muslims. 

5. At Fatehpur Sikri he set Ibadatkhana. Various religious leaders used to express their ideas. Akbar used to find the truth from all religions not from a particular religion. 

6. Akbar founded a new religion Din-i-Ilahi in 1582. In this religion, he included all the basic concepts and elements of all the religions and sects. 

7. God, Goddeses, Pir etc had no place in it. It mentioned that God is one and Akbar in his top most devotee. Followers of this religion were not allowed to be non-vegetarian. 

8. Followers of this religions used to greet each other as they used to say Allahhu-Akbar. they were always ready to sacrifice every thing for the emperor. It could not became a popular religion because Akbar hardly propagated it among the masses.

1. The very first thing was that mutineer reached Delhi and they appealed to Bahadur Shah to lead them and proclaimed him Shah-en-Shah Hindustan. The others were Kanpur, Jhansi etc. 

2. The rebels sought leadership of erst while rulers. It helped to ensure legitimacy and unity among the rebels. 

3. The rebels proclamations of 1857 repeatedly appealed to all sections of Indian population irrespective of their caste and creed. 

4. It was made in Hindi, Urdu and Persian, called upon Hindus and Muslims, to unite and rise. 

5. The proclamations were issued by muslim princes or in their names took care to address the sentiments of Hindus. 

6. The defence of religion and the fight against the British were seen as closely linked to each other in which both Hindus and Muslims had equal stake. 

7. The Ishtahars played important role to hold back to the pre-British HinduMuslim past and glorified the co-existance of different communities under the Mughal regime. 

8. The standard of Mohammad and Mahavir were emphasised by the nation of Bahadur Shah.

Godfrey made a hasty and secret marriage with Molly Farren, a woman of poor reputation, and his brother Dunstan threatened Godfrey that he would make his wellguarded secret known to their father and thereby bring down the Squire’s wrath on him; besides, this disclosure would also mar his chances with Nancy Lammeter. Godfrey was deeply frustrated by his brother’s diabolic shrewdness and agreed to let Dunstan sell his favorite horse, Wildfire, to remunerate the money. 

On the way to the hunt where he hoped to sell the horse, Dunstan passed Silas’ cottage. This sight gave him the idea of borrowing the money from Mamer, but he rather liked the idea of vexing his brother, so he continued to the hunt and made the sale. However, instead of turning over the horse at once, he rode in the chase and killed the animal on a stake.

I. (a) (1) acceptance of painful emotions 

(b) (1) all have roots in Buddhism 

II. (a) Mindfulness is the practice of purposely focusing your attention on the present moment and accepting it without judgment. 

(b) Mindfulness brings happiness in our life as it helps us become fully engaged in activities and increases our capacity to deal with adverse situations.

(c) Mindfulness techniques help improve physical health in a number of ways. Mindfulness can help relieve stress, treat heart disease, lower blood pressure, reduce chronic pain and improve sleep.

(d) Mindfulness meditation is an important element in the treatment of a number of problems including depression and substance abuse.

(e) Mindfulness techniques are being combined with psychotherapy as both share the common goal of helping people gain perspective on irrational, maladaptive, and self-defeating thoughts.

(f) We can do so by including a certain type of prayer or meditation technique that shifts our thoughts away from our usual preoccupations. 

III. (a) adverse 

(b) aversion

I. (a) (4) all of the above 

(b) (3) both (1) and (2)

(c) (1) World War-I 

(d) (1) mirs

II. (a) The population of Russia boomed and the land became scarce, so the Russian peasants became poor and came into debt. Besides, the upper classes had no understanding of the problems of the peasants. 

(b) The upper and the middle class believed in the myth of the commune being a joyous angelic place. 

(c) ’The deeply ingrained culture and frequent violence were the reasons for the break.

(d) In central Russia the peasant population was rising and land was running out, so the elites forced the debt-ridden peasants to sell their land for commercial use.

(e) Peasants travelled to the cities in search of work. There they urbanised and looked negatively on the peasants who left behind. 

III. (a) eroding 

(b) disaffected 

(c) patriarch

(a) At a Potato Digging by Seamus Heaney 

(b) The poet compares potato digging to a traditional procession/ laborers are bending down, straightening their body and then they are moving on like devotees 

(c) fear of the famine/reminded of the past/they seem to be worshipping a famine god to keep the famine at bay 

(d) The ground becomes the place of worship each year as those harvesting are only too aware that such bounty in nature cannot be taken for granted 

(e) Metaphor: the wet earth yields food, a human necessity, intensified by famine altar of the sod.

MySQL, MS Access, MS SQL Server, Oracle etc.

The column of a table is known as field.

Example: EmpNo, EmpName etc.

An attribute or set of attributes which are used to identify a tuple uniquely is known as Primary key.

Primary key: S_No or S_Name

DELETE FROM Emp WHERE FirstName = 'Rahul';

OR

DELETE FROM Emp WHERE FirstName like 'Rahul'

Publishing is the process of preparing movie files to be uploaded on the website for users by converting the Flash.FLA file to another format like .swf, .html etc.

The extension of the file created when a Flash movie is published using a Macintosh projector is .hqx.

1. Nitish rode his new blue bike.

2. Sunita and her Grandmother played in the park.

3. Mother and Father went to the store.

4. all the children walked down the hall.

5. Spot hid a bone in the garden.

6. There are two birds in the nest.

7. Our teacher Mr.Shyam has a cat named Timmy.

8. Ram and Ravan like to play cricket.

9. Green park is a good place for walk.

10. Standard School sits high on the hill.

4. (i)Obtuse vertically opposite angles means greater than 90 and equal ∠AOD = ∠BOC. 

(ii) Adjacent complementary angles means angles have common vertex, common arm, non-common arms are on either side of common arm and sum of angles is 90° . 

(iii) Equal supplementary angles means sum of angles is 180° and supplement angles are equal. 

(iv) Unequal supplementary angles means sum of angles is 180° and supplement angles are unequal. i.e., ∠AOE, ∠EOC; ∠AOD, ∠DOC and ∠AOB, ∠BOC 

(v) Adjacent angles that do not form a linear pair mean, angles have common ray but the angles in a linear pair are not supplementary. i.e., ∠AOB, ∠AOE; ∠AOE, ∠EOD and ∠EOD, ∠COD

There is a great need for a consumer to become a well-informed consumer in the following manner:

 (i) When we as consumers become conscious of our rights while purchasing various goods and services, we will be able to discriminate and make informed choices. (ii) This calls for acquiring the knowledge skill to become a well-informed consumer.

 (iii) We should become conscious of our rights.

 (iv) The enactment of COPRA has led to the setting up of separate departments of consumer affairs in central and state government.

 (v) There are posters in the cities or states, through which government spreads information about legal process which people can use.

(i) The government has enacted a specific law called consumer protection Act i.e., COPRA, in 1986.

 (ii) Under COPRA, a three tier quasi-judicial machinery at the district, state and national levels was set up for redressal of consumer disputes.

 (iii) The district court deals with the cases involving claims upto Rs20 lakh, the state level courts between 20 lakh and one crore and the national level court deals with cases involving claims exceeding Rs1 crore.

 (iv) If a case is dismissed in district level court, the consumer can appeal in state and then national level court. Thus the Act has enabled us as consumers to have the right to represent in the consumer courts. 

(v) It strengthened the consumers’ movement and provided the consumers with the right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices and exploitation. If any damage is done to a consumer, she has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of damage.

Contrapositive statement: If you are not born in India, then you are not a citizen of India.

Converse Statement: If you are a citizen of India then you are born in India.

a * b = 2a + b, (2 * 3) * 4 ?

2 * 3 = 2(2) + 3

= 4 + 3

2 * 3 = 7

(2 * 3) * 4 = 7 * 4

= 2(7) + 4

= 14 + 4

= 18

Statement:

F.seek(0)

Self- control refers to delaying or deferring of gratification of needs.it plays a key role in the fulfillment of long term goals. Anita is able to abstain from food for religious purposes using self- control. The 3 techniques are: Observation of own behavior 

Self Instruction 

Self reinforcement: 

Explanation of each of the above.

Learning alphabets and digits is an example of simultaneous processing. False