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DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid 

RNA: Ribonucleic acid

Antibiotics which are mainly effective against gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria are known as narrow spectrum antibiotics, e.g., ampicillin G.

(a) Van’t Hoff factor: (i) May be defined as the ratio of normal molecular mass to observed molecular mass or the ratio of observed colligative property to calculated colligative property. 

(ii) Mole fraction may be defined as the ratio of number of moles of one component to the sum of moles all the components present in a solution.

 (iii) Ebuthoscopic constant may be defined as the elevation in boiling point when one mole of a non-volatile solute is added to 1000 grams of solvent.

(b) It states that for a solution of volatile liquids the partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole faction

Fringe width, β = Dλ/d => β ∝  λ  for same D and d. When the whole apparatus is immersed in a  transparent liquid of refractive index n =1×3, the wavelength decreases to   λ = λ/n = λ/1.3. so, fringe width decreases to 1/1.3 time.

B group vitamins and vitamins C are soluble in water.

(i) Artificial sweetening agents are chemical substances which are sweet in taste but do not add calories to our body. For example, saccharin. Its use is of great value to diabetic persons as it is excreted from the body through urine as such.

(ii) Enzymes: Enzymes are catalysts of biological origin which accelerate various cellular reactions without themselves undergoing any apparent change during the course of action. Enzymes are highly specific in their action on substrate. Almost all the enzymes are globular proteins.

(iii) Analgesics: Analgesics are chemical compounds which are used for relieving pain. Analgesics relieves pain by acting on central nervous system or on peripheral pain mechanism, without significantly affecting consciousness. There are two types of analgesics:
Narcotics — Morphine, cocaine, heroine
Non-narcotics — Aspirin, ibuprofen etc.

Potato (stem) and sweet potato (root) = storage organ

48, Court Road 

Trichur 

19th October 20xx 

The Editor 

The Hindustan Times

Delhi 

Subject : Non Maintenance of a Tourist Spot 

Sir 

Through the columns of your reputed newspaper, I would like to highlight the pathetic condition of an import tourist spot, the Lake Point near Delhi. I was disappointed to see litter and garbage lying all around. People were careless and least bothered for the same. This surely creates a negative impact among the tourists and it creates a negative impact about the country. The government should immediately undertake a cleanliness drive and should educate the general public about the same. Stricter actions should be taken to make these places tourist friendly. 

I request you to publish this letter of mine to address the above concern. 

Thanking You 

Yours sincerely 

Mohan

1652, Outram lines, 

Delhi-54 

May 16, 20xx 

The Editor 

Hindustan Times 

KG. Marg, New Delhi 

Subject : Poor Maintenance of Public Park. 

Sir 

Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I would like to express my serious concerns about the poor maintenance of the public park of our locality. The public park of our area is in a pathetic condition. The gardeners are not regular and the plants are not pruned regularly. As a result, the park has an ugly look. The park has become a thoroughfare for stray animals as there is no gate at the entrance of the park. Even the antisocial elements gather in the park in the evening, making it difficult for the women to walk around. Our regular complaints to the local authorities have failed to bring any change in the situation. 

Therefore, I would like to request the concerned higher authorities to improve the condition of the park for the convenience of the local residents. 

I shall be highly obliged if you can publish my letter in your newspaper. 

Thanking you 

Yours sincerely 

Himanshi Jaggi

GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism.
In order to produce a hybrid we need a cross between genome of two species of strain. While, in case of GMOs, foreign genes are introduced in an organism and is usually maintained as an extra-chromosomal entity or gets integrated into the genome of an organism.

– The genes for haemophilia and colour blindness are present on the Xchromosome. 

– A male has one X-chromosome and the Ychromosome has no corresponding alleles for these genes and hence males are pure for the character. 

– A female has two X-chromosomes, received and one form each of the parents and she has to be homozygous for the defective alleles to express the character.

Yes, detection of a disease before its symptoms appear can be possible by only amplifying the nucleic acids by the technique known as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), which was not possible with conventional diagnostic tests.
A single DNA molecule can be copied endlessly using Primers, DNA polymerase enzyme, and free nucleotides under appropriate conditions in PCR.

Reasons for Virtual Reading Mania in 18th century

(i) As literacy spread to peasants and artisans, the literacy rate rose as high as 60 to 80 per cent in some parts of Europe.

(ii) People wanted to read books and the printers produced books in ever increasing numbers.

(iii) By mid-eighteenth century, there was a common belief that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment.

(iv) People demanded books to read and printers produced books in ever increasing numbers.

(v) There was a common conviction that books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment. 

(vi) Books brought about  change in the world and conviction that society could be liberated from despotism and tyranny.

(i) Interstitial compounds are well known for many of the transition elements because the transition elements are capable of entrapping small sized atoms such as H, C and N in the interstitial sites in their crystal lattices. These trapped atoms get bonded to the atoms of transition elements. TiC, Fe₃H, Mn₄N, etc. are some interstitial compounds
(ii) This is due to filling of 4f orbitals which have poor shielding effect.
(iii) This is due to very small energy gaps between 5f, 6d and 7s subshells in actinoids.

1-False, 2-True 

d) 1-True, 2-False 

By the end of 19th century, a new visual culture was taking shape with the setting up of an increasing member of printing press and visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies.

Painters like Ravi Verma produced images for mass circulation.

Cheap prints and calenders were easily available in the markets which could be bought by poor people to decorate walls of their homes.

Innovations in print technology, colour prints were introduced which made printing material beautiful. By 1870's cartoons, caricatures etc. were being published in newspapers and journals.

Real gross domestic product is gross domestic product at constant prices i.e., prices prevailing in the base year.

PPC is the locus of points representing. different combinations of the two goods which the economy can produce from the given resources assumed to be employed fully and efficiently. A PPC is downward sloping.because  to produce more quantity of one good, the economy must produce less quantity of the other good. It is because the resource is fixed.

Detailed Answer :

Production Possibility Curve refers to the graphical representation of possible combinations of two goods that can be produced with given resources and technology.

 PPC slopes downwards from left to the right. It is because, in a situation of fuller utilization of given resources, production of both the goods cannot be increased. More of Good X can be produced only with less of Good Y.

1.(a) He was warmly received by the people. 

(b) The people welcomed him by singing and dancing and showed much respect towards him. 

(c) The people brought many gifts for him by such as ivory, fragrant woods. Fans made of the hair of deer, honey, sandalwood, pepper etc. 

2.(a) Mark of respect 

(b) To pay homage. 

(c) As a gesture of accepting the suzerainty of the chief and his leadership in warfare, arbitrating disputes. 

3.(a) The chiefs have used these gifts for their amulets, rituals, etc. 

(b) They used animal hides as seats, minerals etc.

1.(a) During the partition there were large massacre. Both Hindus and Muslims killed each other. 

(b) There was not humanity among them- they considered themselves their fast enemeis. 

2.(a) The person advised the researcher that he will return to his nation after completing his studies to serve his qaum. 

(b) He said like this because he has mistaken him to be a Pakistani studying abroad. 

3.(a) The Indian tried to explain that he considered himself as a South Asian. 

(b) A south Asian may be a Pakistani or an Indian, it did not matter. 

(c) Both were right because they were angry with the bloodshed of 1947. Many people of their villages were infed out in this bloodshed.

1.(a) ‘Rihla’ is a famous book of the accounts of the travel of Ibn Battuta. 

(b) It is in arabic and provides us a detailed description about the social and cultural life of India in 14th century. 

2.(a) Routes were unsecure. 

(b) There was always a fear of robbers and dacoits on the way. 

3.(a) Indian towns are prosperous. 

(b) They are densely populated. 

(c) These towns are the centres of both social and cultural activities.

Originating from the word ‘khakh’ meaning dust /earth/ashes. Khakhi coloured uniforms reduced the visibility of the soldiers and downplayed dirt marks more effectively.

Kimono sleeves are cut as extensions of the main bodice.

The relationship is
R = R₀A^1/3
where R = Radius of nucleus
A = Mass number

(i) By increasing resistance R the current through AB decreases, so potential gradient decreases. Hence a greater length of wire would be needed for balancing the same potential difference. So the null point would shift towards B. 

(ii) By decreasing resistance S, the current through AB remains the same, potential gradient does not change. As K₂ is open so there is no effect of S on null point.

• Having escaped from Mr. Bobby Jaffers and having no hope from villagers Griffin wanted someone who could help him in procuring his belongings that he had left behind

• Mr. Marvel was a socially outcast and of awkward temperament which suited Griffin's purpose

• Mr. Marvel had no choice. On one hand he was scared of Griffin and on the other was tempted to the supposed benefits that he would be getting on being with the stranger with the infinite powers of invisibility.

Fog is a symbol of uncertain future. The poet means that the slum children have a dark and uncertain future. He evokes the symbol of the fog repeatedly to drive home the many deprivations faced by the slum children.

The Maharaja’s anxiety had reached a fever pitch. The hundredth tiger was yet to be killed. The dewan could lose his job if he couldn’t search the tiger. He had brought a tiger from the People’s Park in Madras and kept it hidden in his house. He dragged I the tiger to the forest where the Maharaja was hunting. Maharaja shot the tiger. The Maharaja was happy to think that his vow to kill hundred tigers had bean fulfilled. I After the Maharaja left, the dewan went near the tiger and found that the tiger was not dead. Then he spotted a wooden tiger in a toy shop and gave it as a gift to the Maharaja’s son. One day, while playing with his son, one sliver of the wooden tiger pierced the Maharaja’s right hand which later developed into a fatal would and the Maharaja died.

The influence of his father was quite deep on Sadao. His father was a serious man who* never joked or played with him. Sadao’s education was his father’s chief concern. For this reason he was sent to America to study surgery and medicine at twenty two. By the time his father died, Sadao had established himself as a famous surgeon and scientist.

• Was a bar maid addicted to opium

• Godfrey marries her but later repents 

• Molly even bears him a girl child

• Molly knew Godfrey would never accept her as his wife publically

• she decides to reveal the truth about her relationship with Godfrey in front of the public at the dance party held at the Red House

• but she dies in the cold night

• her baby comes to the cottage of Silas Marner

• Silas Marner accepts her as a blessing from God and leads a meaningful life

Main Features of Federalism : 

(i) There are two or more levels of government. India has three levels. 

(ii) Each level of government has its own jurisdiction in matters of legislation, taxation and administration even though they govern the same citizens. 

(iii) Power and functions of each tier of government is specified and guaranteed by the Constitution. 

(iv) The Supreme Court has been given power to settle disputes between different levels of governments. 

(v) Fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be altered by any one level of government. It applies to India also. 

(vi) Sources of revenue between different levels is specified by the Constitution. 

(vii)There is mutual trust and agreement between the governments at different levels.

(a) The narrator observed that in his house three different unique personalities met Pakshi Laxmana Shastrigal, the head priest of famous Rameshwaram temple, Rev father Bodal, who built the first church in Rameshwaram and my father who was an imam.

(b)  These three used to sit and discuss the island’s problems and find solutions, they initiated dialogues between communities with compassion.

(c) These three men had great impact on the author’s mind whenever he discussed the importance of dialogues between religions. He realized the advantage of integration of minds that India had for thousands of years.

(d)  The need to have a frank dialogue among cultures, religions and civilizations is the need of the hour.

(e) They agreed on building a youth satellite where the youth from different countries can work together.

(f) Make books your companion.

(g) Youth have a responsibility to work for universal harmony by ironing out all the causes of conflict.

(h)  Change the world with an indomitable spirit. Youth can bring change, prosperity of a nation and the world.

i. Indian federalism is a threefold distribution based on three lists: 

I Union List on which centre make laws such as defence, currency, etc. 

II State List on which state make laws such as police, trade, agriculture, etc. 

III Concurrent List on which both Centre and State Legislates such as education, marriage, etc. 

 ii. Centre legislate on ‘residuary’ subjects 

iii. High Courts and the Supreme Court sorts out the dispute between centre and state. 

(a) Life that has been full of bitter experiences/ It has been poisonous for him.

(b) The ray of light in the path of darkness/The pole star.

(c) Poet talks about expedition of seasons- summer’s heat, rain, biting winter and drunken spring.

(d) Movements, rhythm and vision/ imagery, emotion of art and love.

(e) The skin has been compared to a leather shield.

(f) The poet farewells the life which is full of strife and struggle and looks at death positively.

(g) Senseless/ foolish/ silly.

(i) According to the constitution, the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965.
(ii) However, many non-Hindi speaking states demanded that the use of English should continue. In Tamil Nadu, the movement took a violent turn.
(iii) The Central Government responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi for official purposes. Many critics think that this solution favored the English speaking elite.
(iv) Promotion of Hindi continues to be the official policy of the government of India.
(v) Promotion does not mean that the central government can impose Hindi on states where people speak a different language. The flexibility shown by Indian political leaders helped our country avoid the kind of situation that Sri Lanka finds itself in.

“Energy saved is energy produced”. 

i. Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources arethe twin planks of sustainable energy. 

ii. India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. 

iii. We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energyresources. 

iv. Using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles. 

v. Switching off electricity when not in use. 

vi. Using power-saving devices and using non-conventional sources of energy. 

i. Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many other non-metallic minerals. 

ii. Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of the peninsula, in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits. 

iii. Rajasthan with the rock systems of the peninsula, has reserves of many non-ferrous minerals.The vast alluvial plains of North India are almost devoid of economic minerals.

Two different processes happened to take place at roughly the same time in Europe during the latter half of the eighteenth century – the formation of nation-states as the principal form of political organisation, and the beginnings of the modern science of statistics. The modern state had begun to expand its role and functions. It had begun to take an active interest in the development of early forms of public health management, taxation and revenue generation and the governance of cities. This new and constantly expanding sphere of state activity required the systematic and regular collection of social statistics – or quantitative data on various aspects of the population and economy. Demographic data are important for the planning and implementation of state policies, especially those for economic development and general public welfare. 

(a) of 

(b) in which 

(c) growing 

(d) More population 

(e) being exhausted 

(f) earlier 

(g) but 

(h) in

(a) If it is so, then it should be in return for something. 

(b) Something that has come out of ourself and that is self-respect. 

(c) People tend to look at you the way you look at yourself.

• Community identity is based on birth and belonging rather than on some form of acquired qualifications or accomplishment. 
• These kind of identities are called ascriptive i.e. they are determined by birth and individuals choice is not involved. 
• People feel a deep sense of security and satisfaction in belonging to communities. 
• Ascriptive identities such as community identities are difficult to shake off; even if we choose to disown them, others may continue to identify us by those very markers of belonging. 

The principle of nationalism assumes that any set of people have a right to be free and exercise sovereign power.

At least one fourth of global is still not under democratic govt. The challenge for democracy in these parts of the world is very stark. These countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic govt.

(i) Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expression. This involves applying the basic principles of democratic govt across all the region, different social groups and various institutions. 

(ii) Challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every democracy in one form or another. This involves strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy. They should happen in such a way that people can realise their expectations of democracy. 

(iii) Elections are very expensive. The only rich persons can elect elections. The common man can not stand in elections. The govt should minimise the election expenditure. The govt should prepare budget for elections.

A naval base in Cuba set up by the US where prisoners forbidden of the protection of international law or law of their own country or that of the US.

Globalization as a concept fundamentally deals with the flow ideas, people,commodities and capital from one part of the world to another.

Sri Lanka was the first country to liberalize its economy in the South Asian region.