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Ans :- Metallic characterrefers to the level of reactivity of a metal. Metals tend to lose electrons in chemical reactions, as indicated by their low ionization energies. Within a compound, metal atoms have relatively low attraction for electrons, as indicated by their low electronegativities.

Metallic characterdecreases as you move across the periodic table from left to right. This occurs as atoms more readily accept electrons to fill a valence shell than lose them to remove the unfilled shell.Metallic character increasesas you move down the periodic table.

Metallic character decreases as you move across a period in the periodic table from left to right. This occurs as atoms more readily accept electrons to fill a valence shell than lose them to remove the unfilled shell. Metallic character increases as you move down an element group in the periodic table.

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6)Answer

The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell. When atoms have fewer than eight electrons, they tend to react and form more stable compounds. It was postulated by Kossel & Lewis. The atoms complete their octet by either loosing or gaining of electrons. They do so to attain the nearest noble gas stable electronic configuration .

The octet rule successfully explained the formation of chemical bonds depending upon the nature of the element.

Limitations of the octet theory:

1) The main limitation to the rule is hydrogen, which is at its lowest energy when it has two electrons in its valence shell. Helium (He) is similar in that it, too, only has room for two electrons in its only valence shell.

Hydrogen and helium have only one electron shell. The first shell has only one s orbital and no p orbital, so it holds only two electrons. Therefore, these elements are most stable when they have two electrons.

2) Second limitation are aluminum and boron, which can function well with six valence electrons. Consider BF3. The boron shares its three electrons with three fluorine atoms. The fluorine atoms follow the octet rule, but boron has only six electrons. Most elements to the left of the carbon group have so few valence electrons that they are in the same situation as boron: they are electron deficient.

3) In Period 3, the elements on the right side of the periodic table have empty d orbitals. The d orbitals may accept electrons, allowing elements like sulfur and phosphorus to have more than an octet. Compounds such as PCl5and SF6can form. These compounds have 10 and 12 electrons around their central atoms, respectively.

Xenon hexafluoride uses d-electrons to form more than an octet. This compound shows another exception: a noble gas compound.

4) The octet rule is not satisfied for all atoms in a molecule having an odd number of electrons. For example, NO and NO2 do not satisfy the octet rule.

5) The rule failed to predict the shape and relative stability of molecules.

6) It is based upon the inert nature of noble gases. However, some noble gases like xenon and krypton form compounds such as XeF2, KrF2etc.

7) This rule cannot be applied to those compounds in which the number of electrons surrounding the central atom is less than eight. For example, LiCl, BeH2, AlCl3etc. do not obey the octet rule.

6)Anionic bondis formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another. Hence, the formation ofionic bondsdepends upon the ease with which neutral atoms can lose or gain electrons. ... Hence,favourable factors forionic bondformation are as follows: (i) Low ionization enthalpy of metal atom.

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Ionic bondingmodels are generally presented as the complete loss or gain of one or more valence electrons from a metal to a nonmetal, resulting in cations and anions that are held together by attractive electrostatic forces.Ionic bonding: Theformationof anionic bondbetween lithium and fluorine to form LiF.

Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion.

Factors Influencing the Formation of Ionic Bond:

1. Ionization energy:

It is defined as the amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom of an element. The lesser the ionization energy, the greater is the ease of the formation of a cation.

2. Electron affinity:

It is defined as the amount of energy released when an electron is added to an isolated gaseous atom of an element. The higher the energy released during this process, the easier will be the formation of an anion.

3. Lattice energy:

It is defined as the amount of energy released when cations and anions are brought from infinity to their respective equilibrium sites in the crystal lattice to form one mole of the ionic compound. The higher the lattice energy, the greater is the tendency of the formation of an ionic bond. The higher the charges on the ions and smaller the distance between them, the greater is the force of attraction between them.

Ans :- Thedefinitionofionic bondis when a positively chargedionforms abondwith a negatively chargedionsand one atom transfers electrons to another. An example of anionic bondis the chemicalcompound Sodium Chloride.

The aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity because the acid solution have ions and the movement of these ions in solution helps for flow of electricity current through the solution.And the ions are H+ ions.

Is it sufficient for 2 marks?

It is able to work as a presence of free electronsthat's why conduction is possible.

pressure = 1.5 atm

temperature = 273 K

R = 0.0821 lit.atm/mole

n = given weight/molecular weight= 6/2= 3

From ideal gas equation: PV = nRT

V = nRT/P

= (3*0.0821*273)/1.5

= 44.8266 lit

it has minerals and salts

Tap water conducts electricity beacuse it has dissolved salt and minerals.

Dry HCl does not change the colour of litmus paper because water is required for the formation of hydronium ions which is responsible for the colour change of litmus paper. Since there is no water in this case, the formation of hydronium ions won't take place and no colour change would be observed.

Aqueous solution of an acid conducts electricity because it contains H+ ions.

option A

Yes, the volume of the gas increases due to increase in temperature.

van der Waal’s equation for one mole of a gas is

[P + a/V²] (V - b) = RT ….(1)

Give that volume occupied by CO2molecules, ‘b’ = 0

Hence, (1) becomes [P + a/V²] V = RT or P = RT/V – a/V²

Using R = 0.082 , T = 273K, V = 22.4 l for 1 mole of an ideal gas at 1 atm pressure.

Case I. 1 * V = 12/m R (t + 273) ….(1)

Case I. 1 * V = 12/m R (t + 273) ….(1)

∴ P = 0.082 *273/22.4 – 3.592/(22.4)⁴=0.9922 atm

P(CO2)=3*0.0821*400/8.21=12atm

P(He)=2*0.0821*400/8.21=8atm

Pressure at 55k

P1/T1=P2/T2

T1=400

T2=500

P1=8atm

8/400=p2/500

P2=4000/400=10atm.=the partial pressure of He in vessel B at 500 K

option a is the answer.

heat absorbed by the gas qrev=−Wrev = 2.303 nRT logV2/V1Change in Entropy ΔS==qrev/T = 2.303 nR logV2/V1logV2V1Here, n=1 and V2/V1=10V2/V1=10∴ΔS=2.303×1×R×log10=2.303×R×1= 2.303R

When the piece of iron is lowered into the water, the water level in the bucket increases. And so the pressure at the bottom of bucket also increases. Thus the total thrust at the botto also increases. Therefore the spring balance reading increases.

The compressibility factor, also known as the compression factor or the gas deviation factor, is a correction factor which describes the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behavior. It is a useful thermodynamic property for modifying the ideal gas law to account for the real gas behavior.

The compressibility factor (Z), also known as the compression factor or the gas deviation factor, is a correction factor which describes the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behavior.

Internal energy=work-heat addedhence=15-5=10kJ

Anideal gasis atheoreticalgascomposed of many randomly movingpoint particleswhose only interactions are perfectlyelastic collisions.

Ideal Gas Equation

If we combine the results of all the above gas laws we get an equation which holds true for ideal gas. The most common form of this equation is, since PV= K and V/T =k thenPV/T = constantThus, Ideal Gas Equation is given asPV = nRTwhere, P= pressure of the gas; V=volume of the gas; n= Number of Moles; T=Absolute temperature; R=Ideal Gas constant also known as Boltzmann Constant = 0.082057 L atm K-1mol-1.Using this equation, the study of any gas is possible under assumptions of STP conditions and subjecting the gas to reasonable restrictions to make it behave similarly to an Ideal gas.

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Notice that the cis form of the molecule has opticalisomers(also known as enantiomers). This is a great example of chirality in inorganic chemistry! If you overlaid the two cisisomerson top of each other, you would find that they're non-superimposable (they aren't the same no matter how you rotate them).

answer is : 1) option c

1) (C) shorter, greater. (2)

my second answer (2) (b) 287

15 = 3 • 518 = 2 • 3^221 = 3 • 7greatest factor is 3