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the correct answer is number (a)PCl 5

option (a ) is correct

a is the right answer

Option A is correct as it cannot exist as ions in solid state

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White phosphorus and red phosphorus are so different because they have different bonding systems.

White phosphorus has two forms, low-temperature β form and high-temperature α form. They both contain a phosphorus P4 tetrahedron as a structural unit, in which each atom is bound to the other three atoms by a single bond. This P4 tetrahedron is also present in liquid and gaseous phosphorus up to the temperature of 800 °C when it starts decomposing to P2 molecules.

White phosphorus is the least stable, the most reactive, more volatile, less dense, and more toxic than the other allotropes. The toxicity of white phosphorus led to its discontinued use in matches. White phosphorus is thermodynamically unstable at normal condition and will gradually change to red phosphorus.

In the red phosphorus, one of the P4 bonds is broken, and one additional bond is formed with a neighbouring tetrahedron resulting in a more polymer-like structure. Red phosphorus may be formed by heating white phosphorus to 250 °C (482 °F) or by exposing white phosphorus to sunlight.

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Theruleis based on the total number of nodes in the atomic orbital,n+ℓ, which is related to the energy. In the case of equaln+ℓvalues, the orbital with a lowernvalue is filled first.

The number of degrees of freedom of a system in equilibrium is equal to the number of components minus the number of phases plus the constant two (as in the system ice -liquid water- water vapor consisting of the one chemical component water and its three physical phases there are no degrees of freedom and the system can exist at only one temperature and pressure)

Thephase ruleis a general principle governing systems inthermodynamic equilibrium. IfFis the number ofdegrees of freedom,Cis the number ofcomponentsandPis the number ofphases, then

F=C-P+2

Whitephosphorusis made up of discrete P4 tetrahedra which are subjected to very high angular strain as the angles is 60 degrees.Red phosphorusis a polymer of P4 tetrahedra, which has muchlessangular strain. This high angular strain makes whitephosphorusunstable and highlyreactive.

Saytzeff rule is an empirical rule for predicting the favoured alkene products in elimination reaction

1) Option (A) is correct.2) Option (D) is correct as:-

option 4.

1 mole of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) = 2*27 + 3 * 16

= 102 g

i.e., 102 g of Al2O3 = 6.022 * 1023 molecules of Al2O3

Then, 0.051 g of Al2O3 contains =

= 3.011 * 1020 molecules of Al2O3

The number of aluminium ions (Al3+) present in one molecule of aluminium oxide is 2.

Therefore, the number of aluminium ions (Al3+) present in 3.011 * 1020 molecules (0.051 g ) of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) = 2 * 3.011 * 1020

= 6.022 * 1020

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TheSandmeyer reactionis a chemical reactionused to synthesize aryl halides from aryl diazonium salts. It is an example of a radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution.

The Gattermann reaction, is a chemical reaction in which aromatic compounds are formylated by a mixture of hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen chloride in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as AlCl₃. It is named for the German chemist Ludwig Gattermann and is similar to the Friedel–Crafts reaction

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Sandmeyer's reaction

henry law constants for o2 and n2 are

Ko2= 3.3x10^7 atm and Kn2= 6.51x10^7

calculate the ratio of mole fraction of o2 and n2 disslvd in water at 25 degree celcsius frm air

If 500 ml of solution is diluted to 1500 ml of solution.

The morality can be calculated by the formula M1V1 = M2V2

Where as M1=5M V1= 500 V2= 1500 M2= ?

Here we have to find M2.

By pitting values in the formula

5*500= 1500*M2 M2= 2500\1500 = 1.66M

Hence the moralityis 1.66M

16g of oxygen contains 3.01*10^23 molecules.(0.5mole)16g of No2 contains 8/23 moles.4g of nitrogen contain 8.6*10^22 molecules.32g of nitrogen contain 6.88*10^23 molecules.so 32 gram of nitrogen contain Maximum no of molecules.

The perimeter of equalateral triangle 165 m is the breath side of traingle

7 gm nitrogen = 0.5 mole2gm Hydrogen = 2 moles16gm nitrous = 8/23 moles16gm oxygen = 1 molesince no of molecules directly proportional to the moles=> 2gm of Hydrogen will have more molecules.

First of all it should follow Huckel's rule which can be stated as:-

Huckel's rule(Aromaticity)- It's main factors are:-

Delocalisation-The molecule should contain delocalised π electrons cloud

Planarity -For delocalisation of π electrons the ring should be planar to allow cyclic overlap of p-orbitals

(4n+2)π electrons-For Aromaticity the π electrons cloud must contain a total of (4n+2)π electrons where n € real no 0,1,2,3…

Therefore for Aromaticity the molecule must be planar and cyclic ring having delocalised (4n+2)π electrons… This is calledHuckel's rule

example- benzene

Reimen-Tiemann Reaction

ZnO+CO→Zn0+CO2

2) C+H2O→CO+H2

B2H6+ 3O2→ B2O3+ 3H2O

2H3BO3(s) --> B2O3(s) + 3H2O(g)

2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O → 2 NaAlO2 + 3 H2

NH3+ BF3→ [B(NH3)F3]

This is due to the refraction phenomenon of light . After reflecting from the bottom surface ofpoollight rays (some) remain inside the water ,thus giving an apparent height to the observer watching from above .

Ammonium chloride salt is a mixture of weak base and strong acid , NH4Cl = NH4OH+ HCl and this when gets dissolved in water it gets disassociated in weak base and strong acid and when HCl is formed it makes solution acidic.

coffee is slightly acidic, but nothing compared to carbonated beverages. It's pH is on average in the range of 5.0.-5.1. which puts it more around neutral than it does acidic. The darker the roasted coffees the less acidic they are.

(c) is correct option

Solvation is the process in which molecules of a solvent attract the particles of a solute. The main forces in solvation are ion-dipole and hydrogen bonding attractions.

Solvationdescribes the interaction ofsolvent withdissolvedmolecules.Ionizedand uncharged molecules, interact strongly with solvent, and the strength and nature of this interaction influences many properties of the solute, including solubility, reactivity, and color, as well as influencing the properties of the solvent such as the viscosity and density.In the process of solvation, ions are surrounded by aconcentric shell of solvent. Solvation is the process of reorganizing solvent and solute molecules into solvation complexes. Solvation involves bond formation, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. Solvation of a solute by water is called hydration.

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molarity=moles/volume= (molenitric+molesnitric)/volume

= (3*.025 + 4*.075)/.100

Tomato juice is acidic in nature.

The hydrogen ion in aqueous solution is no more than a proton, a bare nucleus. Although it carries only a single unit of positive charge, this charge is concentrated into a volume of space that is only about a hundred-millionth as large as the volume occupied by the smallest atom.The resulting extraordinarily high charge density of the proton strongly attracts it to any part of a nearby atom or molecule in which there is an excess of negative charge. In the case of water, this will be the lone pair (unshared) electrons of the oxygen atom; the tiny proton will be buried within the lone pair and will form a shared-electron (coordinate) bond with it, creating a hydronium ion, H3O+ . In a sense, H2O is acting as a base here, and the product H3O+ is the conjugate acid of water:

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Fractional distillation of liquidair. You need to be able to explain how nitrogen and oxygen are obtained from theair. You will recall that about 78% of theairis nitrogen and 21% is oxygen. These two gases can be separated by fractional distillation of liquidair.

chemistry

Anair separationplant separatesatmospheric airinto its primary components, typicallynitrogenandoxygen, and sometimes alsoargonand other rareinert gases.

The most common method for air separation isfractional distillation. Cryogenic air separation units (ASUs) are built to provide nitrogen or oxygen and often co-produce argon. Other methods such as membrane,pressure swing adsorption(PSA) andvacuum pressure swing adsorption(VPSA) are commercially used to separate a single component from ordinary air. High purityoxygen,nitrogen, andargonused forsemiconductor device fabricationrequires cryogenic distillation. Similarly, the only viable source of therare gasesneon,krypton, andxenonis the distillation of air using at least twodistillation columns.

(1) lemon juice because it more acidic (2)milk of magnesia

An acid is a substance that when dissolved in water increases the concentration of thehydrogen ion,H+. A base is a substance that when dissolved in water increases the concentration of thehydroxide ion,OH-.

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If the concentration of H+(aq) ions is increased(>10 power (-7)) then the solution become acidic and if the concentration of H+(aq) ions is decreased(<10 power(-7)) then the solution become basic in nature.

a) Solution A will have highest concentration of H+ ion b) Solution C has the lowest concentration of H+ ion.

An isochoric process is one in which the volume is held constant, meaning that the work done by the system will be zero. It follows that, for the simple system of two dimensions, any heat energy transferred to the system externally will be absorbed as internal energy.

A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt and involves the combination of H+ions and OH-ions to generate water.

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Theheat of neutralization(ΔHn) is the change inenthalpythat occurs when one equivalent of an acid and one equivalent of a base undergo aneutralizationreaction to form water and a salt. It is a special case of theenthalpyof reaction. It is defined as the energy released with the formation of 1 mole of water.

The contact process is the current method ofproducing sulfuric acidin the high concentrationsneededfor industrial processes. Platinum used to be the catalyst for this reaction; however, as it is susceptible to reacting with arsenic impurities in the sulfur feedstock, vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5) is now preferred.

Ans :- Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with elements and compounds composed of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances.

TheNature of Chemistry

Chemistryis the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and of changes (transformations) that occur in matter. Matter is the building block material of the universe. It is anything that takes up space and has mass.

TheNature of Chemistry Chemistryis the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and of changes (transformations) that occur in matter. Matter is the building block material of the universe. It is anything that takes up space and has mass.