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1. Old and overgrown branches might fall and injure people.

2. They may cause damage to electricity and telephone lines, houses, cars and other belongings.

3. Broken branches and leaves may create gutter. 

4. Large root systems can cause damage to the foundation of your house.

5. Constant shade from the Sun will cause dampness on the roof.

To prevent all these problems you should trim and prune all trees and vegetation within 3 metres height standing near your house.

There is a sequential impact of drought:

1. Scarcity of drinking water; fall in water-table. 

2. Decline in crop acreage. 

3. Fall in employment in the agricultural sector due to slowing down of agricultural activity. 

4. Fall in purchasing power of those engaged in agriculture. 

5. Scarcity of food grains. 

6. Scarcity of fodder. 

7. Loss of cattle life. 

8. Malnutrition, especially among children. 

9.  ill health and spread of diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery or cholera and opthalmia caused by starvation. 

10. Distress sale and mortgage of land, jewellery and personal property. 

11. Migration of people in search of employment.

They transmit warnings of buoys on the sea surface, which relay it to satellites.

Correct Answer is c(Preparedness, Mitigation, Response, Recovery, Rehabilitation)

(i) False. (Every year nearly 12,400 to 14,000 earthquakes occur on the earth.)

(ii) False. (Potassium, sodium and calcium are the metals that react with water at normal room temperature.)

(iii) True.

Unlike sudden disasters drought being a slow onset disaster, gives us ample time for preparedness, response and mitigation. Monitoring and early warning enables timely action by decision makers at all levels. In areas that are normally affected by drought Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), local officials and other key players have taken the initiative to bring in awareness on water conservation strategies etc.

(a) Only A is correct.

(a) Pre-disaster planning

Drought is basically a disaster situation caused by a lack of rainfall.

Disasters can be categorized into various types based on speed and origin/cause.

(c) rehabilitation

Natural, biological, plant-origin.

Due to heat and wind, the dry grass and the shrubs catch fire in the forests, resulting in forest fires. Such rapidly spreading forest fire can finish the biodiversity within a very short span of time. It is difficult to extinguish the naturally lit forest fires. Many trees and other vegetation, animals and birds along with their habitats are destroyed due to forest fire. The smoke emanating causes the air pollution.

Man-made, intentional.

Theft causes economic loss for the one whose money or valuables are looted. The person who suffers the loss also undergo mental and emotional shock. Sometimes the thief may also cause physical harm. It may cost on life too.

The term ‘Tsunami’ has been coined from Japanese words – ‘Tsu’ and ‘name’.

A forest fire is an uncontrolled fire in a forest,pasture or grassland due to natural or man-made causes.

An uncontrolled fire occurring in the forest is called a forest fire. Forest fire occurs in forests and creates devastation.

It spreads due to :

1. Except a forest fire caused due to lightening all other reasons for this event are man-induced.
2. Throwing of burnt butts of cigarettes and bidis, or match sticks, leaving burning things like campfire, aggarbattis, dhoop, etc, by tourists, pilgrims or shepherds, etc. are major man-induced reasons for forest fire.
3. Since dry leaves fallen from trees and twigs catches fire faster there are more chances of a forest fire during a dry season after autumn.
4. After autumn the dry leaves fall and catch fire instantly even with a tiny spark. The spark then may bum the forest.
5. Moreover, the winds are also dry and contain very less humidity. Dry winds and dry leaves together work as a fuel which spreads forest fire to a very large area.
6. Besides some trees ooze out oily and inflammable substances naturally. When the comes in contact with such substances it spreads even faster.
7. Once the forest fire starts, it spreads in the direction of wind at a velocity of about 15 km per hour.
8. Once a forest fire starts and quick and efficient attempts are not made to extinguish it, then it can stop only under two cases. They are:
   • The forest fire is extinguished completely by itself and
   • Heavy rain may pour and extinguish it.
9. Along with forest fire, smoke and sparks also rise with the air currents. These carry a great risk of sparking fire in nearby settlements.

(c) rehabilitation

False.

When a natural disaster occurs in a developing country like India, it is the poor of the country that suffer the most.

The above signs are warning symbols which should never be ignored.

The meaning of each is given below. They are giving warnings about explosive, inflammable, oxidizing, compressed gas, corrosive, toxic, irritant, environmentally hazardous and health hazard.

(1) Explosive: Some materials are explosive. While handling such materials care should be taken. We should not take anything that would cause fire leading to explosion. If explosion occurs, there would be a major disaster causing great loss of life and property. Thus if this sign is seen, great care has to be taken.

(2) Inflammable: Similar to explosive substances, the inflammable materials can also catch fire easily. Therefore, to warn people such sign is given on materials that can cause hazard by burning.

(3) Oxidizing: Some chemical substances are oxidizing. They carry out chemical reactions with a rapid speed. E.g. If potassium permanganate falls on the cloth, it starts the reaction on its C-C bonds. Due to such property of carrying out reactions, the cloths may catch fire. Therefore, oxidizing substances should be handled with care.

(4) Compressed: Compressed substances are filled under pressure in some container. If mishandled, they can come out of the container by bursting it open. This can cause some injuries.

(5) Corrosive: The corrosive substances are very reactive. The mere touch of corrosive substances can cause destruction of skin, eyes, respiratory passages, digestive organs, etc. rapidly. Just touching or smelling of such substances can cause major injury and thus warning sign of corrosive substance should never be ignored.

(6) Toxic: To taste a toxic substance or even to smell it, can lead to death. The packing of these substances are therefore marked as dangerous. They should be avoided as far as possible.

(7) Irritant: When skin or any delicate part of the body comes in contact with the irritant substance, it can cause harmful reaction. Especially, eyes, nasal mucosa and skin are affected by contact with corrosive substances.

(8) Environmentally hazardous: Many substances cause harm to the environment due to their toxicity. Air, water or soil can be polluted due to such pollutants. When environment is affected, ultimately these hazardous effects come back to human species. Therefore, such substances should be carefully used. Their use should be judicious and controlled.

(9) Health hazard: The substances that can cause hazard to our health should always be distanced from us. Such substances should not be kept in proximity. As far as possible they should be kept away and handled with great care if needed for any work. Materials marked with health hazard can cause severe toxicity.

• Disaster can strike any time. The sudden disasters can be man-made with some bad intentions or may be accidental.
• When natural calamity strikes suddenly with a huge impact, large scale devastation of property and general environment degradation occurs along with substantial mortality of people and animals.
• Therefore, it is most appropriate to have the preparedness to reduce the impact of any future disasters.
• We cannot control the onset of the natural disaster, but we can definitely reduce the harsh effects of the disaster by following disaster management plan.

1. A Tsunami occurs because volcanic eruption underwater, earthquake on the ocean floor, powerful waves of a large size, and extraordinary wavelength that destroyed resulted coastal regions.

2. Horrible accidents occur on highways because there is a very heavy burden of vehicles on the highway and the speed of the vehicles is also uncontrolled.

Following things should be done when tsunami strikes:

1. One should immediately more to a safer place away from sea coast on hearing a tsunami warning.
2. One should keep a radio and mobile phone and act according to the instructions received from the authorities.
3. Construction of new buildings and societies should be carried out considering the tsunami impact.
4. Mangroves reduces the overall impact of tsunami. Hence, attempts should be made to expand mangroves.

Following things should not be done when tsunami strikes:

1. One should not take shelter in tall buildings because these buildings may collapse due to destructive waves.
2. One should not go near the sea when tsunami settles until the authorities declare it safe to visit.

• Mock drill is the practice to check whether there is preparedness for dealing with the sudden attack of disaster.
• For this purpose, virtual or apparent situations that simulate the disaster are created.
• The reaction time for any type of disaster is checked by such activity. In the presence of trained personnel, the execution of the rescue plans are observed.
• People also understand their responsibilities at the time of actual disaster.
• The experts also check execution of plan designed for disaster redressal.
• By such mock drills, the efficacy of the system can be understood. In future, when actual calamity strikes, there is already preparation for disaster redressal. Therefore, mock drill is useful.

Correct option is (b) Earthquake

Combustible metals like potassium, sodium and calcium, react with water at normal room temperature.

1. Great damage to natural wealth and biodiversity. 

2. Pollution of air.

(B) 70 – 100

Answer is (D) 50

Correct option is  (b) coastal

Government of India has made Disaster Management Act in 2005. The affected people are given all necessary help as per this act. With the humanitarian view, people are rehabilitated and helped them to come back to normalcy after the disaster.

As per this Act, National Disaster Response Force has been established. This force consists of 12 divisions in entire India which are attached with Indian Army. The headquarter is located in Delhi, but the action is taken all over the country with the help of army. As per the Act, in Maharashtra National Disaster Response Force is in action through State Reserve Polioe Force. The personnel of this force are trained accordingly, and they take part in the rescue work during different disasters.

To get protection from fire, use fire extinguishers in public places like schools, hospitals, railway stations.

(a) 100

(b) 101

(c) 102

(d) 108

Disaster management involves either prevention of disasters (Pre-disaster management) or creating preparedness to face them (Post-disaster management). The action plans are prepared for managing disasters. This is done after studying the different aspects such as preventive measures, rehabilitation and reconstruction plans. The disasters are tackled by executing action plans in the following steps: Preparation, redemption, preparedness, action during actual disaster, response, resurgence and restoration. At every level there are other voluntary organizations and Government meteorological institutions for their help.

• Mock drill is the practice to check whether there is preparedness for dealing with the sudden attack of disaster.
• For this purpose, virtual or apparent situations that simulate the disaster are created.
• The reaction time for any type of disaster is checked by such activity. In the presence of trained personnel, the execution of the rescue plans are observed.
• People also understand their responsibilities at the time of actual disaster.
• The experts also check execution of plan designed for disaster redressal.
• By such mock drills, the efficacy of the system can be understood. In future, when actual calamity strikes, there is already preparation for disaster redressal. Therefore, mock drill is useful.

(A) Sea coast

1. First aid kit/box is a necessity at home, workplace, travelling, schools, etc.

2. It contains a cotton roll, sterilized dressing, a pair of scissors, Dettol or Savlon, Dettol soap, adhesive plaster, tablets like Crocin, necessary medicines – painkiller, Tincture iodine, Electrolyte powder, ear/eye drops, Potassium Permanganate crystals, Bumol ointment for cramps.

If a person is bleeding, first make him sit or lie down comfortably. 

Clean the bleeding part of the body with water and keep it above the level of the heart.

Immediate aid given even before medical treatment is available on facing a disaster or accident is first aid.

Disaster Management Authority is the body that works at the level of government from national level to village level. This work is basically about management of any disaster and tackling the problems of the affected people. At National level there is National Disaster Management Authority for which the Prime Minister is the chairman. For every state there is State Disaster Management Authority, where the chief minister of every state is the chairman. Under the state level, there are district level units where district collector is responsible for disaster management and implementation of rehabilitation schemes. Below district level authority there are Taluka and then Village Disaster Management Committees.

The Tahsildar is the chairman for Taluka level while the Sarpanch of the village is responsible for management of disasters at village level. Collector of each district helps in planning, coordinating and controlling the implementation of rehabilitation programme and also gives essential instructions and reviews the entire system.

(a) Dog bite :

First aid is some immediate aid given to a victim or patient before medical treatment is available.

1. Wash the wound with a soap solution.

2. Cover the wound with a clean and dry cloth.

3. Get a doctor’s help.

(b) Scratches/Bleeding :

1. Make the person sit or lie down comfortably. 

2. Clean the bleeding part of the bodywith water. 

3. Keep it above the level of the heart.

(c) Bums/Scalds :

a. Minor bums -

1. The injured part should be washed with water or held underwater. 

2. Give the victim water to drink. 

3. Clean the wounds using a cotton swab soaked in an antiseptic solution. 

4. Do not apply oily ointments. 

5. Cover the wound using dry dressings.

b. Serious bums -

1. Give emotional support. 

2. Cover the wound with sterilised cloth. 

3. Remove jewellery, shoes etc. if easily possible. 

4. Do not touch or burst the blisters on the skin. 

5. Do not apply oily ointments. 

6. Do not try to remove the cloth if it is struck to the burnt skin. 

7. If the patient is conscious give water to drink but avoid tea or coffee or other stimulating drinks. 

Get medical aid at once.

(d) Snakebite :

1. Wash the wound with water. 

2. Give emotional support to the patient. 

3. Tie a cloth tightly above the wound. 

4. Get immediate medical help.

(e) Sunstroke :

1. Take the patient to a cool place or in the shade. 

2. Sponge the whole body with cold water. 

3. Place a cloth soaked in cold water on the neck.

4. Give plenty of water or liquids like sherbets to drink. 

5. If the patient feels like vomiting make him prone i.e. on his/her abdomen with the head turned to one side. 

6. Get medical help or shift the patient to a hospital.

The term “Tsunami” has been coined from the Japanese words ‘tsu’ meaning harbour and ‘name’ meaning waves. Tsunamis are huge waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or underwater landslides which devastate coastal communities. Tsunamis caused by nearby earthquakes may reach the coast within minutes. When the waves enter shallow water, they may rise to several feet or, in rare cases, tens of feet, striking the coast with devastating force. The tsunami danger period can continue for many hours after a major earthquake. With the use of satellite technology, the Tsunamis are predictable. With the cautions given by the department, we will move to the safest places to save ourselves.

Objectives of disaster management:

• To save human life from disasters. To help them for moving away from the place of disasters by rapid action.
• To supply essential commodities to the affected people. This helps to reduce the gravity of disaster. People are given grains, water and clothes and other basic necessities under this objective.
• To bring back the conditions of affected people to normalcy.
• To rehabilitate the affected and displaced victims.
• To think and execute the protective measures in order to develop capability to face the disasters in future.

Tsunamis are high tidal waves. These are caused due to sub-marine earthquakes. These are very destructive.

When there is a disaster, we need to immediately help the victim. Till the medical help arrives, one should be in position to treat the injured and save his or her life. In such cases; knowing first- aid is essential. Such kind of a need may arise in case of our parents, our siblings at home or with friends in school. Those who are injured should be treated at once. If we know about techniques of first aid, we can save such person before the medical help arrives. Therefore, it is essential to get the training of the first aid.

Road safety week is observed in January.

A) Road safety and no accident

Safety from Volcanoes:

• There should be no building near volcanq.es.
• Move away from a volcanic area. Use fast means of transport.
• Govt, should be prepared for every help.

Safety from Tsunami:

• Do not go towards sea when you come to know about Tsunami.
• The boats and ships should return to coast.
• Fishermen should go into the ocean only when waves are subdued.
• If the Tsunami waves travel with a high velocity, people should leave the coastal area.
• All should help the victims.
• Govt should make prepared to meet any emergency.

For the transportation of patients following methods are used:

• Cradle method: This method is used for children and persons with less weight.
• Carrying piggy back: This method is useful in carrying the unconscious persons.
• Human crutch method: If one leg of the person is injured, then the victim is supported with minimum load on the other leg. This is called human crutch method.
• Pulling or lifting method: For carrying an unconscious person for a short distance this method is used.
• Carrying on four-hand chair: This method is used when the support is needed for a part below waist region.
• Carrying on two-hand chair: Patients that cannot use their hands but can hold their body upright, are carried by such method.
• Stretcher: By making temporary stretcher in case of emergency, the unconscious patient can be moved. Such temporary stretchers are made by using bamboos, blanket, etc.

Hurdles of road safety : 

1. Negligence of civilians 

2. Pathetic conditions of roads 

3. Unsafe vehicle design 

4. Under implementation of road safety standards 

5. Lack of proper enforcement of laws 

6. Lack of emergency services.