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The Romans used to eat enormous meals like pigs till they were not tired. The writer thinks that the Romans were not civilized.

It is not being civilized to own gorgeous things like the Caliphs in the Arabian Nights because these things last only for a short time as people get tired of them very soon.

Joad thinks that Caliphs and Princes in the Arabian Nights were not civilized because they passed only a luxurious life and did not think new things freely.

Context : In this lesson the author explains the meaning of civilization through a dialogue between himself and a little girl Lucy. 

Explanation: In these lines the author explains how the inventions are made. He says many people see the things happening but they think nothing. But there are others who think new thoughts, understand more about the world and invent new things. It is not necessary that every time thinking should lead to invention. But thinking new things is surely a sign of civilization. So, we can say that without civilization there will be no invention.

Context: In this lesson the author explains the meaning of civilization through a dialogue between himself and a little girl Lucy. 

Explanation : In these lines the author reminds Lucy that machines, cars, etc. are not beautiful but they are connected with being civilized. Lucy agrees and says that they all are the inventions. Inventions are done by civilized people. James Watt watched the kettle boiling and invented steam engine. Newton watched the apple dropping and invented laws of gravitation. So, such inventions are the result of civilization.

Amitav Ghosh was bom in Calcutta on July 11, 1956, in Bengali Hindu family to Lieutenant Colonel Shailendra Ghosh, a retired officer of the preindependence Indian army and was educated at the Doon school, St. Stephen’s college, New Delhi.

The “Delhi school of economics oxford where he was awarded D.phil in social anthropology under the supervision of Peter Lienhardt. His first job was at the Indian Express newspaper in new delhi.

Ghosh who resides in Newyork subsequently returned to India began working on ‘Ibis’ trio logy of which two volumes have been published, to date, ‘Sea of poppies’ and ‘River of smoke’. He was awarded Padmashri by the Indian government in 2007. In 2009, he was selected a fellow of the Royal society of literature.

Director’s wife was a teacher in school where she could have achieved a lot which the director couldn’t give her. Since transfer never came even after applying many a times, family lived in Malacca.

Correct Answer is : d) his slides.

At the time of a particular pathetic situation it seems nothing is of value other than to act and intervene in the course of events. Even thinking, reflecting and writing about it seems trivial and wasteful. Later author came to know the director’s manner of choosing and he felt the it was the most powerful defence of it he would ever see.

Author Says that the words seem futile because he realized when the director didn’t want to get sympathy from others, he wanted to mourn alone. So author felt that mere words are futile or useless to console anybody’s painful feelings.

Correct Answer is : a) Malacca

Correct Answer is : c) paint box

Director took only his slides and not any other things belonging to his wife or daughter because it may cause more pain which brings the memory of the past. It is an expression of the innermost sovereignty of the self because nothing now remains to cloud its vision. In the manner of his choosing there was not a particle of hesitation, but found comfort in the knowledge of an impersonal effort.

a. would be collapse

Boy began to cry when his lather (director) enquired about his mother and sister, because he felt his father may scold him of leaving them alone. Being a body of thirteen years what would he have done or try to rescue them. But in that particular instance without knowingly, boy ran away in fear. Later when he realized that, he repented a lot which was impossible to rectify. This feeling of repentence made him to cry and also shows his sense of responsibility.

When the director spoke to his son directly,, director came to know that family had been in the bedroom when the earthquake started. A terrifying sound from the direction of the sea had driven them into the drawing-room, but the boy had kept running; when the wave hit, the house dissolved into splinters and the boy was carried away as if on a wind.

Flailing his arms, he managed to take hold of something that seemed to be fixed to the earth. Through wave after wave he managed to keep his grip. When the water receded, he saw that he was holding on to the only upright structure when the director asked about his mother and sister the boy started crying, by saying that they just disappeared.

b) satellite phone

Director hurried to a spot where there was a mound of household objects, his aristocrat suitcase, steel trunk, a cabinet, records of his office and slides. All these made the director to identify his belongings.

Writer saw to his surprise that many thick strands of coconut palms were still standing even on the edge of the water. As far as the forest the canopy seemed almost undisturbed. It had caused maximum possible damage to life and property and left nature largely Unharmed.

He went by to Car Nicobar islands with the intervention of local administration and the officers on the airbase, he was able to get the flight. He spent the day searching through the rubble and found many possessions, but no trace of his wife and daughter.

The Lesson ‘The town by the sea’ is a short story by Amitav Ghosh. The Story is about an heart-rending and disastrous natural calamity. A scientist searches for his dear ones lost in the calamity. In the end, he finds and collects only his experimental slides. He decides to immerse himself in his work to drown his grief.

The writer tells us than the ‘Director ’ was in Port blair on 25 Dec 2004, on his way to Delhi. As he was going officially, he had left his family in Malacca. That night he stayed in Haddo circuit House. The next morning he felt the earth shaking and floor of his room heaving. He ran out to save himself. At that time he received a call from his wife in Malacca, Camicobar. After the ground stopped shaking he tried to call his wife but could not reach her.

He observed that the Jea water in the harbor had began to rise very rapidly. He ran to the higher ground with other people to safety. He was reminded of the fact that the Car-Nicobar islands were low-lying islands and he grew – anxious. He called the government office at Car Nicobar which had satellite phone and learnt that Malacca was badly hit and there was no news about his family. In the afternoon he came to know that his thirteen year old son had been found clinging to the rafters of a church.

The family home had been swept away by a huge sea wave. His wife and daughter could not be traced. The director managed to come to Malacca. He searched for his wife and daughter among the rubble but found only some of their possessions. The director returned to Car Nicobar with his son.

The writer had also accompanied them. Astonishingly but Mecifullythe forest and coconut palms remained undisturbed while most of the human habitation had been destroyed. The TSunami had been peculiarly selective in the manner of its destruction. When they reached the mins of the circuit house they found a mound of house hold goods and the director found his suitcase.

The director only took his slides. The director Showed the writer die spot where his house once stood. He told the writer that his wife was an English teacher at a local school, but wanted to leave, the director could not get a transfer. He felt that she could have achieved many things and he had Med to give the opportunity. He pointed to his daughter vinceta’s paintbox but did not pick it up and said “What good will it do? What will it give back?”

The Writer wondered himself, being a husband, father and human being, what he would have done and felt. Would he have chosen to forget the past? He found that the answer, to the question was a matter of expressing the innermost sovereignity of ourselves because nothing remained to cloud our vision. The writer was surprised to see that there wasn’t any hesitation or doubt when the director chose to abandon his wifes and daughter’s belongings. He must have found some comfort in the knowledge of an impersonal effort.

The writer felt that at such moments, words seem to be futile and nothing is of value other than to act and intervene in the course of events. The next day the writer understood that the director had mounted the most singular and most powerful defence he would ever withness. ie. to get involved in one own work.

Upper limit is used in ‘less than’ and lower limit is used in ‘more than’ while finding cumulative frequency.

From the class of 25 students, 10 are to be chosen for an excursion party.

Since there are 3 students who decide that either all of them will join or none of them will join, there are two cases.

Case I: All the three students join.

Then, the remaining 7 students can be chosen from the remaining 22 students in ways.

Case II: None of the three students join.

Then, 10 students can be chosen from the remaining 22 students in ²²C₁₀ ways.

Thus, required number of ways of choosing the excursion party is ²²C₇+²²C₁₀

 [(a - b,2a + c),(2a - b,3c + d)] = [(-1,5),(0,13)] 

∴ a - b = -1 ...(i)

2a + b = 0 ...(ii)

Solving (i) and (ii), we get

a = 1

when a = 1, then

a - b = - 1

b = 2

2a + c = 5

2 x 1 + c = 5

2 + c = 5

c = 3

3c + d = 13

3 x 3 + d = 13

d = 13 - 9 = 4

Since, sin^-1 2a/(1 + a²) = 2tan^-1 a

and cos^-1 (1 - b²)/(1 + b²) = 2tan^-1 b

∴ given problem can be written as 

tan^-1 a + tan^-1 b = tan^-1 x

tan^-1 (a + b)/(1 - ab) = tan^-1 x

∴ x = (a - b)/(1 - ab)

Answer is (a) sin^-1 2x/(1 + x²)

Correact answer is 76 m

Python variables do not have to be explicitly declared to reserve memory space. The declaration happens automatically when you assign a value to a variable. The equal sign (=) is used to assign values to variables.

The operand to the left of the = operator is the name of the variable, and the operand to the right of the = operator is the value stored in the variable.

For example: 

# !/usr/bin/python 

counter = 100 # An integer assignment 

miles = 1000.0 # A floating point 

name = “John” # A string 

print counter 

print miles 

print name 

while running this program, this will produce the following result: 

100 1

000.0 

John

Syntax for “greater than or equal to” operator is a > = b

Python language supports the following types of operations.

•  Arithmetic operations 

•  Comparison (i.e. Rotational) operations 

•  Assignment operations 

•  Logical operations 

•  Bitwise operations 

•  Membership operations 

•  Identity operations.

Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator.

Here in binary format they will be as follows: 

A = 0011 1100 

B = 0000 1101 

hence 

A&B = 0000 1100 and A|B = 00111101

1  True 

2  False 

3  True 

4  False 

5  True

6  True 

7  False 

8  True 

9  False

This statement assigns the integer value 5 to the variable a. 

The part at the left of the assignment operator (=) is known as the 1 value (left value) and the right one as the r value (right value). The l value has to be a variable whereas the l value can be either a constant, a variable, the result of an operation or any combination of these.

Octal (base 8) was previously a popular choice for representing digital circuit numbers in a form that is more compact than binary. Octal is sometimes abbreviated as oct. Octal counting goes as : 

0,1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,20, 21 and so on. 

Hexadecimal (base 16) is currently the most popular choice for representing digital circuit numbers in a form that is more compact than binary. Hexadecimal numbers are sometimes represented by preceding the value with ‘Ox’, as in 0x1 B84. Hexadecimal is sometimes abbreviated as hex. Hexadecimal counting goes : 

0,1,2, 3,4,5, 6, 7, 8,9, A, B, C, D, E, F, and so on.

Decimal (base 10) is the way most human beings represent numbers. Decimal is sometimes abbreviated as dec. Decimal counting goes : 

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18 and so on. 

Binary (base 2) is the natural way most digital circuits represent and manipulate numbers. Binary numbers are sometimes represented by preceding the value with ‘Ob’, as in Ob1O11. Binary is sometimes abbreviated as a bin. Binary counting goes as : 

0,1,10,11,100,101,110,111,1000,1001,1010,1011,1100,1101,1110,1111,10000,10001 and so on.

A statement is an instruction that the Python interpreter can execute. We have seen two kinds of statements: print and assignment. 

When you type a statement on the command line, Python executes it and displays the result, if there is one. The result of a print statement is a value. Assignment statements don’t produce a result.

A logical operator is an operator used to combine relational expressions. 

In C++, there are three types of logical operators :

(i) Logical AND

(ii) Logical OR

(iii) Logical NOT

An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators. If you type an expression on the command line, the interpreter evaluates it and displays the result:

(i) The equation of the line that is parallel to y axis and passing through (4, 0) will be x = 4 

(ii) The equation of the line that is parallel to y axis and passing through (-2, 0) will be x = -2 

(iii) The equation of the line that is parallel to y axis and passing through (3, 5) will be x = 3.

(iv) The equation of the line that is parallel to y axis  and passing through (-4, -3) will be x = -4.

• Sequence of sequentially executed statements. 
• Conditional execution of statements. 
• Iteration execution statements.

A simple example of an infinite loop is instructing a computer to keep on adding 0 to 1 until 2 is reached. This will never happen.

An infinite loop is a sequence of instructions in a computer program which loops endlessly, either due to the loop having no terminating condition, having one that can never be met, or one that causes the loop to start over.

Operators are special symbols that represent computations like addition and multiplication. The values the operator uses are called Operands.

A finite loop ends itself. An infinite loop will not end without an outside cause.

Answer is (D) π/12