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The falcon had seen the poisonous viper lying up above the tree. The falcon knew the dripping liquid was snake’s poison and not water. It wanted to save the king, the horse and herself. So, it overturned the cup again and again.

The king’s hunting troop spread a net to catch the prey. Soon a gazelle was trapped within the area covered by the net. They started closing in. The gazelle had no way to escape.

The king had brought up the falcon as his pet. He loved the falcon very much. The falcon also loved him. The bird remained with him always. Even at night, the falcon used to sit on his fist.

The king had brought up a falcon as his pet. She always stayed with him and never left his side. It was trained to hunt the prey. The falcon used to sit on his fist and go with him wherever he went. Once they went to a valley to hunt. After killing a gazelle, the king was thirsty and so were the horse and the falcon. The king found some liquid dripping down a tree and mistook it for water.

He collected it and tried to make the falcon drink. But, it upset the cup twice. She did not allow even the horse to drink. It knew the liquid was poison dripping from a poisonous viper. The king, in his anger, cut off the wings of the falcon. He later realised his mistake. The falcon sat on his fist without the wings and returned to the camp and died after reaching the camp. In this way the falcon proved herself a faithful companion of the king.

It was a hot day. There was no sign of water anywhere. They were thirsty. The king came to a tree where water seemed to be dripping through the leaf of the tree. The king took out the cup to collect the dripping water. He wanted to quench the thirst of his falcon with that water.

The king’s men spread a net to catch wild animals. A gazelle was trapped within the area covered by the net. The king threatened to punish the person who allowed the gazelle to escape, with death.

The king repented his hasty action. He cried aloud at the death of the falcon which had saved his life.

i. Enzymes replacement therapy (in which functional ADA is injected)

ii. Bone marrow transplantation

iii. Gene therapy/Culturing the lymphocytes followed by introduction of functional ADA cDNA into it and returning it into the patient’s body. 

Uses of Gypsum : 

1. It is used as fertilizers. 

2. It is used in the process of making cement. 

3. It is used in the process of making Plaster of Paris.

Manufacture of Detergents:- 

Materials used: 

Acid slurry, Soda ash (or) Sodium Carbonate, Trisodium phosphate (TSP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), Carboxy Methyl Chloride (or) Cellulose, Glauber’s salt, colour perfume and brightner. 

Preparation: 

1. Acid slurry is first neutralised. 

2. Then neutralised Acid Slurry is mixed with Soda ash and kept for one hour for completion of reaction. 

3. Other ingredients such as Trisodium phosphate (TSP), Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), Carboxy Methyl Chloride (or) Cellulose, Glauber’s salt, colour, perfume, brightner are then blended to the neutralised Acid Slurry with continuous mixing. 

4. Then the mixture is dried. 

5. Now we get detergent powder.

Mule/Hinny/Liger/Tigon

Nanukaka started describing about his VIP status in a very loud voice so that Sohanlal could hear. He firstly talked about foreign tours and his contacts with politicians and ministers. Then he came to talk about Hazrat Barkat Ali, the ambassador in such a tone as if they were best freidns and this impressed Sohanlal the most.

Biopiracy is the theft or robbery of biological arid genetic resourcds indigenous to a country. The process of biopiracy involves collection of biological samples without permission and commercial scale production of the product for benefits. Biopiracy is widespread in developing countries which have diverse ecosystems and posses abundant bioresorces. Some multinational corporations benefit grealty from biopiracy activities. These do not pay any financial compensation to the countries where biological material originated. It robs us of our right to utilize our own resources.

Correct Answer is: (D) All of these

• Diphtheria is readily preventable by vaccine administration. This is included in the triple vaccine: diphtheria, tetanus and Pertusis vaccine 

• (DTP) or the quintuple diphtheria, tetanus, Pertusis, polio and Hib vaccine. 

• Patients with diphtheria should receive active immunization after recovery.

DNA vaccines have come a long way resulting in a second generation of vast improvements bringing a surge of interest to the community. In both small and large animal models, second-generation DNA vaccines show that they assist cellular and humoral immune responses. Additionally, research suggests that newer DNA vaccines can more broadly activate CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTL) in larger animal models, compared with earlier DNA methods. Inefficient uptake of plasmids by cells has been resulting in low immunogenicity. However, second generation DNA vaccine research has focused on developing novel strategies to enhance transfection efficiency and improve other facets of the DNA platform. These efforts include optimization of the antigens encoded by the plasmids to increase antigen expression on a per cell basis, improved formulation, and inclusion of molecular adjuvants to enhance and direct immune responses.

Correct Answer is: C) ELISA

The ELISA test, also called the EIA for enzyme immunoassay, is used to detect the HIV antibody. It checks for certain proteins that the body makes in response to HIV. The blood sample will be added to a cassette that contains the viral protein, called antigen.

Correct answer is (C) ELISA 

Causes of AIDS: AIDs is caused by Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV), a member of group of retroviruses.

Symptoms: Symptoms of AIDS are headache, dizziness, unexplained weight loss, purple patches on the skin and mucous membrane inside the mouth, unexplained bleeding and prolonged diarroea. A person may suffer from any are all of these symptoms.

Causative agents in transmitted to the healthy person by the following ways:

(i) Sexual contacts with infected person.

(ii) Transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products.

(iii) Sharing of injected needles as in the case of I.V drugs abusers.

(iv) Infected mother to her foetus through placenta.

Preventions: Preventive measure can be-

(i) Clean or safe sex habits using condoms regularly.

(ii) Do not shave items that could become contained by blood like razor, tooth, brush or any skin, piercing instruments.

(iii) Checking of blood before transfusion.

(iv) Infected mother should not bear a child.

C. Megaspore

AIDS spread through HIV virus. It is a retrovirus with RNA as genome. Chances of mutation are very high in RNA. The virus every-time mutates in its reverse transcription and replication cycle. Most HIV particles produced in an infected person differ in surface receptors at least slightly from those on the original infecting virus.

Features of DNA structure:

1. DNA exists as a double helix in which the two polynucleotide chains are coiled about one another in a spiral with a diameter of about 20Å.

2. Concentration of thymine was always equal to the concentration of adenine and the concentration of cytosine was always equal to the concentration of guanine.

3. Each polynucleotide chain consists of a sequence of nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds, joining adjacent deoxyribose moieties

4. The two polynucleotide strands are held together in their helical configuration by hydrogen bonding.

5. The two polynucleotide chains generally exist in perpendicular to the axis of the molecule like the spiral staircase.

6. The bases of one polynucleotide chain pairs with the bases of other polynu­cleotide chain. These pairing always con­sist of one purine with one pyrimidine. In a strict sense, the base pairing is fixed and specific, e.g. adenine is always paired with thymine and guanine with cytosine.

This is single stranle standard molecule of DNA or RNA, which base pairs with mRNA molecules and block is translation. This process of inactivation of specific in RNA is used against viral replication and transformation on normal cells into cancerous cells and this can stop the further spread of the disease.

The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) into proteins.The code defines how sequences of nucleotide triplets, called codons, specify which amino acid will be added next during protein synthesis.

Characteristics of the genetic code

• Triplet nature

A triplet code could make a genetic code for 64 different combinations (4 X 4 X 4) genetic code and provide plenty of information in the DNA molecule to specify the placement of all 20 amino acids. When experiments were performed to crack the genetic code it was found to be a code that was triplet. These three letter codes of nucleotides (AUG, AAA, etc.) are called codons.

• Degeneracy

The code is degenerate which means that the same amino acid is coded by more than one base triplet. For example, the three amino acids arginine, alanine and leucine each have six synonymous codons.

• Nonoverlapping

The genetic code is nonoverlapping, i.e.,the adjacent codons do not overlap. A nonoverlapping code means that the same letter is not used for two different codons. In other words, no single base can take part in the formation of more than one codon.

• Commaless

There is no signal to indicate the end of one codon and the beginning of the next. The genetic code is commaless (or comma-free).

• Non-ambiguity

A particular codon will always code for the same amino acid. While the same amino acid can be coded by more than one codon (the code is degenerate), the same codon shall not code for two or more different amino acids (non-ambiguous).

• Universality

Although the code is based on work conducted on the bacterium Escherichia coli but it is valid for other organisms. This important characteristic of the genetic code is called its universality. It means that the same sequences of 3 bases encode the same amino acids in all life forms from simple microorganisms to complex, multicelled organisms such as human beings.

• Polarity

The genetic code has polarity, that is, the code is always read in a fixed direction, i.e., in the 5′ → 3′ direction.

• Chain Initiation Codons

The triplets AUG and GUG play double roles in E. coli. When they occur in between the two ends of a cistron (intermediate position), they code for the amino acids methionine and valine, respectively in an intermediate position in the protein molecule.

• Chain Termination Codons

The 3 triplets UAA, UAG, UGA do not code for any amino acid. They were originally described as non-sense codons, as against the remaining 61 codons, which are termed as sense codons

In 1970, Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein developed the technique of producing monoclonal antibodies by fusing normal anibody producing cells with cells from cancerous tumours. Their main characteristics are:

(i) Monoclonal antibodies are pure and highly specific for specific antigens.

(ii) These can be easily cultured outside the body.

(iii) These antibodies are more effective and ideal for diagnosis of specific diseases.

Their most effective clinical application is immune suppression for kidney transplantation. 

(A) Origin & Evolution of life

(A) Inducible gene system

Correct Answer is: C) Taq polymerases

Like DNA replication in an organism, PCR requires a DNA polymerase enzyme that makes new strands of DNA, using existing strands as templates. The DNA polymerase typically used in PCR is called Taq polymerase, after the heat-tolerant bacterium from which it was isolated (Thermus aquaticus).

Louis Pasteur experiments demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life. he showed that in prestreilised flasks life did not come from killed yeast while in flask open to air, new living organisms arose from killed yeast.

Genetic engineering process has several steps:

(i) Gene isolation: The desired is cut with restriction enzymes and joined by ligases to host DNA.

(ii) Synthesis of gene: The nucleotides are synthesized chemically.

(iii) Transformation: The DNA is incorporated into genome of a cell.

(iv) Taunsduction: The DNA is carried from a donor bacterium to  a recipient bacterium with the help of bacteriophages. It results in changing the recipient's genotype.

(v) Gene cloning: It is a technique for producing new combination of genetic material in bacterial cells. The DNA is inserted in the vector, where it produces copies of itself. 

Light rays which travel parallel to each other are called Parallel beam of light rays.

Let A and B be two mutually exclusive events with respective probabilities P (A) and P(B). Then, the probability of occurrence of at least one of these two events is 

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) or 

P(A+B) = P(A) + P(B)

Answer is (C) SSA

Answer is (B) ΔCBA = ΔPRQ

Statement: Let A and B be two events with respective probabilities P(A) and P(B). Then, the probability of occurrence of at least one of these two events is

P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) or

P(A+B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB)

S= {1,1, 3,4,5,6}: n = 6

1. m = multiple 2 : (2, 4, 6) = 3

P(multiple of 2) = m/n = 3/6 = 1/2

2. m = multiple of 3 : (3, 6) = 2

P(multiple of 3) = 2/6 = 1/3

3. m = odd number : (1, 3, 5) = 3

P(odd no.) = 3/6 = 1/2

n = 6² = 36

1. m = both with no. 5 = (5, 5) = 1

P(both 5) = m/n = 1/36

2. m = first dice with no. 1 : (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) ………(1, 6) = 6

P(First die with no. 1) = 3/36 = 1/6

3. m = sum is 7 : (1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1) = 6

P(sum is 7) = 6/36 = 1/6

4. m = sum is 10 or more : sum (10) or (11) or (12)

(4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4) + (6, 5), (5, 6) + (6, 6) = 6

P(sum is 10 or more) = 6/36 = 1/6

5. m = Both with same number: (1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 3)

P(both dice with same no.) = 6/36 = 1/6.

P(A) + P(A² ) = 1. That is, the sum of probabilities of complementary events is 1.

Proof: We know that, Out of ‘n’ outcomes, if ‘m’ outcomes are favourableto event A, then the remaining (n-m) outcomes are favourable to event A¹.

By definition P(A) = \(\frac{m}{n}\) and P(A²) = \(\frac{n-m}{n}\).

S = {HHH, HHT, HTT, TTT, TTH, THH, THT, HTH} : n = 23 = 8

1. m = Getting exactly one Head : (HTT, TTH, THT) = 3 .

P(One H) = m/n = 3/8

2. m = Exactly 2 H : (HHT, THH, HTH) = 3

P(2H) = 3/8

3. m = no heads/ Tails only : (TTT) =1

P(No heads/Tails only) = m/n = 1/8.

S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} : n = 22 = 4

1. m = both heads : (HH) =1

P(2H) = m/n = 1/4

2. m = exactly one H: (HT, TH) = 2

P(one heads) = 2/4 = 1/2

3. m : no heads : (TT) =1

P(no head) = p(2T) = 1/4

4. m = atleast one H : (HT, TH, HH) = 3

P(atleast one H) = 3/4.

Let A and B be the events of a sample space S. Let P(A) and P(B) are the real numbers (probabilities) assigned to these events. Then, P(A) is the probability of A if, the following axioms are satisfied.

Axiom (i) : P(A) ≥ 0 (non-negativity condition) 

Axiom (ii) : P(S) = 1. ‘S’ being the sure event. 

Axiom(iii): For any two disjoint events A and B,P(A + B) = P(A) + P(B)

Let a random experiment have n possible outcomes which are equally likely, mutually exclusive and exhaustive. Let m of these outcomes be favourable to an event A. Then, probability of A is 

p(A) = (Number of favourable outcomes/Number of exhaustive outcomes) = m/n 

Let a random experiment be repeated n times essentially under identical conditions. Let m of these repetitions results in the occurrence of an event A. Then, the probability of event A is the limiting value of the ratio m/n as n increases indefinitely.

\(That \,is, P(A)= \lim\limits_{n \to \infty} \frac{m}{n}\)

Here, it is assumed that a unique limit exists.

Importance of Certificate of Incorporation:

• Certificate of Incorporation is like a Birth Certificate of a Company.
• It is proof by which company comes into existence.
• After getting an Incorporation Certificate, the company becomes a legal person distinct from its members.
• It is a document that gives status to the company about its perpetual succession from its date of Incorporation.
• After getting such a certificate, the company can sue and be sued by others.

Correct option is (A) Economic

Correct option is (A) Salary

D) United Nations Organisation

B) encouraging terrorism

One Person Company.

Phenomena: Facts, (or) circumstances that can be observed.