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(c)  Article 51

Walter Lippmann

India – Mahatma Gandhi

Pakistan – Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Bangladesh – Mujibur Rehman

India is against testing of atomic weapons for war like purposes. India stands for complete disarmament within the framework of the United Nations. Even then India refuses to sign the NPT. It is so because India thinks NPT is discriminatory. It allows the atomic powers to make further tests.

in the early years of the 1990s, a group calling itself Mujahidins force fully occupied many parts of the Line of Control. The areas they ocupied included Dras, Kaksara and Batalik. In India it was believed that this occupation was with the knowledge of the Pakistani authorities. So India reacted and this brought about the Kargil War

This happened in May-June 1999. By 26 July, 1999, the Indian Army was able to take control of ail the illegally occupied places by the Mujahidin. Following this war, the Pak Commander-in-Chief of the Army, General Parvez Musharaf, staged a coup d'etat and became the ruler of Pakistan.

India supports non proliferation of atomic weapons. It believes that atomic power should be used only for peaceful purposes. In 1974, India tested its first atomic device.Nehru believed that what modern India wanted was scientific and technological growth, in 1940, under Homi. J. Bhabha India embarked on an atomic scheme. India wants atomic power only for peaceful purposes. Nehru was against atomic weapons. Therefore he requested the big powers to disarm.

But the collection of atomic weapons was increasing. In 1968, the five major atomic powers tried to bring a treaty which prohibited the use of atomic weapons. It is called the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). But India refused to sign it saying that it was discriminatory in nature. When India tested its first atomic device, its intention was peaceful. India asserts that atomic power should be used only for peaceful purposes. whereas it denies non-atomic powers to make any tests, thus preventing them from developing atomic power even for peaceful purposes.

(c) Mac Mohan Line

India conducted first nuclear explosion in May 1974.

There are some major differences between Neutrality and Non Alignment. 

• Neutrality is relevant only when there is a war. But Non Alignment is relevant both in the times of war and also peace.
• Neutrality is used in international laws. But the term Non Alignment is used in the mutual relations between countries. Neutrality would mean keeping away. But Non Alignment does not mean keeping away from something. There is inclusion in Non Alignment.

Nehru was a chief spokesperson of Afro Asian unity. Under his leadership, in March 1947, there was an Asian Relations Conference. It supported the freedom struggle of Indonesia. India made great efforts to free Indonesia from the hands of the Dutch. For this purpose in 1949 an international conference was summoned.

India was also against the apartheid policy of South Africa. The Conference that held in the Indonesian city of Bandung, is known as the Bandung Conference. The intervention of India helped many African and Asian nations to get their freedom from their colonial masters. This Conference later proved to be the starting point of the Non Aligned Policy.

(b) his speech in September 1946 spelt out core features of India’s foreign policy.

(b) promoting port-led development in India.

This statement is False.

1. India has sought to harness it’s 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes through two compatible programmes viz. Sagarmala and Bharatmala. 

2. Sagarmala programme aims to promote port and river transport systems and Bharatmala programme is a comprehensive road connectivity plan.

Correct option: (a) Bangladesh

Correct option: (c) Sudan

Correct option: (a) Nelson Mandela

Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement

Indian Ocean Rim Association.

This statement is True. 

1. During the Cold War era, Indian foreign policy had evolved around three pillars viz. nonalignment in international relations, preservation of autonomy in domestic affairs and solidarity among developing nations. 

2. After 1991, Indian economy opened under economic liberalisation. India developed relations with different nations based on realistic understanding of national interest. Thus, India emerged as a significant economic and technological power post 1990s.

The Indian Ocean is one of the most busy and critical maritime transportation links in the world. The economies of littoral countries depend heavily on ports, shipping and vast natural resources. India’s vast coastline of about 7500 km presents both opportunity and challenge to India in terms of security and foreign perspectives. India’s exclusive economic zone is 2.4 million sq. kms. 90% of our trade by volume and almost all oil imports come through the sea. India is a co-founder of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation in 1997 (IORA).

The main objective of IORA is to promote sustained, balanced development of the Indian Ocean region. India has initiated the Sagarmala and Bharatmala programmes to harness India’s coastline.

This statement is True. 

1. Factors like geography, history, economy, political leadership have impacted India’s foreign policy. During the Cold War, superpower politics impacted India’s policy.

2. There were many significant changes in India’s foreign policy when the Cold War ended. 

3. India’s relations with world powers like USA and with its own neighbours like China and Pakistan have influenced its foreign policy.

Look East, Act East

The principles of India’s foreign policy include respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations, belief in peaceful coexistence and peaceful resolution of international disputes. One of the main factors influencing foreign policy is the political leadership of the country. India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s speech spelt out the core feature of India’s foreign policy i.e., friendly relations with England, USA and Soviet Union.

He was a co-founder of the Non- Aligned Movement and opted not to be a part of any military alliance. Prime Ministers who have played an important role in India’s foreign policy include Lai Bahadur Shastri (Indo-Pak war 1965 and Tashkent Agreement) Indira Gandhi (Indo-Pak war, 1971 and Shimla Agreement) Rajiv Gandhi (peacekeeping force to Sri Lanka, 1987), Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Dr. Manmohan Singh and Narendra Modi.

After independence, Jawaharlal Nehru attempted to weave unity among countries of Asia. One of the major partners in this effort was Indonesia. During the Cold War period, India’s relations with most of the South-East Asian nations was nominal. In 1991, India under Prime Minister P. V. Narsimha Rao propounded the “Look East” Policy as an effort to cultivate extensive economic and strategic relations with the South-East Asian countries and bolster it’s standing as a regional power. Subsequent Prime Ministers such as Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Dr. Manmohan Singh also pursued this policy.

In 2014, under Prime Minister Narendra Modi a more outcome-based policy of Act East was announced to focus more on relations with ASEAN and other East Asian countries especially Vietnam and Japan. India has particularly good relations with Singapore which is a major investor in India. Relations with Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia have also improved. India has a Free Trade Agreement with the ASEAN and is a partner in ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) a regional security group. India has promoted regional cooperation groups like BIMSTEC.

(a) they work as a counter against Pakistan.

During the Cold War, relations between India and US were strained due to several reasons

1. India kept out of US led military alliances like CENTO, etc., and co- founded Non-Aligned Movement.

2. India’s criticism of US intervention in Vietnam. 

3. US position on the Kashmir issue and constant support to Pakistan.

Even after end of the Cold War, Indo-US relations did not immediately improve. The US brought pressure on the new State of Russia to stop supply of space technology to India. After India carried out its second nuclear testing in 1998 at Pokhran, the US not only imposed economic sanctions on India but also pressurized other nations like Canada, Japan, etc. to impose sanctions as well. However, towards the end of the last century Indo-US ties have improved due to the following reasons.

1. Anti-terrorism stance – India supported President George W. Bush’s “war on terrorism” similarly, after the 2001, terrorist attack on Indian Parliament by Pakistan supported terrorist groups, US demanded that Pakistan should stop sponsoring cross-border terrorism.

2. Partnership apd Agreements – The US regards India as a major partner in the Indo Pacific region. India regards the USA as a major source of investment and partner in trade and defence as well as in multilateral fora like India-US-Japan forum. In 2008, the India-US Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement was signed by which India became the only country outside NPT that has nuclear capabilities.

In the first few decades after independence, India supported the fight against apartheid and provided financial and material aid to liberation struggles in Africa for eg., the AFRICA Fund created at the NAM Summit (Harare)

There are several issues in the context of India-African relations -

1. The India-Africa summit was held in 2015 

2. About 24 percent of Indian crude oil imports are sourced from the African continent e.g., ONGC Videsh has invested in Sudan and Egypt 

3. About two million people in Eastern and Southern Africa constitute the India diaspora which is considered as an asset by the Indian government.

4. Indian industries are interested in offering technological and material services to developing African nations

5. India continues to be one of the military training destination e.g., National Defence Academy, Pune has the 'Sudan Block' as a symbol of cooperation between India and Sudan

6. Countries from Somalia to South Africa fall under the India maritime strategic perspective. Hence, cases of terrorism and piracy in Somalian waters have made this region sensitive to Indian concerns.

In 1949, the Communist revolution took place in China. India was among the first nations to recognize the People’s Republic of China. In 1954, India and China signed the Panchsheel Agreement and India also recognised Chinese suzerainty on Tibet. The main hindrances in Sino- Indian relations are -

1. 1962 Indo-China war and 2017 Dokhlam skirmish. 

2. Border disputes in Aksai Chin and NEFA region. 

3. China has been critical of India offering political asylum to the Dalai Lama. 

4. Chinese support to Pakistan. 

5. India’s apprehensions about China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

On the positive side India-China relationship has improved.

1. Agreement on maintenance of peace and tranquility along the LOC. 

2. China has become among the largest trading partners of India.

3. India and China are part of BRICS and SCO. 

4. In the late 1990s, Russia mooted the idea of a Trilateral Summit of Russia, China, India which was a recognition of India’s status as a major regional power.

1. There have been tensions and military standoffs between India and Pakistan since 1947 for e.g., Conflict of 1947-48, Kargil conflict (1999) as well as two-wars (1965, 1971). The main problem areas between India and Pakistan is over the Kashmir issue. India has accused Pakistan of sponsoring cross border terrorism in Indian territory.

2. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a route for Chinese investments in Pakistan. China has extended support to Pakistan on the Kashmir issue while Pakistan recognizes China’s claims to Aksaichin.

3. Disputes over sharing of the Indus river waters and Baglihar Dam issue. Efforts have been made to improve bilateral relations between India and Pakistan such as the Shimla Agreement (1972) signed between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Z. A. Bhutto. In 1999, Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan signed three agreements. Both countries have launched several mutual confidence building measures such as the Delhi-Lahore bus service, hotlines between Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan, etc.

Correct option: (c) all of the above.

The correct answer is D) Stem.

Rivers in India are getting polluted due to the sewage and effluents being added to it and thus affecting its quality. 

Following measures are being taken to control pollution in the rivers in India.

• Treating of the sewage before draining it into the rivers.
• Reducing the use of pesticides and insecticides as they drain into the water sources and pollute it.
• Discharge of industrial effluents into rivers without proper treatment is now controlled.
• Reusing the water for different purposes which reduces the overuse and pollution of water.
• Carrying out the cleaning and purification of the river water under the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP).
• Creating awareness in the people about the importance of rivers and harmful effects of pollution.
• Setting up of Pollution Control Boards (PCB) at the state and national level to curb pollution.

Mahendragiri (1600m) and Malayagiri (1187m) are the peak shown in the Eastern Ghats.

(A) Suravaram Pratapa Reddy

The Western Ghats divide the basins of the west flowing rivers like Vaitama, Mandovi, etc. flowing towards the Arabian sea from those of the east flowing rivers like Godavari, Krishna, etc. flowing towards the Bay of Bengal.

The range of altitude of the Amazon river basin is from 0 metres to 200 metres.

The Amazon river basin is located between the Guyana Highlands and the Brazilian Highlands.

(i) Amazon collects its headwaters from the eastern slopes of Andes Mountains in Peru.

(ii) Amazon River receives huge discharge. This is about 2 lakh m³/s.

(iii) As a result, Amazon washes off the load supplied to it from the catchment.

(iv) Consequently, sediments are not deposited even at the mouth.

(v) A dense network of distributaries, which is a characteristic feature of river mouth areas, is by and large absent in the mouth region of Amazon.

(vi) Instead, we find a series of islands developed along the mouth of Amazon, beyond the coastline into the Atlantic Ocean.

(vii) At the mouth, the width of Amazon channel is 150 km.

(viii) Most of the course of the Amazon river is suitable for navigation.

Correct option: (c) covered by dense forests

Correct option: (b) no deltas are found

The isolated region shown in yellow indicate the Brazilian Highlands or the Brazilian Plateau or the Brazilian Shield.

(i) The Western Ghats are a continuous chain of mountains extending from north to south for about 1600 km. They run parallel to the west cost of India.

(ii) In the north, i.e., in Maharashtra and Karnataka these mountain ranges are referred as Sahyadris and in the south they are referred as Annamalai hills. 

(iii) The height of the Western Ghats increases towards the south.

(iv) These hill ranges comprise of many peaks such as Kalsubai Peak (1646 m) located to the north and Anaimudi Peak (2695 m) located to the south of Western Ghats.

(v) The highest peak of Western Ghats is Anaimudi Peak (2695 m) located in Annamalai hills.

(vi) The western slope of the Western Ghats is steep while the eastern slope is gentle.

(vii) The Western Ghats acts as a water divide for the rivers flowing towards Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.

Besides the Amazon basin the other regions with an altitude of less than 200m are the Pampas, Parana and Paraguay basin, as well as the Eastern and Northen coastal region.

The highlands here gradually slope towards north and slopes are not very steep. The tributaries of Amazon, eg. Xingu river flowing through this region make rapids and waterfalls.

The height of Sahayadri hills increase towards the south.

Pantanal is one of the largest wetlands in the world, lying in the south west part of the highland areas.

It is a region of swamps and marshes in northwestern part of Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil and it extends into Argentina too.

This region is drained by the river Paraguay and its tributaries.

They collect the water from the highland areas and deposit the sediments in the low lying Pantanal region. 

Pantanal is a gently sloped basin which is submerged throughout the year due to the filling of the sediments and water in the depression area of the Pantanal.