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Hututu, Kho-kho and Atyapatya.

(a) Their world were confined to the house of first their father and then their husband.

(b) Their education was neglected.

(c) Only a few exceptional women had achieved any progress in literacy, administration and battle skills.

(d) They include Veermata Jijabai, Maharani Yesubai, Maharani Tarabai, Umabai Dabhade, Gopikabai, Punyashlok Ahilyabai.

(e) Customs like child marriage, unequal marriage, widowhood, keshwapan, sati, polygamy had imposed harsh restrictions on the way women lived.

Hiroji Indulkar.

(i) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had a liberal religious policy.

(ii) He believed that everyone should follow his or her own religion but nobody should force his or her religion upon others.

(a) Veermata Jijabai

(b) Maharani Yesubai

(c) Maharani Tarabai

(d) Umabai Dabhade.

Answer is: Tamasha

Plato – The Republic. Aristotle – Politics.

Martial arts were very popular, Mallakhamb Dand, Wrestling, Lathi, Dandpatta, Bothati these games were played.

Agriculture and agriculture based businesses were die chief source of production at the village level.

The foreign policy of any country is the mirror of national interests as in India: 

1. During non-congress government in 1977, Janata Party announced to follow non-alignment genuinely. This implied that the pro-Soviet tilt in foreign policy will be corrected. Since then, all governments took initiatives to restore better relations with China and entered into close ties with the US. 

2. In Post 1990 period the ruling parties were criticised for their pro-US foreign policy. During this period Russia had lost its global pre¬eminence despite it has been India’s good friend. 

Hence, India’s foreign policy shifted to a more pro-US strategy. 

3. Besides, the contemporary international situation is also more influenced by economic interests than military interests so made an impact on India’s foreign policy. 

The foreign policy of a nation reflects systematic statements of national interests along with the interplay of domestic and external factors.

Answer is: Ganesh

(a) Nehru wanted to keep off military blocs to maintain a friendly and peaceful relationship with all nations of the world as well as to maintain India’s uniqueness at the international stage. 

(b) No, the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty did not violate non-alignment because it was not to maintain military relations but to maintain diplomatic friendly relations. 

(c) NAM emphasizes disarmament, decolonization, and terrorism except staying away from military blocs.

The Dalai Lama entered India in 1959 and the Government of India under Jawaharlal Nehru’s leadership approved his request for the asylum.

China invaded Tibet in 1950 and oppressed the rights of the people of Tibet. In 1958, there was an armed uprising in Tibet but was suppressed by the Chinese army. This caused the Dalai Lama and the people of Tibet to fear for their safety and they fled to India. He and other Tibetans were granted access and asylum in India.

USA followed the policy of Capitalism while USSR followed the policy of Communism. USA was against the spread of Communism into other countries which led to an ideological conflict with the USSR. They established alliances such as NATO by USA and Warsaw Pact by USSR and forced other countries to become a part of their bloc. This divided the World into two blocs and led to the emergence of a third bloc of countries called NAM.

India has supported global nuclear disarmament and a nuclear weapons free world. First nuclear explosion was undertaken by India in 1974. A significant component of his industrialisation plans was the nuclear programme initiated in the late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J. Bhabha. India wanted to generate atomic energy for peaceful purposes. Nehru was against nuclear weapons. So, he pleaded with the superpowers for comprehensive nuclear disarmament. However, the nuclear arsenal kept rising. When Communist China conducted nuclear tests in October 1964, the five nuclear weapon powers, the US, USSR, UK, France, and China (Taiwan then represented China) – also the five Permanent Members of the UN Security Council – tried to impose the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 on the rest of the world. India has refused to sign the Non-proliferation Treaty and CTBT because it is discriminatory in nature and allows few countries to maintain nuclear weapons while prohibiting others and therefore does not guarantee a nuclear weapons free world or nuclear disarmament. India has also committed and maintained global nuclear safety standards and has clean record on proliferation also.

The policy of non-alignment would not have been required as no conflicting superpower blocs would have been formed. India would have continued to maintain independent foreign, defence and economic policies and strived for international peace and prosperity. India due to its size would have emerged as one of the multiple powers in International politics.

The full form of PRC is ‘Peoples Republic of China’.

i. (b)

ii. (d)

iii. (a)

iv. (c)

India has refused to sign NPT and CTBT because India considers the treaties as being discriminatory. They allow certain countries such as USA, China, etc. to maintain nuclear weapons while prohibiting other nations. Moreover, these treaties do not conform with India’s policies related to (a) nations security (b) Freedom to use nuclear energy for peaceful endeavours.

Kashmir was attacked by Pakistan in 1947. No, it wasn’t a full-fledged war but a proxy war.

The full form of NAM is ‘Non-alignment Movement’.

Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bangladesh, Myanmar and China are neighbouring countries of India.

India is committed to global, verifiable and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament, thereby leading to a world that is free of nuclear weapons.

The name of the conference was ‘Afro-Asian’ Conference.

Disarmament is necessary because it leads to sense of security among nations and avoids the risk of misuse of weapons for mass destruction.

Some countries followed the superpowers because the superpowers provided an aid in the form of money and technology, provided security through military protection and support in international forums.

The tenure of Jawaharlal Nehru as a Prime Minister was from 1947 – 1964.

A principle of Jawaharlal Nehru’s foreign policy was Non-alignment, whereby it meant that India will maintain an independent in policy making decisions and will not follow either of the two superpower blocs. Another principle of Jawaharlal Nehru was that India will maintain friendly relations with all the countries. Nehru supported United Nations’ policies to help dependent colonies and try for their independence.

The most important principle of Jawaharlal Nehru’s foreign policy was ‘Nonalignment’.

Indias External Relations

(i) To preserve the hard earned sovereignty of India

(ii) To protect territorial integrity

(iii) To promote rapid economic development (Or any other relevant objective)

Jawaharlal Nehru signed the Panchsheel agreement in 1954.

The image of India was dented after the war. The war led to aura of humiliation yet led to rise of nationalism among Indians. Jawaharlal Nehru was heavily criticized for the government’s lack of preparedness and some of the top army commanders and the defense minister had to resign.

Indo-China relations from 1947-1962:-

i. After the Chinese revolution in 1949, India was one of the first countries to recognize the communist government of China. 

ii. When China annexed Tibet in 1950, both the countries developed some differences. 

iii. In 1954, joint enunciation of Panchsheel was made by the Indian Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. 

iv. In 1959, India gave political asylum to Dalai Lama. This annoyed China.

India has always opposed the policies of colonialism, neo-colonialism and imperialism.

Jawaharlal Nehru considered that the conduct of foreign relations as an essential indicator of independence because a country can continue to remain independent by ensuring that it can form and change its foreign policy. By conducting its own foreign policy, a nation can showcase the will of the people and pursue its national interest. Jawaharlal Nehru intended to maintain good relations with both USA and USSR and used the policy of non-alignment. India remained equidistant to both the superpowers and both USA and USSR invested in the Indian economy while India refused to join either of the blocs. Similarly, India did not participate in the Cold War rivalry and take positions that might harm its national interest.

India gained freedom when the world was going through the period of cold war and it was divided into 2 blocs: US and USSR. During this period, UN was formed. In such scenario, India had to formulate the foreign policy which would cater, to nation’s interests and can achieve its goals by maintaining amicable and cordial relations with all the countries. Scientific studies have shown that if we do not control arms and ammunition collection then we might have to face severe consequences like accumulation of poisonous garbage, problems and issues related to the availability of drinking water, gas and energy. Jawaharlal Nehru adopted the policy of non-alignment to assure that the foreign, defence and economic policy of India remains independent of both the superpowers.

Four principles of Jawaharlal Nehru’s foreign policy are:

1. Jawaharlal Nehru adopted the policy of non-alignment to assure that the foreign and economic policy of India remains independent of both the superpowers.

2. He strived for Afro-Asian unity and convened the Asian Relations Conference in Delhi.

3. Jawaharlal Nehru supported anti-colonial and anti-imperialist movements in Asia and Africa and supported liberation struggle in Indonesia, South Africa, etc.

4. He also strived for World peace and supported nuclear disarmament and peaceful resolution of disputes.

India adopted the policy of non-alignment because India did not want to be a part of the factionalism between the superpowers and wanted to focus on developing the nation independently.

Jawaharlal Nehru was the chief architect of India’s foreign policy

(a)-(ii) 

(b)-(iii) 

(c)-(iv) 

(d)-(i)

Jawaharlal Nehru announced the foreign policy objectives on 7th December, 1946.

The world was going through very difficult circumstances when India got her freedom. This situation has influenced our foreign policy.

Five factors have influenced our foreign policy in a greater measure.

• The II World War and the rebuilding after that.
• The efforts to form an international organization. 
• The emergence of many small nations at the end of colonialism.
• The challenges the new Nations faced for democracy and welfare.
• The Cold War between America and Russia because of ideological differences

a. Glorious Revolution 

b. American Revolution 

c. French Revolution 

d. Russian Revolution 

e. Chinese Revolution

a – ii 

b – iii 

c – iv 

d – i

1974 - Buddha Laughs

1998 – Operation Shakti

a. true 

b. false 

c. true 

d. false