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1. Shahajada Azamshah

2. Chhatrapati Shivaji II

The new political policy of the Marathas was to protect and expand their own Empire instead of fighting with Mughal powers.

According to Vivekananda the world owes an immense debt to India. Here activity prevailed when even Greece did not exist, when Rome was not thought of, when the very fathers of the modern Europeans lived in the forests and painted themselves blue. Even earlier when history has no record. Ideas have marched out from India. Every word has blessing and peace.

विवेकानन्द के अनुसार, यह विश्व, भारत का अत्यधिक ऋणी है। यहाँ गतिविधियाँ तब भी जारी थीं जब ग्रीस अस्तित्व में भी नहीं था, जब रोम के बारे में तो सोचा भी नहीं गया था, जब आधुनिक यूरोपवासियों के पिता जंगलों में रहते थे तथा स्वयं को नीला पोत लेते थे। इससे भी पहले, जब इतिहास था ही नहीं। विचार, भारत से ही बाहर निकले हैं। प्रत्येक शब्द में आशीर्वाद व शांति है।

5 to 6.25% tax

9.50% levied on import of such items.

The limit of import tax during the Mauryan period was 20%.

8th century AD.

Lothal, Sutkaganador, Balakot and Sotkakoh.

In the first half of the seventh century, China spread its power till Iran. Many Chinese sources state that from 650 – 750 AD, four major powers fought to exercise their monopoly on middle Asia. These powers were Turkey, Tibet, Arabia and China. Kashmir was under the rule of China during this period, China adopted an aggressive policy. China was scared of the expanding power and strength of Tibet. So, it asked for help from Indian Rulers, Khalifas of Baghdad, etc. in 787 AD.

In the eleventh century, Alberuni has mentioned 15 land routes.

This has been stated by Baudhayan.

Prince Shahu was in the custody of Azamshah.

The King Chhatrasal requested Bajirao to protect his kingdom Bundelkhand.

1 – b

2 – d

3 – a

4 – c

1. Delhi’s throne

2. Azamshah

3. Satara

4. Kanhoji Angre

5. Raverkhedi

6. Bajirao

One fourth part of the revenue

Kanhoji Angre was the Chief of the Maratha Navy.

Bajirao sent Malharrao Holkar, Ranoji Shinde and Udaji Pawar under the leadership of his x brother Chimajiappa to Malwa to strengthen the position of Marathas.

The teachings of Guru Nanak are as follows: 

1. Gum Nanak preached the unity of God and the unity of mankind. 

2. He advocated devotion to God in place of ritualism. 

3. He believed that “there is one God, His name is Eternal Truth. He is the maker of all things”. 

4. He condemned idolatry in all its forms.

The two main features of the Bhakti Culture: 

1. There is none too high or low with God. All are alike to God. 

2. Denouncement of idol worship and condemnation of formal rituals in religion.

St. Thomas came to South India in the first century AD. He believed to introduce Christianity in India.

In Ancient time, traders felt uncomfortable and insecure while travelling on various routes because they feared dacoits and that is why most of the traders used to move in caravans. In the post Gupta period, A Chinese traveller Yuvan – Chewing was robbed twice. Not only thieves and dacoits, but even the knights used to plunder the caravan of the traders. Virtual Charit also mentions the reference of such instances of plundering of a caravan by ‘Guggul Mandelic’. That was the reason why traders used to sell their articles at the price three or four times higher than the purchased price.

The two main teachings of Kabir are: 

1. He denounced idol-worship, meaningless rituals and pilgrimages to holy places. 

2. Devotion to God was regarded as an effective means of salvation.

Bajirao wars and freed Malwa and Gujarat from Mughal domination.

(d) Kavi Kalash

In the eighth century, the route passing through North Burma which used to go to China via Kamrup was used a lot. This means that many travellers used this route to travel from India to China. One more route was used to reach China from Bihar, passing through Tibet. Tablet – a – Nasiri mentioned the reference of import of horses by many traders through this route. According to Ibkurdolaba, Al – Idri and Alberuni, many merchants and traders travelled to Iran through north-west Indian route. Because of these routes only, Indian business developed a lot.

Tamralipti to Champa, Varanasi, Kaushambhi, Mathura, Shakl and Takshila to Puspkadawati.

‘Panyadhakash’ and ‘Shulkad – yaksha’.

India became the most important centre for international trade. Indian trade and commerce were at the height of their prosperity in Gupta reign. Both foreign as well as domestic trade were well developed. In Gupta Period, Indian trade was extended to far off western countries including Egypt, Greece, Rome, Iran, Arabia, Syria, and in the East, it was spread to Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Siam, Sumatra, Malaydweep and China. All these mentions reflect that during this period India became a major point for international trade.

The impact of culture on ancient Indian trade was very comprehensive. This was the result of commercial and trade exchange with the countries like China, Korea, Philippines, etc. that Buddhism spread rapidly and Buddhist culture was spread rapidly and was comprehensively embraced in such countries. Dharmratna and Kashyap Matang, the two Buddhist monks, were the first missionaries to go to China, who took along Buddhist scriptures and Buddha’s ashes with them.

In the first millennium BC, many Indians in large number settled and established their colonies and had their kingdoms at different places in Indonesia and the entire Indo – China. The priests and Buddhists living in Siam in Bangkok and Cambodia worshipped idols of Buddha and Hindu Gods and Goddesses. Till date, the subject of dramas, dancers, puppet shows, etc. are taken from Ramayana, Mahabharata and Hindu mythology. Impact of trade relation on culture has been so much, that it can be seen even till today.

In the Gupta period, a Haat market in one of the villages of the group used to be there, every week after every fortnight, where goods produced in these villages were exchanged or sold. The goods which were in excess of their demand were bought by the traders to be sold at far off places where they were in demand. The goods bought from such far off places were also sold in these Haats. Likewise, there was a good network for the selling of items in Haat. This arrangement of Haat during Gupta period proves that it served as a modern way of selling the items in a market the symptoms of which can still be seen in far off places. Therefore, it can be said that trade was at its peak during the Gupta period.

With the help of Sayyid brothers, Abdulla (Hassan) and Hussein Ali, Balaji received the authority to recover Chauthai and Sardeshmukhi.

1. Shrivardhan

2. King Chhatrasal

3. Raverkhedi

4. Chimajiappa

1. Satara

2. Azamshah

3. Shivaji II

4. Nijam-ul-Mulk

5. Chimajiappa

(i) Azamshah thought that if he released Shahu Maharaj from his custody, then there will be a fight between Maharani Tarabai and Shahu Maharaj for the throne of Chhatrapati.

(ii) The Maratha power will become weak and therefore Azamshah released Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj from his custody.

The four different centres of Maratha power were Bhonsle at Nagpur, Scindia at Gwalior, Peshwa at Pune and Holkar at Indore.

1. The missionaries in order to understand and be understood by the indian people brought out grammars and dictionaries of the indian languages.

2. St Francis Xavier learnt the language of Malabar and brought out a manual of grammar and a vocabulary which helped the jesuits and missionaries to leam the language of the people of Malabar

Sant Dhyaneshwar wrote in Marathi a famous commentary, called the Dhyaneshwari, on the Bhagavad Gita. He translated many Sanskrit works into Marathi including Amritanubhava, Atmanubhava and Bhavartha Dipika. The religious poems written by him are called Abhangas.

In the Post – Harsha period, the trade and commerce recorded heavy decline. The emergence of small kingdoms with decentralized administration/rule paved the way to imperialism and its evils. From the 7th century until the advent of the Turkish in the 12th century, Imperialism was at its peak. In the absence of centralized rule, the well – established and prosperous convention of domestic and foreign trade received a severe setback.

In the post-Mauryan period, three important trade routes were made. The first route from Patliputra through Kaushambi and Ujjain to Berigaja. The second route joining Patliputra to Mathura passing through Indus Valley till Bactria was similarly important, the third one started from Patliputra to Nepal, passing through Vaishali and Shravasti.

Kardhic is a species of Pearl. As their origin is from the river ‘Kardhic’ of Iran, it is known as Kardbhic.

In his book ‘Arthashastra’, Kautilya has mentioned four types of currencies: 

• Nishka of Gold 
• Karshpan/Shatmana of Silver 
• Mashka of Copper 
• Kulkarni of Copper

(c) Balaji Bajirao

Aurangzeb himself arrived in the Deccan in 1681

Shivaji’s political system consisted of three circles.

Shivaji captured puranthar from the Mughals.