Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Under this practice of Gond tribe, many future generations of the debtor had to work like slaves under the creditor to repay even a petty loan.

Correct Answer is: (c) Hurpak

According to the belief of Gond tribe, when Pahendi Kapar lingam, the leader of the Gonds, had made them free, these Gond people had come out from the caves in four groups, Right from that time, these four major groups of the Gonds are called Saga is Gondi language.

Gond tribe lives in Satpura, Maikal hills area, Son – Deogarh high land area, Bastar plateau and Garhjat hills.

In Gond tribe, in order to retain the moisture of soil, wooden blocks are placed in lower parts so that erosion of soil doesn’t take place and moisture is retained.

Correct Answer is: (c) Africa

The Golden Temple at Amritsar, was built on the arch and dome principle of the Islamic architecture.

The habitat of Bushman is situated in African continent between 18° south latitude to 24° south latitude in Bechuanaland. This region is very rich in animal diversity. At present, this tribe is found scattered in Kalahari Desert and in south – western grassland part of Africa. They live in countries like South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Angola.

Bushman tribal people use tools such as bow and arrow, pointed stick, spear, lance, agnidand, etc. They use poisonous arrows for hunting. They file the bones of legs of ostrich and giraffe and make them pointed and fix them on the front part of the arrow. They form ropes from the bark of trees. This tribe uses ostrich eggs to store water and to make oranments. Bags are made of deer skin and cups are made of wood.

The process of environmental adjustment adopted by Eskimo people is a unique example in itself. The coordination established by them even in these rigid circumstances is quite unique. Building houses of snow in absence of vegetation and building material is the symbol of the work ability of the Eskimos.

Making sledge from the bones of walrus and seal, running them without wheels through reindeer, exhibits their process of environmental adjustment. Using an eye shield to prevent the eyes from the impact of light formed due to the sunrays falling on snow storms and snow exhibits their environmental eminence.

Importance of seal in Eskimo’s life is described by the following points:

1. Seal provides food to Eskimos. 

2. Seal is used as an energy source for fuel. 

3. Eskimos make their clothes from seal’s skin. 

4. The fat of seal provides heat in large amount. Due to this, it is extremely useful in minimum temperature. 

5. Structure for making sledge is built by the bones of seal.

6. Chord is obtained in the form of thread by their skin.

Harappa was the first city to be discovered in the Indus Valley region.

Correct Answer is: (b) Utok

Shifting agriculture is a primitive type of agriculture in which land is prepared for farming by cutting and burning the plants. After performing cultivation for 2-3 years on this cleared land, it is left idle and layered as fallow land.

(c) Mesopotamia

Correct Answer is: (d) Meerut

Jaap Sahib, Bachitra Natak.

(c) Madhya Pradesh

Hindu king Porus fought with Alexander.

(a) Guru Tegh Bahadur, protested strongly against Aurangzeb’s policy of religious intolerance.

(b) Aurangzeb imprisoned him and beheaded him in 1675.

Alexander, under his conquest campaign, decided to establish his control over Porav state. He sent an invitation to Porus (Puru), the king of Porav state, to surrender and accept his supremacy. But instead of surrendering before Alexender, Poros challenged him for battle. He bravely fought for his motherland. But due to favourable conditions, Alexander won the battle.

Alexander asked Porus, “What to another do with you ? How to behave with you ?” Porus, replied bravely, “Just like a king behaves with another king.” Seeing his valour and hearing these word, Alexander became happy and freed him and returned his kingdom to him. This shows Porus’ extraordinary valour.

Ashvaghosha was the court poet of king Kanishka, of the Kushan dynasty. He wrote Buddha-Charita, Suandarananda, Sariputra Prakarana, and Sutralankar.

The founder of Kushan dynasty as Kujula Kadphises.

सही विकल्प है (D) B और C

During Greek invasion, the North – West India was divided into several small kingdoms. There were 25 kingdoms in the North – West India during that time. These were Gandhar, Jhelum, Chenab, Peshawar, Taxila, western part of the river Ravi and Beas etc.

Some of these kingdoms were republic and some had monarchy system. The rulers who belonged to monarchy system opposed the republicans. They fought with one another. In such political condition, Alexander arrived in India in 327 BCE.

Vim Kadphises followed the title of Maharaja.

राजस्थान में माऊण्ट आबू तथा राणकपुर में जैन देरासरों का निर्माण कार्य, खुदाई कार्य, कलाकारीगरी और शिल्पकला की दृष्टि से बेमिसाल और अद्भुत है ।

• विशेषकर आबू ऊपर के देलवाडा के मंदिर जो गुजरात के मंत्री विमल शाह के द्वारा निर्मित ‘विमलसहि’ और दूसरे मंत्री वास्तुपाल द्वारा निर्मित ‘तुणवसहि’ नाम के देवालय उनकी बेजोड़ कारीगरी और बारीक-खुदाई, मनोहर शिल्प कार्य के लिए भारत ही नहीं विश्व में प्रसिद्ध है ।
• ये देवालय जैन धर्म की भारतीय संस्कृति को अर्पित हुए बेजोड़ और यादगार भेट है ।

सही उत्तर है कच्छ

(A) अहमदाबाद

The descendant of Shaka ruler Jaidaman’s son Rudradaman I (130-150 BC) was a prominent ruler of Ujjain. Information about Rudradaman can be obtained from the Junagarh inscription. The aspect of his personality which is described in detail in this inscription, is his public welfare activities.

His feelings of public welfare are highlighted most in it. Despite his ministers’ opposition, he spent a huge amount on renovation of Sudarshan lake from his personal fund. He never imposed any extra tax on his public. He practised high values. He was a liberal king. He made his public free from the fear of robbers, beasts etc. All his subjects were attached to him due to his concern for his public. Hence king Rudradaman – I will always be remembered for his public welfare.

Correct Answer is: (b) Ambhi 

Correct Answer is: (c) Shaka rulers

The descendant of Shaka ruler Jaidaman’s son Rudradaman – I (130 -150 BC) was a prominent ruler of Ujjain. Information about Rudradaman cna be obtained from the Junagarh inscription. In Junagarh inscription, he is highlighted as a public welfare figure. It provides maximum details about Rudradaman’s public welfare activities. 

We got the following details about him.

1. Despite his ministers’ opposition, he spent a huge amount for renovation of Sudarshan lake, from his personal fund. 

2. He never imposed any extra or unnecessary tax on his public.

3. He practised high values. 

4. He was a liberal king. 

5. He made his public free from the fear of robbers, diseases, wild animals etc. 

6. He was such a king who vowed not to kill anybody except in case of battle. 

7. He was an efficient leader and a skilled warrior. 

8. He followed the title of ‘Mahakshatrap’. 

9. He was a great scholar too. 

10.His public had deep attachment towards him due to his deep concern for his public.

Hence, all the above mentioned points make it clear that Shaka king Rudradaman was a great ruler.

The Greek rulers had good cultural relations with India. The Greek civilization affected Indian currency, sculpture, commerce and trade very much. The Greek rulers followed some of the religious concepts and ideals as of India.

A large number of Greek people adopted Indian religions. Ultimately the Greek features mingled with Indian features and got merged into the mainstream of Indian society and culture.

Three styles of sculpture and architecture developed during his reign – Mathura, Amravati and Gandhar style.

Kanishka patronised Mahayana branch of Buddhism.

In 185 BC, Pushyamitra Shunga killed Brihadratha, the last ruler of Mauryan empire and ended the Mauryan empire.

सही विकल्प है (B) बिकानेर

Milinda Panha is an important Buddhist text written in Pali language. This is the main source of information about Menander, an Indo – Greek ruler. 

Following characteristics of Shakala are described in Milindapanha:

1. Shakala was a very big trading centre. 

2. Hillocks, gardens, lakes, ponds, rivers and forests of this place increased the natural beauty of Shakala. 

3. Water resources were good here.

4. Security of the city was good. There were high walls, unique gates etc. In the middle of the city, there was a huge palace made of while walls. It was fortified by a deep ditch. 

5. Streets, crossings and markets were systematic. 

6. There were several types of grand buildings which were high like the peaks of the Himalaya. 

7. Here roads are crowded with elephants, horses, vehicles, pedestrians, and with all types of people–brahmins, feudals, architects, servants etc. 

8. There were shops of Banarasi silk and other types of clothes.

Alexander moved towards India in 327 BC. He won the battle against Afghanistan and Sistan and entered India Via Kabul valley. He crossed the Hindukush mountain. He divided his army here into two parts.

Under the leadership of his trustworthy commanders, he sent one group of his army to build bridge over the river Sindhu and led the other group of his army himself and moved towards India. Ambhi, the king of Taxila, supported Alexander which encouraged him to enter India.

Kaniskha’s administration was based on ‘Kshatrapa’ system. He conducted his administration through regional Kshatrapas. One of the capitals was Mathura and the other was probably Kashi. In Mathura, Kharpalan was Mahakshatrap and in Kashi, Vanasper was the regional ruler. To a large extent, the form of the administrative system was military. It was not very strong. In Kushan empire ‘Dandnayaka’ and ‘Mahadandnayaka’ posts or rank were important.

The Kushana dynasty was at its peak during Kanishka’s reign. He established his control over Parthia, Paatliputra, Kashmir, Ujjain, Central Asia and China and made them part of Kushana empire. Expansion of his empire can be testified on the basis of the coins and literary sources.

His Kaushambi, Sarnath, and Mathura inscriptions indicate that as a ruler he was originally related to the Eastern part and he had control over entire North India. Records obtained from Sindh and Punjab testify his control over there. Chinese sources confirm his control over Gandhar Pradesh. From some places of Madhya Pradesh, his coins and idols of Mathura style have been found. His empire expanded from Bihar in the East and Khurasana in the West and from Pamir in the North upto Konkan in the South.

There were two reasons of invasion on Kushana empire by the ruler of Parthia 

1. Bactria was an important place from trading point of view, so he wanted to establish his control over it. 

2. Ariana Pradesh was earlier under the control of Parthia but later on the Kushanas established their control over it, and the ruler of Parthia wanted to establish his control again over the Ariana Pradesh. As a result of this battle the whole Parthia Pradesh became the part of the Kushana kingdom.

The most important source of information about Rudradaman – I is Junagarh inscription which was issued by him in 150 BC. This inscription highlights various aspects of his personality. In this inscription, he is depicted as a public welfare ruler. Despite his ministers’ opposition, he spent a huge amount from his personal fund for re – construction of, dam of Sudarshan lake.

He did it for public welfare and didn’t levy any extra tax on his public. He practised high values. He was a liberal king. He made his public free from the fear of robbers, diseases, beasts. etc. He was such a king who vowed not to kill anybody except in case of battle. He was an efficient leader and a skilled warrior.

He followed the title of ‘Mahakshatrapa’. He was handsome and a great scholar too. His public had deep attachment towards him due to his deep concern for his public. Thus all the above mentioned information makes it clear that Rudradaman – I was a great ruler.

In 528 BC, Yashovarman, alongwith the local ruler Baladitya, fought with Hunas. In the battle, the Hunas were defeated. But the Hunas didn’t return to their native place Central Asia, rather they assimilated themselves with Hindu religion and Indian culture. Ultimately they became an essential part of it and merged themseleves in it.

During later Mauryan period, the Kushan kings compared themselves with deities. They followed the title of ‘Devaputra’. Such system was prevalent in contemporary Roman, Greek, and Iranian systems which was called deitism. Foreign rulers considered ths religious validity essential for social acceptance and they followed it in their kingdoms.

Kanishka was a great scholar and fond of art. His court nurtured scholars, philosophers and scientists. Charaka and Sushruta were great physicians. Nagarjuna was a great scientist of this era who propounded the theory of relativity. In this era, new principles were set up in the field of astrology and scientific reliability of astronomy increased more.

Due to contacts between Central Asia and Roman empire, technological development took place. New techniques line minting of copper coins developed in Kushan era.

Kushana empire reached its peak during the reign of Kanishka – I. During this period, not only the rulers of India but also the rulers of Central Asia were afraid of Kushana empire.

But the successors of Kanishka could’t keep such a huge empire integrated. Indian rulers took most of their states under their control. The other causes of decline of Kushan dynasty were emergence of Sassanian dynasty, and minding of Kushanas with Indian castes.

In the court of Kanishka, there were renowned philosophers, scientists and litterateurs. During his reign, various genres of literature developed. During this period, for the first time articles were written in Sanskrit. Ashvaghosha, Bhasa and Shudraka were the great litterateurs of this genre.

The greatest person at Kanishka’s court was renowned poet Ashvaghosha who wrote the great epic ‘Buddcharita’ in Sanskrit. His other texts were Saundarananda Mahakavya, Sutralankar, and Sariputraprakarana.

Alongwith the development of Sanskrit language, many great texts were written in Pali and Prakrit languages too during this period. Nagarjuna, founder of zeroism and theory of relativity, was another great scholar in the court of Kanishka. He was not only a philosopher but also a great scientist. Hence literary development was remarkably high during the period of Kushanas.

पाटण में बननेवाला पाटोला एक विशेष प्रकार का परिधान है ।

• पाटोला की कला 850 वर्ष पुरानी है ।
• यह रेशमी वस्त्र है जिसे दोनों तरफ से पहना जाता है ।
• पाटोला वर्षों तक चलता है, उसका रंग नहीं जाता है और यह फटता नहीं है ।