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जड़ाऊ कला भारत की एक प्राचीन कला है ।

• भारत में राजा-महाराजा, सम्राट, अन्य शासक और उस समय के श्रीमंत आदि जो स्वर्ण अलंकार धारण करते थे उसमें हीरे, मोती, माणेक जैसे कीमती रत्न जड़वाते थे ।
• गले का हार, बाजुबंद, कड़े, मुकट, अंगूठी, नथ आदि में रत्न जड़वाते है ।
• विशेष निपुणता धारण करनेवाले कारीगर इस कला में निपुण थे ।
• राजस्थान का बीकानेर जड़ाऊ कला के लिए प्रसिद्ध है ।

ई.स. 1665 में पं. अहोबल ने उत्तरी हिन्दुस्तानी संगीत पद्धति के लिए खूब ही महत्त्वपूर्ण ग्रन्थ की रचना की थी ।

• उन्होंने प्रत्येक राग अन्य राग से होने और उसका स्वतंत्र अस्तित्व होने की जानकारी दी थी ।
• इसमें 29 प्रकार के स्वरों का वर्णन है ।

सम्राट अशोक की धर्माज्ञाओं को गोदकर लिख्खे गये शिलालेख विशिष्ट स्थान रखते है ।

• काष्ठशिल्प, पाषाण शिल्प आदि स्थापत्य कला के उत्तम नमूने है ।
• लकड़ी और पत्थर को बाड़ बनाकर दरवाजों पर सुंदर तोरण तराशे (खोदे) जाते थे । जो धर्म के आचरण पर बल देते है ।
• ऐसे शिलालेखों में पेशावर, देहरादून, थाणा, मुंबई, धौली और जोगड़ा (उड़ीसा) और चेन्नई के मुख्य है ।
• गुजरात में जामनगर में गिरनार की तलहटी में ऐसा शिलालेख है ।
• गुजरात के पालिताणा शेजेजय पर्वत पर जैन मंदिरों, अहमदाबाद के हठेसिंह जैन देरासर (ई.स. 1847) में संपूर्ण जानकारी देने वाले शिलालेख संस्कृत और गुजराती में खुदे हुए है ।

मनोरंजन के साथ संस्कार भारतीय नाट्यकला की विशेषता रही है ।

• नाटक का संचालन करनेवाले सूत्रधार और समझ के साथ मनोरंजन करवाते विदूषक की जोड़ी के साथ नाटक भारत की एक महत्त्वपूर्ण पहचान है ।
• भरतमुनि द्वारा रचित ‘नाट्यशास्त्र’ ने नाट्यकला को प्रचलित किया है ।
• नाट्यकला यह नाट्यलेखन और मंचन द्वारा रंगमंच पर दृश्य-श्राव्य और अभिनय के त्रिवेणी संगम के साथ बालवृद्धों का मनोरंजन और लोकशिक्षण करती भारत की प्राचीन कला है ।
• इस कला में सभी कलाओं का समन्वय होने का वर्णन भरतमुनि ने किया – ‘ऐसा कोई शास्त्र नहीं, ऐसी कोई शिल्प नहीं, ऐसी कोई विद्या नहीं, ऐसा कोई कर्म नहीं, जो नाट्य कला में नहीं हो ।’
• भरत मुनि रचित प्रथम नाट्य कथानक ‘देवासुर संग्राम’ था ।
• संस्कृत साहित्य में महाकवि भास ने महाभारत आधारित ‘कर्णभार’, ‘ऊरूभंग’ और ‘दूतवाक्यम्’ जैसे नाटकों की विरासत हमें दी है ।
• जबकि महाकवि कालिदास के ‘अभिज्ञान शाकुंतलम्’, ‘विक्रमोवर्शीयम्’ तथा ‘मालविकाग्निमित्रम्’ नाटक सबसे प्रसिद्ध रचनाएँ है ।
• प्राचीन समय में नाट्यकला क्षेत्र में अनेक नाट्यकार हुए, जिन्होंने संस्कृत नाट्यकला को समृद्ध बनायी है ।
• गुजराती नाट्यकला में जयशंकर तक के नाम मुख्य माने जाते है ।
• अमृत नायक, बापुलाल नायक, प्राणसुख नायक, दिना पाठक, जशवंत ठाकर, उपेन्द्र त्रिवेदी, प्रवीण जोशी, सरिता जोशी, दीपक घीवाला आदि को महत्त्वपूर्ण नाट्यकार माने गये है ।

(b) Kundalvan (Kashmir)

मानव और मिट्टी के बीच अधिक प्राचीन संबंध रहा है ।

• व्यक्ति के जन्म से मृत्यु तक की यात्रा मिट्टी के साथ जुड़ी है ।
• धातु की खोज नहीं हुई थी, तब मानव अधिकतर मिट्टी की बनी सामग्री का उपयोग करता था ।
• मिट्टी के खिलौने, घड़े, कुल्हड़, हॉडी, मिट्टी के चूले तथा अनाज संग्रह की कोठियाँ आदि बनाए जाते थे ।
• इस समय घरों की दीवारें भी मिट्टी और गोबर से लेपन करके सुरक्षित रखी जाती थी ।
• पानी, दूध, दही, छाछ और घी जैसे द्रव भी मिट्टी के बर्तनों में संग्रह किये जाते थे ।
• रसोई के बर्तन भी मिट्टी के होते थे ।
• लोथल, मोहें-जो-दडो तथा हड़प्पा संस्कृति के समय के मिट्टी की लाल रंग की प्याली, बरनी, तस्तरी आदि बर्तन मिले हैं ।
• कुंभार का चक्र मिट्टी काम का भारत का सबसे प्राचीन और प्रथम यंत्र है ।
• कच्ची-पक्की मिट्टी से पके (टेराकोटा) बर्तनों तथा वस्तुओं का उत्पादन करने के लिए भारत प्राचीन काल से प्रसिद्ध है ।
• दक्षिण भारत में नागार्जुन कोंडा और गुजरात के लांघणज (मेहसाणा जिला) में प्राप्त हाथ से बने मिट्टी के बर्तनों के पुराने अवशेष मिले है ।

भारतीय संगीत अन्य देशों से ताल, लय और स्वरों की दृष्टि से अलग है ।

• सामवेद को संगीत की गंगोत्री माना जाता है । सामवेद की ऋचाएँ भी संगीत के साथ तालबद्ध गानी होती है ।
• संगीत में गायन और वादन का समावेश होता है ।
• भारतीय संगीत में सा, रे, ग, म, प, ध, नी ये 7 स्वर होते है ।
• भारतीय संगीत के दो प्रकार (1) लोक संगीत (2) शास्त्रीय संगीत है ।
• भारतीय संगीत के 5 राग (1) श्री (2) दीपक (3) हिंडोल (4) मेघ और (5) भैरवी है ।
• ये पाँचों राग भगवान शंकर के पँचमुख से उत्पन्न हुए माने जाते है ।
• अलाउद्दीन के समय शायरी और संगीत के क्षेत्र में योगदान के कारण अमीर खुशरो को तूती-ए-हिन्द की उपमा दी गयी थी ।
• 15वीं सदी और 16वी सदी में भक्ति आन्दोलन के समय सुरदास, कबीर, चैतन्य महाप्रभु, मीराबाई और नरसिंह मेहता ने भजन, कीर्तन द्वारा भारत में एक भक्तिमय वातावरण उत्पन्न किया था ।
• 15वीं सदी में बाबा हरिदास के शिष्य बैजु बावरा तथा गुजरात में सगी और जुड़वा बहनों ताना और रीरी ने महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया था ।

लोथल, मोहे-जो-दड़ो तथा हड़प्पा संस्कृति से मिट्टी की वस्तुओं के अवशेष प्राप्त हुए है ।

The third element in Daoism is the middle void. It is often overlooked. It can be compared with the Yogic practice of ‘pranayama’, i.e., ‘breathe in, retain, breathe out’-the suspension of breath is the Void where meditation occurs.

The two Chinese stories illustrate what each form of art, i.e., Western Art and Chinese (Asian) Art is trying to achieve. There is a perfect illusionistic likeness in Europe, while there is essence of inner life and spirit in Asia.

In the Chinese story, the Emperor commissions a painting and appreciates its outer appearance. But the artist reveals to him the true meaning of his work.

The Chinese paintings are based on imaginative, inner or spiritual approach whereas the European paintings reproduce an actual view, of an external or real object. The paintings of Wu Daozi and later painters of Europe illustrate the difference.

A master blacksmith named Quinten Metsys lived in Antwerp in the fifteenth century. He fell in love with a painter’s daughter. The father would not accept a son-in-law in the profession of blacksmith, so he was not ready to get his daughter married with him. Once Quinten secretly entered the painter’s studio and painted a fly on his latest panel.

The fly looked so real that the father tried to swat it away. With this influence, he immediately admitted Quinten as an apprentice into his studio. Later he married the painter’s daughter and went on to become one of the most famous painters of his age.

During the Early Vedic period, women were respected and given a high status in society. They even attended the assemblies and participated in debates. The wife was the husband’s partner in all social and religious ceremonies. Girls had the freedom to choose their husbands through the system of ‘ Swayamvara’. But during the Later Vedic period, society became patriarchal as most prayers contained the desire to have a son. The position of women deteriorated during the period. Women were considered inferior to men and were denied education. Their freedom was curtailed. Polygamy began to be practiced. They were supposed to serve their families and were confined to the four walls of their houses.

During the Early Vedic period, the Rajan (king) was the head of the tribe. His chief occupation was fighting battles to defend and protect the tribe and its territory. His position was not hereditary and the two tribal assemblies — Sabha and Samiti — checked his power. The king was in most cases selected or chosen by the tribal heads due to his bravery and wisdom. During the Later Vedic period, the position of the king became stronger. He gained absolute power and his position became hereditary. He started claiming himself to be the representative of God. He performed several complex sacrifices (yajnas) to augment his power and prestige — Ashwamedha, Vajapeya and Rajasuya. He also assumed titles of ‘Samrat’ and ‘Mahadhiraj’

The European painter wants the viewer to borrow his eyes and look at a particular landscape exactly as he saw it, from a specific angle. While the Chinese painter does not choose a single viewpoint. His landscape is not a ‘real’ one and a viewer can enter it from any point, then travel in it. The Chinese artist creates a path for a viewer’s eyes to travel up and down, then back again, in a leisurely movement. The Chinese painter does not want a viewer to borrow his eyes; he wants a viewer to enter his mind. The landscape is an inner one, a spiritual and conceptual space.

1. False.

2. True.

3. False.

4. False.

5. False.

1. B. Decorating the palace wall.

2. D. All of these three

3. D. Both A’ and ‘B’

4. D. Both A’ and ‘B’

The position of women declined in Later Vedic period. She was not allowed to take part in political life. Swayamvaras were no more allowed. She was not given much respect and importance at social and religious gatherings. Women were not allowed to study Vedic literature. The birth of girl was not welcomed.

During the later vedic period society get sharply divided. Caste was decided by birth and not by occupations. The brahmans and kshatriyas formed the ruling class. The vaishyas were the artisans, traders and farmers. The shudras were the uneducated workers who served the other three classes.

New ceramonies and rituals were gaining importance day by day in the religion of Later Vedic period. The mode of worship became complex. Brahma, the creator, Vishnu, the preserver and Shiva the destroyer, became the most important gods. The status of the brahmans rose up because they made rituals complicated.

Agriculture was the main occupation of the people of the Later Vedic period. The use of iron and improved farming implements brought about increased prosperity. The people also used painted grey vessels. This Period saw the growth of towns and cities as well as the development of trade by barter system.

In the Rig Vedic period the position of the women was high and respectable. They were given opportunities for education. Women could choose their husbands. There was no child marriage and widows were allowed to remarry. No religious function could be completed without her presence. Some women composed verses, which is included in Rig Veda.

Nek Chand is 80-year-old creator-director. He is now hailed as India’s biggest contributor to outsider art. Years ago he cleaned a little patch of jungle and made himself a garden sculpted with stone and recycled material. Today it is known to the world as the Rock Garden at Chandigarh. He believes that anything and everything from a tin. to a sink to a broken down car could be material for a work of art.

Aryans worshiped the different forces of nature as gods and goddesses. They worshiped Indra, Agni, Surya, Varuna, Vayu, Soma, Prithvi, Usha and Yama.The Aryans did built temples for worship. They worshipped in open air by recited prayers in praise of these gods and making offerings (grain, ghee and milk) to them. The entire family took part in yagnas and other religious ceremonies.

The main forms of recreations of the Aryans were horse racing, chariot racing, and hunting. They also did the gambling with dice. They were found of outdoor activities. They also like music and dance.

Agriculture and farming was their main occupations. The cow was considered very valuable and was mark of wealth. The trade was done by land and sea route. Barter system was in practice. The main industries were of goldsmiths, carpenters, blacksmiths, weavers, potters, leathers and physicians.

1. The Later Vedic Period is also known as the Epic Age. 

2. The two Indian epics of this period are Ramayana and the Mahabharata. 

3. In ancient times, Varanasi was known as Kashi and Awadh was known as Kosala 

4. When a king ascended the throne, the purohita performed the Rajasuya 

5. During the first stage of his life an Aryan stayed in a gurukul and received education from a guru. 

6. A guru treated his students like his own children and the students regarded the guru as their spiritul father 

7. Maitreyi and Gargi were two highly educated women of the Early Vedic Period. 

8. In the Later Vedic Age, the classification of society into four varnas became rigid and hereditar

1. False

2. True

3. False

4. True

5. True

6. True

7. True

8. False

Differences between the Aryans and the people of Indus Valley are following Indus Valley

1. They were idol worshippers

2. Indus Valley civilization was urban in character.

3. They were peace loving people and not knowing swords and other war weapons

Aryans

1. They worshiped different objects of nature. Aryan civilization was rural in character.

2. They were warrior and

3. know war weapons and their use.

1. False

2. True

3. False

4. True

5. True

(i) Lava or Black soil. 

(ii) This soil can hold water. 

Two important agents of soil erosion are running water and wind. To prevent erosion by running water, dams and barrages can be built which can check the speed of water down the slope. To prevent erosion by wind, indiscriminate felling of trees must be stopped. Also, strip cropping can control soil erosion by wind. 

1. Clay contents in black soil have increased its capacity to retain moisture. 

2. During dry period, it develops deep cracks which help in aeration or air circulation. 

Two main differences between alluvial and red soils are as follows: 

i. Alluvial soil is a transported soil while red soil is residual. 

ii. Alluvial soil is very fertile while red soil is not. 

Buna-S is an elastomer and it is copolymer of styrene with butadiene. Its trade name is SBR. Buna-S is superior to natural rubber, because of its mechanical strength and abrasion resistance. It is used in tyre industry. It is vulcanized with sulphur. Neoprene is a synthetic rubber and it is a condensation polymer of chloroprene (2-chloro-l, 3- butadiene). Vulcanization of neoprene takes place in presence of MgO. It is resistant to petroleum, vegetable oils. Neoprene is used in making hose pipes for transport of gasoline and making gaskets.

Correct answer is

(b) Homopolymers

Leaching is the movement of the organic matter and mineral salts from the upper region of the soil into the lower region of the soil due to heavy rainfall. On the highland areas of Western Ghats on can find the laterite soil formed by leaching. 

After harvesting, farmers leave the soil bare for some time. During rainfall, some of the nutrients of the soil are leached or washed away. Such soil is called leached soil. Laterite soil is formed by leaching. 

a. Deforestation: The removal of trees of an area of land by felling or burning is called deforestation. The process of deforestation is deliberate in order to make the land available for other uses. 

b. Deccan Traps: The word ‘trap’ is Swedish which means steps. The term describes the step-like rock formation that covers the north-western part of the Deccan Plateau. 

c. Leaching: It is the downward movement of material in solution or colloidal suspension within the soil profile due to heavy rainfall. This phenomenon is responsible for the removal of essential silicates from the top soil resulting in laterite soil.

1. Polyisoprene molecule has cis configuration of the C = C double bond. It consists of various chains held together by weak van der Waals forces and has coiled structure.

2. It can be stretched like a spring and exhibits elastic property. 

3. Its molecular mass varies from 130,000 u to 340,000 u.

(a) Black Soil

(b) Laterite Soil

The beggar model had a wizened face. He looked very miserable. His face brings money for both him and the painter. So, his face in his fortune.

Hughie gave the beggar-man a sovereign.

Alan told Hughie that the beggar model was Baron Hausberg, one of the richest men in Europe. The Baron had a house in every capital city and ate food in gold plates. He had so much money that he could buy all of London.

The beggar model was Baron Hausberg. He was one of the richest men in Europe. The beggar model had a wizened face. He looked very miserable. His tattered cloak and patched boots made him a typical beggar. So, Hughie mistook him for a real beggar.

The Baron might have a number of business firms of his own. He could invest Hughie’s money in one of his companies and earn profits.

C) Colonel Merton