Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

The cricket said the given line when it found that its cupboard was empty and winter had arrived. It could not find a single crumb to eat on the snow covered ground and there were no flowers or leaves on the tree. It wondered what would become of it because it was getting cold and since there was nothing to eat, it would starve and die.

The ant told the cricket to “dance the winter away” because when it asked the cricket what it did in the summers and why it had not stored any food for summers, the cricket answered that it sang through the warm and sunny months of summers. Therefore, in reply to this, the ant asked the cricket to “dance” the winter away just like it “sang” all through the summers and did not bother to store food for winters.

The word 'dance' is appropriate to use here for a careless,irresponsible person like the cricket who is least bothered of the rainy day and keeps enjoying his life.

(i) The lines in the poem that express the poet's comment are “Folks call this a fable. I'll warrant it true.” 

(ii) This comment by the poet means that this poem is indeed a fable as it had a moral behind it. The cricket did not have anything to eat during the winters because it did not bother to store some food during summers. It was negligent and sang all through the summers. The ant, on the other hand, had built a nice home for itself and had stored food so that it would not starve during winters. It worked hard during summers to achieve this. Thus, the moral of the poem is to be prepared for the adverse times and always work hard instead of being negligent.Or else face the consequence like the cricket.

D) None of the above

(i) The lines in the poem that mean the same as “Neither a borrower nor a lender be” are 'But we ants never borrow; we ants never lend.' 

(ii) I agree with what the ant says first that one should save something for the future so that he does not need to borrow or lend. Maybe he knows the cricket very well that he was a lazybones and does not work. 

But I don’t agree with the ant’s principle what he told later. If he says he is a friend of cricket then he should also help the cricket at the time of distress. On the other hand I believe that a friend in need is a friend indeed.

A government has the responsibility to regulate money supply and oversee the monetary policy. Hoarding of money must be avoided at all costs in a country’s economy. Only then money can be saved in banks.
A major portion of the savings in banks are used for the development of industries, economic growth and various development schemes for the welfare of the poor.

All the major and important banks were nationalised (1969) in India. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) regulates the circulation of currency in India.

The Reserve Bank of India started its operations on 1st April 1935. It was permanently moved to Mumbai from the year 1937. RBI was nationalised in 1949. 85% of the printed currency is let for circulation. According to the statistics available as on August 2018, currency worth of 19 lakh crore are in circulation.

Ancient man hunted and gathered food. He lived in caves and forests. In later stages, he invented weapons for hunting and gathering food. Later, he invented fire and learnt to practise agriculture. He used mud to build houses and settle down in a place, and also to make earthenware. ”

The 3R’s principles are Reduce the usage of the materials, Reuse them for secondary purpose and Recycle the material again and again.

1. Human activities 

2. Volcanic eruptions 

3. Forest fires 

4. Sand cyclones 

5. CFCs 

6. Mining 

7. Sewage 

8. Industrial effluents 

9. Toxic chemicals

People who live in a particular place or those who are involved in a certain work join together as a group and start saving. These are called as Self Help Groups. The nationalised banks provide help to these groups through micro-credit. Credit given though Self Help Groups for street vendors, fishermen, especially women and the poor really make a difference in their life.

Most loans from informal lenders carry a very high interest rate and do little to increase the income of the borrowers. Hence, it is necessary that banks and cooperatives increase their lending particularly in the rural areas, so that the dependence on informal sources of credit reduces. 

While formal sector loans need to expand, it is also necessary that everyone receives these loans. At present, it is the richer households who receive formal credit whereas the poor have to depend on the informal sources. So, it is important that the formal credit is distributed more equally so that the poor can benefit from the cheaper loans.

We should keep the natural resources clean and healthy not only for us but also future generations.

If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.

Farmers avail credit during monsoons for buying seeds, agricultural input and other expenses. Traders and small entrepreneurs need credit for their needs. Even large industries receive credit to take up their new projects.

Self-Help Groups are a group of 15 to 20 poor villagers, especially women, who regularly pool money at regular intervals. When a member of the group is in need of money, he/she can get the loan from the group at a low rate of interest.

Self-Help Groups are emerging as an important source of credit because: 

• They charge less interest on the loans than what the moneylenders charge.
•  All decisions regarding savings and loans are taken by the members of the group. 
• The members can take loans from the groups to meet their daily needs. 
• If the group is regular in its savings, they can also take loan from the bank. Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group. The group is responsible for the repayment of loan. 
• They help borrowers to overcome the problem of collateral. 
• They have freed borrowers from the clutches of the moneylenders.

They charge high interest on loans. As a result, the cost to the borrower of informal loans is also very high.

The SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral.

Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, lead compounds and soot.

Reduce vehicular emission by using non-polluting fuels like CNG.

Install electrostatic precipitators in the chimney of industries.

Volcanic eruptions: 

Deep under the earth’s surface, it’s so hot that even rock melts. Sometimes this molten rock, called ‘magma’, is pushed up to the surface. At this point it is referred to as lava. And the opening or vent that lets the lava out is a volcano. ‘ A volcano may explode violently throwing out rocks for miles around. It releases various gases and ash into the atmosphere.

Forest fires: 

Forest fire is a moving combustion reaction spreading outwards in a band from it’s ignition point leaving burnt forest behind it and also called as wild fire. It can be large uncontrolled disasters that burnt through hundred to hundred thousand acres.

Causes : 

Natural cause, lightening, volcanic eruptions, sparks from rocks falls and spontaneous combustion. 

Pollution : 

Forest fires release carbon particles (ash) into the air and pollute the air. Sand storms and Tsunamis: A sand storm or a dust storm is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi arid regions. They arise when a gust front or other strong wind blows, loose sand and dirt from a dry surface. Particles are transported by saltation and suspension. The Sahara where sand is more prevalent, soil type than dirt or rock. Causes: As a force of wind passing over loosly held particles increased, the particles of sand first start to vibrate, then to saltate. As they repeatedly strike the ground, they loosen and break off smaller particles of dust, which then begin to travel in suspension. 

Tsunamis: 

1. Tsunami is also called as a ‘seismic sea wave’ is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water. 

2. Tsunami impact is limited to coastal areas. But their destructive power can be enormous, and they can effect entire ocean basin. 

3. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with, at least 2,30,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean. 

4. Tsunami causes much damage by two mechanisms. The smashing force of water travelling at a high speed and destructive power of a large volume of water draining of the land and carrying away large amount of debris with it. 

5. About 80% of tsunamis occur in the Pacific ocean, and there is possibility for tsunamis wherever there are large bodies of water including lakes.

In situation with high risks, credit might create problems and pushes the borrower into a debt-trap. He is much worse off than before. For example, crop production involves high costs on inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, water etc. Farmers generally take loans at the beginning of the season and repay the loan after harvest. But the failure of the crop makes loan repayment impossible. They have to sell part of the land to repay the loan or a fresh loan may be required to repay the previous loan, and the borrower may find himself caught in a vicious circle and recovery from such a situation is very painful. 

SHGs help borrowers to overcome the problem of lack of collateral in the following ways: 

It is the group that is responsible for the repayment of loan. 

Any case of non-payment of loan by any member is followed up seriously by other members. 

The formal sector is willing to lend to the members of SHGs because of their good track record of managing the credit.

With the number of vehicles increase, the pollution also increases, which causes air pollution.

Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide etc.

If forests reduce the level of carbondioxide increases resulting to global warming.

1) They are releasing smoke, smooth dust particles into air and releasing waste material into water sources and polluting air and water.

2) Ashoka, Gulmohar, Neem, Eucalyptus are growing around the factory.

3) Suction devices known as vacuum pans are used to collect the pollutants from the water. To control air pollution, ventury type wet scrubber and meeting the norms described by A.P. Pollution board -have arranged.

The people living near Musi throw large quantities of garbage, unwanted sewage, industrial waste, dead bodies, polythene bags, hot water and statues of deities and many other materials and made the river polluted.

The destruction of forests and woods is called deforestation. It has resulted in the reduction of indigenous forests.

If harmful microorganism enter the body the normal functioning of the body will be disrupted or disturbed. We feel sick.

Kolleru lake: 

It is a 2nd largest fresh water lake located in Andhra Pradesh located between Krishna and Godavari delta. 

History: 

Two copper plates of the early Pallava dynasty have been found in the lake, tracing it’s history to Langula Narasimha Deva an Ganga Vanshi Odisha King. According to legend, the Gajapathi fort was located at Kolleti kota on one of the eastern islands of the lake. The enemy general “Muhammadan” general escamped at “Chiguru kota” located on the shores. In some ways the lake protected the Oriya forces. The enemy finally tried to excavate a channel, the modern day Upputeru. So that the water of the lake would empty into the sea and the level would fall so that they could attack the Gajapathi fort. The royal oriya army general sacrificed his own daughter to propitiate Gods and ensure his success against Muhammadan and her name was “Perantala Kanama”. Therefore the channel Was called perantala Kanama. “Sri Peddinti Ammavari Temple” is one of the oldest and famous temples found in Kolleru. 

Water sources available other than 

Kolleru: 

Wells, taps. The lake is fed directly water from seasonal Budameru and Tammileru streams and connected to the Krishna and Godavari systems by channels. 

Cultural traditions: 

The vast majority of the district is rural in nature. Thus the culture of the kolleru lake people is mostly conservative and traditional. The joint family system, the arranged marriages are the norms. Telugu language is spoken in this place. 

Pollution concerns:

 Kolleru lake is suffering from the unsatisfied greed of people and selfish interests of mankind who exploit the lake’s integrity. Thousands of fish tanks were dug up effectively converting the lake into a mere drain. This had great impact in terms of pollution, leading to difficulty in getting drinking water for the local people.

Source of pollution: 

Satellite images taken on February 9, 2001 by the Indian remote sensing satellite found that approximately 42% of the 245 km lake was occupied by aquaculture. While agriculture had encroached another 8.5% they were mostly rice paddies. Surprisingly no clear water could be found in the satellite image. The rest of the lake is being diminished by weeds like elephant grass and water hyacinth. 

Effects of pollution on people: 

Thousands of fish tanks were dug up effectly leading to difficulty in getting drinking water for the local people. An adverse effect on the thousands of acres of crop in the upper reaches of water flow into the sea because of obstruction by bunds of the fish tanks that appeared illegally.

Poor households still depend on informal sources of credit because: 

• Bank loans require proper documentation and collateral which is rarely available with poor households.
• Informal sources of credit such as moneylenders know the borrowers personally and are often willing to give a loan without a collateral. 
• Sometimes, if the borrowers are unable to return the loan, they can get additional loans from moneylenders.

The poor households in rural India is bound to lead a very hard life. The reason is that they don’t have their own land or any property with them. They work as landless labourers in the field of big farmers. Whenever they need money, they seek the help of moneylenders, who charge much higher interest on loans. Higher cost of borrowing means a larger part of earning of the borrowers is used to repay the loan and they have less income left for themselves. This dependence of theirs can be reduced only when the following steps will be taken: 

(i) Education should be spread in rural areas. 

(ii) The government should assist them in improving their condition. 

(iii) Poor people belonging to rural areas should be made self-sufficient so that they may have a decent life.

Use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture pollutes not only air but also land and water.

1. Patancheru is a suburban mandal headquarters in Medak district, located about 25 km from Hyderabad. It is a major industrial hub of the state. 

2. It is one of the most polluted areas in India. Nearly 14 villages were badly affected by pollution related diseases like cancer respiratory diseases and heart diseases caused by number of poisons in air, water and on land. 

3. The presence of pharmaceutical and chemical industries, pesticide units, steel rolling industries, distilleries releasing the pollutants like chlorine, Hydrogen sulphide, which are entering into the atmosphere. 

4. Most of the agricultural lands became barren. The lives of people there depend on agriculture and animal husbandry. They became helpless. Most of the people converted themselves as workers in the factories.

Litter, car exhaust, motor oil, used tires, smoke, chemicals, disposed computer, mobile phone material etc., all of these can have an instant or a gradual impact on the health of our earth.

The Thermal power plants release fly ash, sulphur dioxide and radio active substances into air, water and land, local people are suffering from lung cancer and skin allergies.

(i) Banks are not present everywhere in rural India. Even when they are present, getting a loan from a bank is much more difficult than taking a loan from informal sources. 

(ii) Bank loans require proper document and collateral. Absence of collateral is one of the major reasons which prevents the poor from getting bank loans. 

(iii) Informal lenders such as moneylenders, on the other hand, know the borrowers personally and hence are often willing to give a loan without collateral. The borrowers can, if necessary, approach the moneylenders even without repaying their earlier loans.

(i) Moneylenders and cooperative societies are the two major sources of credit for rural households in India. 

(ii) Moneylenders are the most dominant sources of credit for rural households. 

(iii) Moneylenders are the most dominant sources of credit for rural households because 

(a) Rural households need not to produce certificate of their earning or documents of their employment while borrowing money from the money lenders. 

(b) Neither they have to show any property or assets as collateral (security or guarantee)

The colour and smell of water is due to the nature of the soil and the plants grown in the water.

Plants nutrients:

1. Phosphates and nitrates – chemical fertilizers from agriculture run – off due to rain and industrial wastes enter into water through sewage and pollute the water. 

2. It helps algae to bloom, weeds to grow and bacteria is spread. As a result water turn green and cloudy and smell bad. 

3. Decomposing plants use up the oxygen in water, disrupting aquatic life, reducing biodiversity and even killing aquatic life. 

4. Thus, this enrichment of water by nutrients leading to excessive plant growth and depletion of oxygen is known as ‘Eutrophication’. This affects aquatic life badly.

1. Environmental pollution place a significance role in the development of various respiratory diseases. Different particles and gases from vehicular emissions like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur, benzene, lead, nitrogen dioxide and black smoke are the root of the problem.

2. Traffic police are increasingly becoming victims of a diabetes and allergies at a younger age. Irregular work schedule were posing a challenge to the health of the police. Besides physical strain, mental stress and asymmetrical food habits are also contributing the problem. 

3. The traffic police men who work at busy intersections are at the highest risk of developing asthma, bronchitis, shortness of breath, sore throat, chest pain, lung cancer, eye irritation, skin ailments. Impaired hearing, excessive carboxy haemoglobin and annoyance with noise also high blood pressure and cardiovascular problems. 

4. On the basis of the study, pollution masks should be used by the traffic police men on duty at higher polluted junctions. 

5. He should be recommended better and special medical care for his protection. Various duty places for them need to be scientifically evaluated for their exposure risk. 

6. To protect ears from deafening noises, they can put small cotton balls in the ear and also wear ear masks for this purpose. 

7. Ecofriendly solar traffic booths at traffic intersections will be provided for the traffic police men. These booths contains ionisers which supress the suspended particulate matter and provide a healthy environment for a police man seated inside.

By using Radio active elements like uranium.

The two problems of Nuclear power plants are radio active waste and melt downs.

Power plants produce power by using water, coal and gas.

Rural poor depends more on the informal source of credit due to lack of awareness and ease of availability. There are steps that can encourage them to take loans from the formal sectors. The major steps are discussed below:

• Bring awareness

Make aware to rural poor that formal source of credit can be obtained with much lower interest rate than the informal sources. They must also be aware of the debt trap they are facing, and the exploitation done by the informal source lenders.

• Cooperatives

Establishing the cooperative banks in all the rural areas will help the rural poor to get rid of the informal source lenders as there will be more options for taking a loan. The employees in the bank must be sensitized to deal with a poor, uneducated rural person.

• SHGs

Promoting more number of Self Help Groups (SHGs) which will promote the rural poor to save the money by depositing it weekly and when the SHGs are registered, they will be aware of the formal source of credit. Members of the SHGs should also take an initiative to bring awareness about the formal source of credit throughout the village.

• Imposing law

A law must be enacted to control the informal sources of credit via money lenders. Those money lenders who lend money for higher interest must be punished under the law.

• Terms of credit

The interest rate, collateral, documents required and mode of repayment altogether comprises of terms of credit. The terms of credit for advancing a loan from the banks should not be very rigid. The documents required must be such that the rural poor can afford it.

Banks and Cooperatives.

In barter system, where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, double coincidence of wants (i.e. a person desires to sell exactly what the other person wishes to buy) is an essential feature. But it, indeed, is a very cumbersome process.

By serving as a medium of exchange, money removes the situation of double coincidence of wants and the difficulties associated with the barter system. For example, it is no longer necessary for a shoe manufacturer to* look for a farmer who will buy his shoes and at the same time sell him wheat. AH he has to do is to find a buyer for his shoes, who will exchange his money for shoes. Now, he can purchase wheat or any other good in the market with the help of the money earned. Thus, the problem of double coincidence of wants gets solved with the use of money. 

1. The plantation along the roads mainly includes neem, peepal, banyan, almond etc. 

2. It was observed that vegetation at roadside with heavy traffic and markets was much affected by vehicular emissions. 

3. Significant decrease in total chlorophyll and protein content was observed with reduced leaf area. 

4. It is concluded that plants can be uses as indicators for urban air pollution and there is need to protect the road side plants from air pollution. 

5. Biomonitoring of plants is an important tool to evaluate the impact of air pollution on plants. 

6. A study suggests that plants have the potential to serve as excellent quantitative and qualitative indices of pollution levels.

7. So plants should be grown and protected.