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There is a great need to expand the formal sources of credit in rural India because: 

• There is no organisation to supervise credit activities of the informal sector. It could lead to increasing debt among the borrowers. 
• The rate of interest is very high in informal sector.

Credit plays a vital and positive role in the following ways: 

• It helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their income and provide support to their family needs. 
• It makes it possible for the people to own or construct their own house and get relief from monthly rent.
• People often avail themselves of credit to purchase luxury items like vehicles, A.Cs, etc., which further raises their standard of living. 
• It enables us to invest in human resource. People take credit for education, training, etc. which allows enrichment of human resource. 
• For example, Salim availed credit facility to meet the working capital needs of production. It helped him to meet the ongoing expenses of production, complete production on time, thereby, increasing his income.

Credit has a unique role in the economic development of the country. It is needed by all the three sectors of the economy.

• In urban sector, big businessmen and small manufacturers need loans either to expand their enterprises, bring new technology or diversifying their businesses.
• In rural sector, the main demand for credit is for crop production. Crop production involves cost of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, water, electricity, repair of equipments. Cheap credit would thus lead to increase in production. 
• Even tertiary sector needs loans to buy the latest equipments and technology. Thus, we can say that credit has a unique role in the development of a country.

Lord Dalhousie charged the Sikhs of violating the terms of the treaty of Bhairowal.

Credit is the most significant component required for enabling economic development in the country. The availability of cheap and affordable credit is crucial for promoting the economic development of any country. The basic importance of money and credit in the economy can be summarised as:

• Promotes investment: From the viewpoint of development, another important role of money lies in making the magnitude of investment independent of the current level of savings. The greater the current savings, the greater the investment. The credit that the households, firms and government saves become pat part of the investment and further promoted economic development.
• Credit creation: One of the main functions of the commercial bank is credit creation. It is the banks that create credit for the producers to invest in the economy. The banks make the credit available by accepting the deposit from the people. The investment of the investors makes the economy better off and investment is made available by the bank.
• Promote economic growth: The saving potential and the addition to the existing stock of capital enables economic development. The expansion of credit through the credit creation process of the commercial banks also enables economic growth in the country.

Credit plays a vital and positive role in the following ways: 

• It helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their income and provide support to their family needs. 
• It makes it possible for the people to own or construct their own house and get relief from monthly rent. 
• People often avail themselves of credit to purchase luxury items like vehicles, A.Cs, etc., which further raises their standard of living. 
• It enables us to invest in human resource. People take credit for education, training, etc. which allows enrichment of human resource.
• For example, Salim availed credit facility to meet the working capital needs of production. It helped him to meet the ongoing expenses of production, complete production on time, thereby, increasing his income.

Credit plays a vital and positive role in the following ways: 

• It helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their income and provide support to their family needs. 
• It makes it possible for the people to own or construct their own house and get relief from monthly rent. 
• People often avail themselves of credit to purchase luxury items like vehicles, A.Cs, etc., which further raises their standard of living. 
• It enables us to invest in human resource. People take credit for education, training, etc. which allows enrichment of human resource. 
• For example, Salim availed credit facility to meet the working capital needs of production. It helped him to meet the ongoing expenses of production, complete production on time, thereby, increasing his income.

The five sacred symbols of Sikhism are: 

1. Kesh, 

2. Kanga, 

3. Kaccha, 

4. Kirpan,

5. Kara

(c) When the loan repayment is done on time and profits are made. 

Silsilas were the monsastic organizations of the Buddhist sangha and the Sufis.

Dargah of Moinuddin Chisti.

Guru Gobind Singh transformed the peace-loving Sikhs into a martial race.

Sant Kabir stressed the idea of one God. He taught that Ishwar, Allah, Ram and Rahim were different names of one God. He spread the message of Hindu-Muslim unity, Universal brotherhood, tolerance and banned idol worship, caste system and rituals. Kabir preached his message through simple beautiful Hindi poems called Dohas.

Chishti and the Suhrawardi orders, became popular in India.

1. The Sufi saints were organised into various orders or Silsilahs. 

2. The Chishti order was established in India by Moin-ud-din Chishti. 

3. Kabir’s couplets were known as Kabirpanthis. 

4. Guru Nanak was bom in 1469 AD. 

5. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu believed in kirtan as the most important means of expressing devotion to God. 

6. Meerabai worshipped Krishna. 

7. Ramanand preached the worship of Rama. 

8. Sant Jnaneshwar wrote a commentary on the Gita, known as Dhyaneshwari. 

9. Sant Tukaram composed devotional songs in praise of Vithoba (Lord Krishna). 

10. The Bhakti and Sufi movements brought about an understanding among the Hindus and Muslims.

1. False.

2. False.

3. True

4. True.

5. False

6. True.

Religious reformer was Moinuddin Chishti. He started Sufi- Movements

The Bhakti and Sufi saints preached in the language of the common people and this led to the development of local language.

Kabir was one of the great reformers of the Bhakti movement. He taught Hindu Muslim unity. He believed that God is one and Tshwar’ and ‘Allah’ are different names of one God.He taught devotion to God and also preached brotherhood of man. He was against caste distinctions because he firmly believed that salvation could be attained only through good deeds. That is why he condemned useless rites, false practices as well as idol worship.

The Sufis were a group of Muslim mystics who started a religious reform movement in West Asia. 

Teachings of Sufism: 

1. There is only one god and all people are his children.

2. All human beings are equal. 

3. Different religions are different natK leading to one God. Therefore, all religions must …cted. 

4. It is necessary to follow the path shown by a pir, who will guide a person along the right spiritual path. 

Famous Sufis saints: Moin-ud-din Chishti, Baba Farid and Nizam-ud-din Auliya.

The similarities between the Bhakti and Sufi movements are: 

1. Both believe in one Supreme God. 

2. Both the communities sternly opposed the discrimination of castes, religions and divisions. 

3. They stressed the same before the people that basically there are no differences between the Hindus and Muslims, 

4. They are both the children of God. They told that the simple route to the attainment of Godlihood lies in the love for humanity.

Teachings of Sufism: 

1. There is only one god and all people are his children. 

2. All human beings are equal. 

3. Different religions are different paths leading to one God. Therefore, all religions must be respected. 

4. It is necessary to follow the path shown by a pir, who will guide a person along the right spiritual path. 

The liberal ideas and rational principles of sufism, had great impact on the people and their rulers. It encouraged religious tolerance promoted the idea of universal brotherhood and brought the Hindus and Muslims closer to one another.

The Sufis were a group of Muslim mystics.

The word ‘Bhakti’ means devotion or love to God. Ramananda, Kabir, Guru Nanak, Mira Bai, Chaitanya were important reformers of Bhakti Movement. They preached that with love or devotion one could get salvation. They taught all are the children of same God. That is why distinctions of caste, creed or sect and condemned useless rites and false practices. They laid importance on good deeds and purity of conduct. They believed that God could be attained by leading a normal household life and not by renouncing the world. All the Bhakti saints emphasised on the oneness of God and universal brotherhood.

The word ‘bhakti’ means devotion to God. The Bhakti Movement was a reform movement within Hinduism. It began in South India in the 7th century ce and became a popular movement before the arrival of the Turks. The Bhakti saints drew their inspiration from the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita. People were attracted to the principles of monotheism, equality and ritual-free worship. By propagating its principles of one God, universal brotherhood and respect for all religions, the Bhakti Movement created conditions conducive to the harmonious and peaceful coexistence of Hindus and Muslims.

Teachings of the Bhakti saints: 

1. There is only one God. Everyone is equal in the eyes of God. 

2. God can be reached through love and devotion and total surrender to his will and not through rites rituals and idol worship. 

3. Everyone should lead a pure life.

The Bhakti and Sufi movements brought a new era in Indian society which was based on tolerance and brotherhood among the human beings. 

Following are the impact of the movements: 

1. The Bhakti and Sufi movement preached in the language v/; the common man which gave rise to development of common languages. 

2. The common man came to know about great truths of Hindu philosophy which helped in slowing down conversions during this period. 

3. These movements helped in reducing the superiority of the brahman as. 

4. They also brought feeling of universal brotherhood and created an environment of tolerance and mutual respect.

People were attracted to the principles of monotheism, equality and ritual-free worship. By propagating its principles of one God, universal brotherhood and respect for all religions, the Bhakti Movement created conditions conducive to the harmonious and peaceful coexistence of Hindus and Muslims.

(a) There is only one God. 

(b) Everyone is equal in the eyes of God. 

(c) God can be reached through love and devotion and total surrender to His will and not through rites, rituals and idol worship. 

(d) Eveyone should lead a pure life.

Ramananda, Guru Nanak Dev ji.

History is a record of people, places and events of the past, arranged in chronological order. We study history because it tells us about the problems of our ancestors, their aspirations as well as their achievements.

The Inscriptions provide us the information about rulers, the extent of their empires, important events and also about the religious and cultural life of people in a particular period.

Coins give us information about use of a metal during a particular period and the economic conditions of the people.

1. History is record of people, places and events of the past, arranged in chronological order. 

2. Prehistory is the history of the period before writings was invented. 

3. The sources of history can be broadly classified into archaeological sources and literary 

4. The study of coins is known as numismatics 

5. Edicts are royal commands issued by kings. 

6. Inscriptions are engravings on solid objects. 

7. Handwritten records of the past are known as Manuscripts 

8. Literary source material can be divided into religious literature and secular literature 

9. The Greek ambassador in Chandragupta Maurya’s court was Magasthenes 

10. The Chinese travelers who came to India were Fa Hien and Hiuen Tsang

Archaeology means the study of the remains of the past such as inscriptions, monuments, tools, coins, potteiy, etc.

History is the study of our past, a record of the events that happened long ago. It tells us about the life of people during a particular period. The word ‘History’ comes from the Greek word ‘Histo’ which means ‘know this’.

1. People who write history are known as Historians.

2. By Archaeology we mean the study of the remains of the ancient past.

3. The two Great epics tells us about the life and society in ancient past, besides being religious books.

4. Old buildings which are important historically are known as Monuments.

5. Meghadoot was written by Kalidasa.

Numismatics is the study of coins.

Inscriptions are reliable source of information because they were written during the reign of great king., and are still intact in their original form.

Monuments are ancient buildings such as temples, palaces and forts, which are valuable sources of information of the life and time of people in the distant past.

Non-religious literature is known as secular literature, it includes biographies of important historical characters. For example Harshacharita by Banabhatta, dramas and poems by famous writers Kalidasa, folk tales such as Panchatantra.

Manuscripts are the handwritten records of the past in the form of books. These records were written on a variety of surfaces such as dried sheep or goat skin, dried palm leaf, the bark of birch trees and much later, on paper.

Correct option is (c) Ayodhya

Correct Answer is  (d) Tulsidas

(b) Chitnis – Correspondence Clerk

Correct Answer is (a) Mahadev

(a) Diwan – Secretary

Archaeology is the study of material remains of distant past. Archaeology is so important for the study of prehistory because we have no written records, only the materials like stones, metal tools, pottery, images, coins, monuments, jewelry and figures are very helpful in the study of past.

The main difference between prehistory and history is that we have written records in history and have no written records in prehistory.