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The roots of the Socialist Party can be traced back to the mass movement stage of the Indian National Congress in the pre-independence era. The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was formed within the Congress in 1934 by a group of leaders like Lohia, Narendra Dev, who wanted a more radical and egalitarian Congress. In 1948, the Congress amended its party constitution, forced the socialists to form a separate Socialist Party. The socialists believed in the ideology of democratic socialism. They condemned the Congress for the pro-capitalists and pro-landlords and for ignoring the workers and the peasants. The Socialists Party went through many splits and reunions leading to the formation of many socialists parties. These included Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party, Jayaprakash Narayan. S.M. Joshi were among the leaders of the socialist parties.

The congress had a nature of coalition. If a group was not happy with the position of the party or with its share of power, it would remain inside the party and fight the other groups rather than leaving the party and becoming an opposition. These groups inside a party are called factions.

The Swatantra Party was founded by Senior Congress leader C. Rajagopalachari in August 1959.

(i) The party believed that prosperity could come only through individual freedom.

(ii) This party was against land ceilings in agriculture and opposed to cooperative farming.

The major difference between their ideologies was that Bharatiya Jana Sangh emphasised on one country, one culture, one nation, i.e., a Hindu nation or Hindutva, whereas Congress formed ideological and social coalitions accommodating social diversities.

Communist Party of India:

— It would have worked for proportional representation in the government. — This party would have followed communist ideology in various policies. — It must have emphasised on a control over electronic mass media by an autonomous body or corporation.

Bharatiya Jana Sangh:

— It would have replaced the secular concept by the ideology of one country, one culture and one nation. — Indian culture and traditions would have been given a preference as this party opposed the granting of concessions to religious and cultural minorities. — It focused on the re-unity if India and Pakistan under the concept of Akhand Bharat.

Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, a member of Bharatiya Jana Sangh, was a minister in the first cabinet of Nehru. He resigned from his post in 1950 following his ideological differences over the issue of relationship with Pakistan. He believed that India and Pakistan should be reunited as Akhand Bharat.

The magazines closed down due to the censorship of the press.

(a) Correct 

(b) Correct 

(c) Wrong

(d) Correct 

(e) Correct.

1. Against imposition of emergency. 

2. A newspaper like Indian Express and the Statesman protested against censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored. 

3. Kannada writer Shivarama Karanth awarded with Padma Bhushan and Hindi writer Fanishwarnath Renu awarded with Padma Shri returned their awards in protest against the suspension of democracy. 

4. Magazines like ‘Seminar’ and ‘Mainstream’ chose to close down rather than submit to censorship.

(i) The emergency of 1975 at once brought out both the weaknesses’ and the strengths of India’s democracy. Though there are many observers who think that India ceased to be democratic during the emergency, it is noteworthy that normal democratic functioning resumed within a short span of time. Thus, one lesson of Emergency is that it is extremely difficult to do away with democracy in India. 

(ii) It brought out some ambiguities regarding the emergency provision in the constitution that has been rectified since. Now ‘internal’ emergency can be proclaimed only on the grounds of ‘armed rebellion’ and it is necessary that the advice to the President to proclaim emergency must be given in writing by the Council of Ministers. 

(iii) The Emergency made everyone aware of the value of civil liberties. The courts, too, have taken an active role after the emergency in protecting the civil liberties of the individuals. This is in response to the inability of the judiciary to protect civil liberties effectively during the emergency. Many civil liberties organizations came up after this experience.

(i) The emergency was proclaimed in response to a petition filed by Raj Narayan to declare Indira Gandhi’s election invalid. 

(ii) On June 25, 1975, the government declared the threat of internal disturbances to invoke Article 352 of a constitution. 

(iii) Article 352 can declare the emergency on the ground of either internal or external disturbances. 

(iv) The government decided a grave crisis to be arisen to proclaim emergency to bring law and order, restore efficiency and implement pro-poor Welfare Programmes. 

(v) The President FakhruddinAli Ahmad proclaimed emergency which became the most controversial episode in Indian politics. 

(vi) Power politics became personalized and governmental authority was converted into personalization.

(a) Effects on Civil Liberties of Citizens: 

1. The government made large-scale arrests under preventive detention. 

2. Arrested political persons could not challenge arrest even under Habeas Corpus petition. 

3. Despite filing many petitions government claimed it not to be necessary to be informed of grounds to arrested persons. 

4. In April 1976, finally, it was proved that the government could be taken away citizen’s right to life and liberty by overruling of high courts under supreme court and accepted the government’s plea. 

(b) Impact on Relationship between Parliament and Judiciary: 

1. The parliament brought in many new changes in a constitution which made an amendment declaring that election of Prime Minister, President and Vice-president could not be challenged in the court. 

2. The forty-second amendment (42nd) was also passed to bring a series of changes in the constitution like duration of legislatures, elections can be postponed by one year during an emergency. 

(c) Functioning of Mass Media: 

1. Press censorship took place which banned freedom of the press is newspapers were supposed to seek prior approval before they publish any material. 

2. Protests, strikes, and public agitations were also banned. 

3. Various fundamental rights were also suspended including even Right to move to Court for Restoration of Fundamental Rights. 

4. Kannada writer Shivarama Karnata awarded with Padma Bhushan and Hindi writer Fanishwarnath Renu with Padmashri returned their awards on the protest against the suspension of democracy.

5. Newspapers mainly Indian Express and the Statesman protested against censorship by leaving blank editorial column.

The emergency brought out weaknesses and strengths both to India’s democracy: 

1. The first lesson was felt that it was extremely difficult to do away with democracy in India. 

2. Secondly, it amended that internal emergency could be proclaimed only on the grounds of armed rebellion, on the advice of the president to proclaim emergency must be given in writing by the council of ministers. 

3. Thirdly, emergency made everyone more aware of civil liberties as well as courts also took an active role in protecting the civil liberties of individuals.

(b) I and III are correct

1. Renunciation: (is a voluntary act) when a person after acquiring the citizenship of another country gives up his/her Indian citizenship.

2. Termination: (takes place by operation of law) When an Indian citizen voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another country; he/she automatically ceases to be an Indian citizen.

3. Deprivation: (is a compulsory termination) The citizenship is deprived on the basis of an order of the Government of India in cases involving acquisition of Indian citizenship by fraud, false representation or being disloyal to the Constitution.

Nationality is the status of belonging to a particular nation by origin, birth basically, it’s an ethnic and racial concept. Nationality of a person cannot be changed.

Alien refers to all non-citizens or non – nationals residing in a country.eg. tourists, foreign students.

Conservatism means supporting monarchy. The conservatives wanted to protect traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and family. They supported the modernisation initiated by Napoleon.

In monarchy, the king is the final. It he is good administrator, the people under him will be benefited. Otherwise they will suffer a lot.

Liberal democracy means the representative of the people rules the country for the will and wish of the people only. Without the concern of the people, he may not have whole right to take any action. The people have the power to remove him from the power when he goes wrong. Hence the government itself is people’s. Thus, democracy is the best form of government.

Citizenship is granted to an individual by the government of the country when he/ she complies with the legal formalities. Citizenship can be changed.

(d) i and iii are correct

(b) Part II Article 5 – 11

1. Fundamental Rights

2. Right to vote in the election to the Lok Sabha and the State Legislature 

3. Right to hold certain public offices 

4. Right to become the Member of Parliament and State Legislature.

1. Non – Resident Indian: An Indian citizen who is residing outside India and holds an Indian passport. 

2. Person on Indian Origin: A person whose any ancestors was an Indian nationals and who is presently holding another country’s citizenship.(other than Pakistan, Bangaladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan,Afghanistan. China and Nepal). The PIO scheme was rescinded w.e.f. 09-01-2015

3. Overseas Citizen of India Card Holder: It is an immigration status permitting a foreign citizen of Indian origin to live and work in the Republic of India indefinitely. (Except the citizen of Pakistan and Bangladesh). There are no voting rights for an OCI card holder

According to 42 amendment of our constitution a set of Fundamental duties are prescribed.

Global citizenship is an idea that everyone, no matter where they live is part of a worldwide community rather than as the citizen of particular nation or place. Enabling young people to access and participate in shaping modem society

(b) Naturalisation

Correct answer is (c) 22 May

The important multipurpose project of Tamil Nadu are:

1. Mettur Dam – River Cauvery – Mettur (Salem) 

2. Bhavani Sagar Dam – Bhavani – Erode 

3. Amaravathi Dam – Amaravathi – Udumalpet (Tirupur) 

4. Krishnagiri Dam – Cauvery – Krishnagiri 

5. Sathanur Dam – Then Pennai – Chengam 

6. Mullai Periyar – Periyar – Tamil Nadu, Kerala Border fix) Vaigai Dam – Vaigai – Andipatti (Theni) 

7. Manimuthar Dam – manimuthar – Tirunelveli 

8. Papanasam Dam – Karaiyar – Tirunelveli 

9. Parambikulam Aliyar – Aliyar and Parambikulam – Joint venture of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

MRTS means mass Rapid Transport System and currently developing a Metro System, with its first underground stretch in operation since May 2017.

(a) 3 and 15

(a) Cauvery delta

Literacy rate of Tamil Nadu as per 2011 census is 80.33%.

Airports: Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and Tiruchiraplli.

Sea ports: Three major sea ports – Chennai, Ennore, Tuticorin. An intermediate port at Nagapattinam and 51 minor ports are there in Tamil Nadu.

Second staple food of the people of Tamil Nadu is Millets.

(b) Bhavani Sagar Dam

(b) Ground nut

Marine Fishing:

1. Fishing is carried out in ocean and sea in shore fishing and off shore fishing.

2. Fish varieties caught are sharks, flying fish, counch, cat fish, silver bellies and crabs. 

3. Large mechanised boats are used. 

4. Chennai, Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, Nagapattinam, Thanjavur and Ramanathapuram are the major area

Inland Fishing:

1. Fishing is carried out in lakes, rivers, ponds, estuaries, backwaters and swamps. 

2. Carp, Tilapia, Barbus, Rohu, catla and mrigal are caught. Oyster and prawns are cultured in nurseries. 

3. Catamaran, diesel boats and floating nets are used. 

4. Vellore leads in inland fishing production followed by Cuddalore, Sivagangai and Virudhunagar districts.

Surface Water: 

1. Water available on the surface of the earth in lakes, ponds, rivers, stream, reservoirs etc., 

2. The surface water is put in to various uses like drinking, for hydelpower, irrigation etc. 

3. Availability depend upon the rainfall nature of soil, land form temperature etc. 

4. Not reliable 

5. May be polluted and contaminated by the external forces.

Ground Water:

1. Water found underground at deep in large aquifers (porous rock layers) by seeping the soil. 

2. Water has to be pumped out by drilling a deep well. 

3. Availability depend upon the nature of absorption by the aqueous layer of rocks. 

4. Reliable sources of water. 

5. Mostly polluted due to depth.

• Aware of the road signals
• Stop, look and cross
• Listen and ensure whether a vehicle is approaching
• Don’t rush on roads
• Crossroads in pedestrian crossings
• Don’t stretch hands while driving vehicles
• Never crossroad at bends and stay safe in a moving vehicle

Correct Answer is: (c) Delta

(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) does not explains (A).

Food Crops:

1. Staple food crops paddy, millets and pulses. 

2. From the major source of regular diet. 

3. Mostly grown under subsistence farming the excess is given for sale

Non – Food Crops:

1. Oil seeds, sugarcane, cotton and plantation crops.

2. Mainly used for commercial purpose (cash crops).

3. Mostly grown and commercial farming mainly grown for agro-based manufacturing sector.

It is a type of farming which involves both growing of crops and the raising of live-stock simultaneously in a land holding.

1. “A disastrous events caused directly or indirectly by human actions” are called as man made disaster. 

2. Industrial Disaster.

Major Reasons: Disasters caused by industrial companies either by

• Accident
• Negligence or
• Incompetence
• Electrical faults

(iii) Main factors contributing to fire accidents in industries:

• Overheating
• Aging of materials
• Use of sub – stranded quality of electrical gadgets.

(iv) Electricity is not just a life line; it can also take away life when handled improperly. Other causes for industrial disasters are:

• Explosions
• Leaking of poisonous gases
• Injuries and deaths caused by machines.

The regular maintenance of machines and wires may reduce the frequency of accidents. More over the administration should be employees friendly and ready to extend their help in case of any untoward incidents.

TNPL produces different varieties paper of acceptable quality primarily from bagasse and wood pulp and is eco-friendly. Thus it is referred as one of the , most accomplished mills in the world.

1. The state is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources. 

2. Monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe droughts. So it is important to save water for us and the future generation.

1. 35% 

2. handloom sector 

3. Special Economic Zone ,(SEZ) 

4. Population 

5. Moderate 

6. The Nilgiri

7. Sex – Ration 

8. Port 

9. Madurai to Nattham 

10. control room of district Collector / Magistrate 

11. Chief Minister 

12. reduction of risks

13. Ore 

14. Literates

15. Reservoirs 

16. Demography 

17. Demographers 

18. Over population 

19. Sheep 

20. Goat

• Fibre crops include cotton and jute.
• Cotton thrives well in black soil.
• It is the major fibre crop of Tamil Nadu.
• It is cultivated on a large scale in the districts of Coimbatore, Tirunelveli, Cuddalore.

1. The resources available on the earth are useful only when they are utilised. 

2. Human beings using their intelligence and skill made these resources useful to mankind.

Thus the human beings are the most significant resources on the earth surface.

1. human beings 

2. Agriculture 

3. North-East monsoon 

4. Navarai 

5. 2023 

6. Aavin 

7. goat rearing 

8. off-shore fishing 

9. little – Brindavan 

10. Ottanchatram 

11. 900 

12. Textile Valley of Tamil Nadu 

13. Industries

14. Ramanathapuram 

15. Vellore 

16. 37 

17. Kagithapuram 

18. Temple Jewellery 

19. mats 

20. Tamil Nadu