Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

1. Secondary consumers

2. Ecosystem

3. Food chain

4. Suckers

5. Duck

i) The dog finds its food by smelling. Dog’s nose is a thousand times more sensitive than ours.

ii) The mouth and tongue are involved in taking in food.

iii) 

• The dog catches another animal with its legs. 
• It tears the meat using its sharp teeth. 
• It eats the meat and chews it with the help of teeth and uses its tongue to swallow it.

iv) The dog licks water with its tongue and drinks it.

v) 

A tertiary consumer is an organism that feeds on a secondary consumer. 

Ex: 

Tiger, Lion.

The correct answer is D) Lion

Double fertilisation: 

▪ On reaching synergid, pollen tube releases the two male gametes into cytoplasm of synergid. 

▪ One of the male gamete fuses with egg nucleus to form a diploid cell called zygote. This event is called syngamy. 

▪ Other male gamete fuses with polar nuclei at the centre to produce a triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). This is termed as triple fusion. 

▪ As syngamy and triple fusion take place simultaneously in the embryo sac, it is termed as double fertilisation. 

▪ The central cell after triple fusion forms primary endosperm cell (PEC) which later develops into endosperm. 

▪ The zygote later develops into an embryo. 

Following are the post-fertilisation events: 

i. Development of embryo: Embryo develops in fertilised ovule, from the zygote. The early stages of embryo development from a zygote is known as embryogeny. The formation of embryo starts only after certain amount of endosperm formation to assure the nutrition supply, for development and growth of embryo. 

ii. Development of seeds: Refer to Basic Concepts Point 10 (Embryogeny in Dicots). As a result of double fertilisation number of changes takes place in an ovule due to which ovule is converted into seeds.

1. Carrot → Rabbit → Snake → Eagle 

2. Algae → Insect → Fish → Human

i) Sunlight is the source of energy in a food chain.

ii) 

• In a food chain grasshopper is a primary consumer so that it depends on grass for food. 
• Then grasshopper gets its energy by eating grass.

iii) 

• In this food chain frog is a secondary consumer as its feed on grasshopper. 
• If the frog was removed in this food chain, the grasshopper population will be increased. 
• In this food chain crow is a tertiary consumer as its feed on frogs. 
• If the frog was removed from this food chain, the crows will go hungry and their population will be decreased.

iv) 

• Mushroom is a decomposer. 
• Mushroom get it energy by the breakdown of dead matter. 
• It helps in the cycling of materials in between producers, consumers and to the soil.

Tertiary Consumers: A tertiary consumer is an organism that feeds on secondary consumers for energy. Ex: Tiger, Lion

• What is food chain? 
• How does animals and plants dependent on one another? 
• How does energy flow with in an ecosystem? 
• Is there any relation of food habits of animals with that of living ecosystem? 
• How the nature balances the ecosystem? 
• Why the food chain always starts with plants?

Endosperm of gymnosperms is haploid gametophyte but in angiosperms it is triploid as it is formed after double fertilization.

Biofortification can improve public health. It involves breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals, or higher protein and healthier fats. Breeding for improved nutritional quality is improving:

i. Protein content and quality;

ii. Oil content and quality;

iii. Vitamin content; and

iv. Micronutrient and mineral content.

In the year 2000, maize hybrids that had twice the amount of the amino acids, lysine and tryptophan, compared to existing maize hybrids were developed. Another example is the wheat variety, Atlas 66, having a high protein content which has been used as a donor for improving cultivated wheat.

Producers: Producers are organisms that make their own food. Ex Green plants.

Consumers: The organisms that eat other organisms for food are called “Consumers”. Ex Deer, Tiger, Lion.

Decomposers: Decomposers are an organism thät breakdown dead or decaying organisms’: Micro-Organisms (Bacteria, Fungi)

Producers are organisms that make their own food. Ex: All plants.

• Bacteria and fungi are get energy by breakdown of dead plants and animals. So, they are called decomposers. 
• They help in the cycling of materials in the environment. 
• If there were no decomposers the dead and waste materials remains on earth. 
• The nutrients would not be replenished. 
• Natural enrichment of the soil cannot takes place. 
• Because of the dead organisms remain on earth, the existence of life on earth would have been impossible.

(i) To obtain nutrition from the endosperm for the developing embryo, zygotes, divide after itsformation.

(ii) The groundnut seeds are exalbuminous because the endosperm is completely consumed during embryo den. Whereas, castor seeds are albuminous because the endosperm persists and is used up during seed germination.

• Plants are known as producers, as they make their own food. 
• Plants are the only organisms which provide food for all organisms in an ecosystem. 
• In an ecosystem, Producers are at base of entire food chain. 
• Plants not only provide the food but also oxygen to the earth. 
• Plants are the precious things to continue the life on earth.

• The crane usually has been seen in lakes and the fishes are food for that. 
• The long thin legs that it has helps it to move in the water without disturbing the water. 
• While catching the fish it tries to move very slowly. 
• So that the fishes don’t know its presence it also can stand still for a long time for hunting of fishes. 
• Crane used to catch the fish with the help of their long beak.

Male cockroach

• The 10th abdominal segment is rounded.
• The terminal abdominal segment has anal styles and anal cerci.

Female Cockroach :

• It is pointed in female.
• Anal styles are absent in females.

Cell is the smallest unit of life, which is capable of all living functions. If the organisation of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or chemical influence, then the ability of the cell to perform all living functions such as respiration, nutrition, excretion, etc. would be affected.

Correct option is (b) imbibition

(a) American cockroach. 

(b) One pair, present in 6th segment. 

(c) Between 2nd and 6th abdominal terga. 

(d) 10 segments. 

(e) At the beginning of ileum in cockroach. 

(f) Vision where several images of an object are formed by compound eye. Helps detect movement of objects very efficiently.

(C) 2650 acres

(b) Once Machines are fed with fuel, they start quickly.

(a) ‘You’ refers to the industrialists and the people using the machines. 

(b) The task to be performed for the industrialists by the machines is referred to as ‘our task’. 

(c) The future tense ‘will set’ and ‘will serve’ is used both in the ‘if clause’ and in the ‘main clause’ to indicate surety and futurity. 

(d) Yes, the machines serve us round the clock and non-stop the entire day.

(e) Some water, coal, and oil is all we ask, 

And a thousandth of an inch to give us play, lend us your ear: 

And now, if you will set us to our task,

We ’ll serve you three hundred and twenty four hours a year!

The landlords of Telangana continued their domination even into the 21 century.

Gram positive bacteria : Bacteria that take up gram stain. 

Gram negative bacteria : Bacteria that do not take up gram stain.

No, we cannot always rely on machines as with people. Suddenly some simple apparatus will fail. If the machine is faulty, it can even go to the extent of killing us.

Blast of paddy, rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane and white rust of crucifers.

Zamindars gained most.

Reasons:

1. Even though they lost their income, they received 20, 30 times to that as compensation. 

2. ‘Khudkasht’ lands were also under their control. 

3. They used various loop holes in the law to retain control over large portion of land. The poor did not gain at all.

Reason: 

They remained unrecognized and as agricultural labourers.

We can pull and haul and push and lift and drive, 

We can print and plough and weave and heat and light, 

We can run and race and swim and fly and dive, 

We can see and hear and count and read and write!

We must accept the fact that our dependency on machines are increasing day by day. A . time will come when people will depend on a machine to wake them from sleep and then to put them back to sleep, walk and eat. If this really happens, life will be different, similar to a robotic life – without feelings, sympathy, pity, forgiveness and love.

Machines cannot detect a lie. Besides, machines cannot emote nor comprehend feelings. Therefore, machines are incapable of loving, pitying or forgiving.

A family of four persons needs 8 acres of irrigated land and 30 acres of dry land to get a decent living in our area.

(C) House fly

Centrosome contains two cylindrical structures called centrioles. Surrounded by amorphous pericentriolar material. Has 9 + 0 arrangement. Centrioles form the basal body of cilia or flagella and spindle fibres for cell division in animal cells.

Found in plant cells and in euglenoides. Chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts are 3 types of plastids depending on pigments contained.

Chloroplasts are double membraned structure. Space limited by inner membrane is called stroma. Flattened membranous sacs called thylakoids in stroma. Chlorophyll pigments are present in thylakoids. 

Function : Site of photosynthesis.

Filament, hook, basal body.

Cilia are small structures which work like oar, which help in movement. Flagella are longer and responsible for cell movement. They are covered with plasma membrane. Core is called axoneme which has 9 + 2 arrangement.

There are a wide variety of inclusion bodies in different types of cells. In prokaryotic cells, they are mainly formed to store reserve materials. In animal cells, they store fats and sugars that are ready for cellular respiration and in plant cells, they store granules of materials like glycogen, starch, etc.

(a) Examples of prefixes:

• trans + port = transport
• tri + angle = triangle
• uni + lateral = unilateral
• anti + biotic = antibiotic
• en + courage = encourage
• fore + head = forehead
• dis + appear = disappear
• extra + ordinary = extraordinary
• mid + way = midway
• hyper + active = hyperactive
• micro + scope = microscope
• post + pone = postpone
• ex + President = ex-President
• thermo + meter = thermometer
• super + star = superstar

(b) Some more suffixes:

• fashion + able = fashionable
• play + ful = playful
• slow + ly = slowly
• meaning + less = meaningless
• close + ness = closeness
• mad + ly = madly
• effort + less = effortless
• colour + less = colourless
• sad + ness = sadness
• owner + ship = ownership
• love + able = lovable
• beauty + ful = beautiful
• workman + ship = workmanship
• port + able = portable
• help + ful = helpful
• month + ly = monthly
• quick + ly = quickly

52% protein, 40% lipids.

1. The paragraph given above, after a deep study, shows that Ms Libra has more than necessary brand names, flavours and packings of her products. There is no justification for selling tea in so many brand names, flavours and packings. This is the very mistake made by Ms Libra.

2. Ms Libra can rectify her error by adopting the simplification technique of scientific management. For example, this product differentiation can be reduced considerably; namely by keeping four brands in total and having in each brand only one flavour and in each flavour packings of 10 gms, 50 gms, 100 gms, 200 gms, 500 gms, one kg., two kgms and 5 kgms. Thus, the total number of packets can be reduced from 1,350 to 32 (4×1×8).

3. Doing so will yield the following benefits of simplification:

i. Economy in machines

ii. Economy in stock maintenance

iii. Economy in labour expenditure

Significance of principles of management 

(i) Providing Managers with Useful Insights into Reality: When managers follow principles it adds to their knowledge, ability and understanding of managerial situations and circumstances. This improves managerial efficiency e.g., when managers use principle of delegation then they get more time to concentrate on critical areas of working. 

(ii) Scientific Decision Making: management principles help in thoughtful decision making. They emphasise on logic rather than blind faith. Here, decisions are based on the objective assessment of the situation. 

(iii) Optimum Utilisation of Resources and Effective Administration: Principles help the managers to conceptualise the net effect of their decision rather than going for trial and error method resulting in saved time, efforts and energy thereby increased productivity. 

(iv) Management Training, Education and Research: Principles of management are the base for management theory. As such they are used as a basis for management training, education and research. These principles provide basic groundwork for the development of management as a subject. Professional courses like BBA, MBA also teaches these principles as part of their curriculum.

Principles of scientific management are given by FW Taylor 

(i) Science, Not Rule of Thumb: When different managers use their own different methods to get the work done it is rule of thumb. Taylor believed that there was only one best method maximise efficiency. Taylor advised that every organisation should compare the results of different methods, test them again and again and finally select one best method of getting the work done. 

(ii) Harmony, Not Discord: Managers are an extension of the management and serve as a link between workers and the owners. Workers have to take the instructions from the managers and managers have to get the work done through the workers. Sometime the relation between them is spoilt, which is very harmful for everyone-workers, managers and owners. This class conflict should be replaced by harmony between the two. Both should change their thinking towards each other. This is known as mental revolution. 

(iii) Co-operation, Not Individualism: There should be complete co-operation between the labour and the management instead of individualism. This principle is an extension of principle of harmony, not discord. The management and the workers should not compete with each other rather co-operate with each other. Management should consider all good suggestions made by the employees which can help in cost reduction. At the same time workers should never think of going on strikes in order to get their unreasonable demands fulfilled. 

(iv) Development of Each and Every person to His or her Greatest Efficiency and Prosperity: Scientific management also stood for worker development. Taylor believed that workers should be aware of the ‘best method’. On the other hand, all organisations should select employee carefully in order to get maximum efficiency. When the duties are allotted, perfect match should be made between the requirements of the job and the capabilities of the worker. Training should be provided to improve the skills further. In this way, efficiency will go higher resulting in prosperity for both workers and company.

A precipitate is formed by exchange of ions between the reactants during a double displacement reaction.