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(1) All human beings on this earth are equal and they are similar in many ways. Their body structure is similar. While sleeping or waking their eyes remain similar as we have.

(2) The poet emphasises the fact that whether an individual or a country, nobody should be proud of one’s strength or power. If it is won by love, it is easy, but if it is tried to win it hatefully, one is supposed to suffer undesirable consequences.

(3) All can recognise and understand that in every land, i.e., in every part of the entire world, all human beings are equal and they lead common life.

(1) ‘Who take arms against each other’ means who fight against each other,

(2) The Figure of Speech used in the line – ‘Remember, no men are foreign, and no countries strange’ is Litotes.

(1) I am in the hands of unprincipled persons who persuade me to adopt unpopular causes and make me the mouthpiece of their propaganda.

(2) There is nothing between us and our enemies except the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean.

(3) The workers know they have no enemies except their masters, their citizenship papers are no warrant for the safety of their wives and children.

Phrases:

(1) Oh! blind vanity of slaves.

(2) The achievement and legacy of generations swept away in a moment and nobody better off for all the misery!

(3) From time immemorial men have followed with build loyalty the strong men.

Correct option is (d) arduous

If we take to arduous labour we will relish the fruits of success.

Arrange in ascending order 70, 74, 75, 75, 75, 75, 80, 81, 82, 84 n 

= 10

(क) एक कंपनी में 64591 मोटर साइकिलों और 78320 स्कूटरों का एक वर्ष में निर्माण होता है। उस कंपनी का वार्षिक निर्माण कितना है?

(ख) एक रैली में 76590 पुरुष व 74243 महिलाएँ सम्मिलित हुए। रैली में कुल उपस्थिति कितनी थी?

(ग) मनोज ने 92750 रुपये का कंप्यूटर तथा 45476 रुपये की मोटर साइकिल खरीदी। मनोज ने, कुल कितना खर्च किया?

(क) 99999

(ख) 9999

(क) 9 x 100 = 900

(ख) 9 x 10 = 90

(ग) 9 x 10000 = 90000

(घ) 9 x 1 = 9

(क) =

(ख) =

(ग) <

(घ) >

(क) 87530

(ख) 30578

(ग) 118108

(घ) 

87530 में 3 का स्थानीय मान = 3 x 10 = 30

30578 में 3 का स्थानीय मान = 3 x 10000 = 30000

(ङ) 

87530 में 5 का स्थानीय मान = 5 × 100 = 500

30578 में 5 का स्थानीय मान = 5 × 100 = 500

दोनों स्थानीय मानो का योग = 500 + 500 = 1000

चार अंकों की सबसे बड़ी संख्या = 9999

पाँच अंकों की सबसे बड़ी संख्या = 99999

योग = 9999 + 99999 = 109998

पाँच अंकों की सबसे बड़ी संख्या = 99999

छः अंकों की सबसे छोटी संख्या = 100000

पाँच अंकों की सबसे बड़ी संख्या = 99999

पाँच अंकों की सबसे छोटी संख्या = 10000

योगफल = 99999 + 10000 = 109999

पदों को आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित करने पर श्रेणी निम्नवत् प्राप्त होती है

25,   33,   33,   38,   40,   45,   60,   60,   60,   75

उपर्युक्त श्रेणी को देखने से ही यह स्पष्ट हो जाता है कि इस श्रेणी में पद-मान 60 की आवृत्ति सर्वाधिक हैं; अत: बहुलक 60 अंक है।

विशेष – जब किसी व्यक्तिगत श्रेणी में पद-मूल्यों की संख्या बहुत अधिक होती है तो निरीक्षण द्वारा बहुलक ज्ञात करना कठिन होता है। इस प्रकार की स्थिति में बहुलक ज्ञात करने के लिए में बतायी गयी पद्धति का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

(i) मृदा वायु में वजन के आधार पर नाइट्रोजन की 79 प्रतिशत मात्रा पाई जाती है।
(ii) यूरिया में नाइट्रोजन की 46 प्रतिशत मात्रा पाई जाती है।
(iii) डाई कैल्सियम फॉस्फेट में फॉस्फोरस की 32 प्रतिशत मात्रा पाई जाती है।
(iv) पोटैशियम सल्फेट में पोटाश की 48 प्रतिशत मात्रा पाई जाती है।
(v) मिश्रित उर्वरक सस्ता होता है।
(vi) राइजोबियम बैक्टीरिया मृदा में नाइट्रोजन स्थिर करता है।
(vii) मृदा परीक्षण उर्वरता निर्धारण करने की एक रासायनिक विधि है।

D) NaCl, NaNO₃ , Mg(OH)₂

Correct option is A) NO₃^-

Molecules of many elements, such as argon (Ar), helium (He), neon (Ne), etc., are made-up of only one atom of the element because:

i. These elements are noble gases which are unreactive in nature.
ii. They have a completely filled outermost shells.
iii. As a result, they are unable to combine with any other element.
iv. Hence, they exist independently in the form of a single atom.

A) a → iii, b→ i, c → iv, d → ii

Correct option is C) AgNO₃ 

Atoms of most elements are not able to exist independently. Atoms form molecules and ions. These molecules or ions aggregate in large numbers to form the matter that we can see, feel or touch.

Helium and neon exist as independent atoms. Mostly elements of noble gases exist as independent forms.

Dalton’s symbols were not used in chemistry as he used the symbols for elements in a very specific sense. He also meant a definite quantity of that element by depicting symbol.

 But a scientist Berzilius suggested that the symbols of elements be made from one or two letters of the element.

i) Tranquilizers are chemical substances used to cure mental diseases or disorders and to reduce mental stress. They can act on higher centres of central nervous system and induce sleep to the patients.

e.g. luminal, seconal, valium.

ii) Analgesics are the chemical substances which are used to relieve or abolish pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination or paralysis or some other disturbances of the nervous system.

e.g. Aspirin, Novalgin

iii) Antibiotics are the chemical substances which are produced by microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, molds etc. which can inhibit the growth or even destroy other microorganisms. e.g. Penicillin G, Ampicillin, Amoxycillin.

Cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescence of the plant Cannabis sativa. Marijuana, hashish, charas, ganja are some of the cannabinoids. These chemicals interact with cannabinoid receptors of the body, mainly present in the brain. Cardiovascular system is affected adversely.

(i) Typhoid, Polio, Amoebiasis 

(ii) Filariasis, Malaria 

(iii) Pnenmonia, Common cold

As these days cannabinoids are being abused by some sports persons to increase their performance, that is why cannabinoids are banned in sports and games.

Noradrenaline plays an important role in mood change. If the level of noradrenaline is low, the person suffers from depression.

Antihistamines are the drugs which control the allergy affects produced by histamine. Antacids are the substances which neutralise gastric acidity. Antihistamine do not affect the secretion of acid in the stomach and the reason is that both anti-allergic and antacid drugs work on different receptors.

Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals which interact with Cannabinoid receptors present Principally in the brain Cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the plant Cannabis Sativa. 

The substances effect the cardiovascular system adversely. 

Salmonella typhi causes typhoid and infects small intestine while intestinal endoparasite causes amoebic dysentery and infects large intestine.

1. Lemon sherbat is a mixture. It is made up of lemon juice, sugar, salt and water. 

2. Formation of lemon sherbat does not involve any chemical reaction. 

3. The constituents of sherbat retain their individual properties. Hence, lemon sherbat is sweet, sour and salty to taste and it can be poured in a glass.

a) A tax leived by the church, comprising 1/10 of agricultural produce. 

b) Terms related to tax are 

1) Tithes 

2) Taille

Salmonella : Common cold is not a matching pair. 

Salmonella causes typhoid

Preventive barrier to protect body are: 

i. The mucus coating of the epithelium lining of the gut helps in trapping microbes entering the body. 

ii. Saliva in the mouth and hydrochloric acid in gastric juice secreted by stomach prevent microbial growth. 

This type of immunity is innate immunity.

1. All solids that settle during primary treatment are called primary sludge.

2. During secondary treatment the effluent is passed into a settling tank where the bacterial ‘floes’ are allowed to sediment. This sediment is called activated sludge.

1. All solids that settle during primary treatment are called primary sludge.

2. During secondary treatment the effluent is passed into a settling tank where the bacterial ‘floes’ are allowed to sediment. This sediment is called activated sludge.

Correct answer is (a) barley

• Zoospores, conidia, oidia and chlamydospores. 

The acetic acid is transformed into biogas by methanogenic bacteria like Methanococcus, Methanobacterium and Methanobacillus.

Correct answer is (a) Azotobacter

Cup fungus belongs to ascomycetes.

1. Azospirillum acts as a biofertilizer for non- leguminous plants like cereals, millets, cotton, oilseed, etc. 

2. It is a free living, aerobic nitrogen fixing bacterium associated with roots of corn, wheat and jo war. 

3. It fixes the nitrogen (20-40 kg N/ha).

1. Azotobacter is a free living, nitrogen fixing, aerobic, non-photosynthetic, non-nodule forming bacterium. 

2. It is associated with roots of grasses and certain plants. 

3. It is used as a biofertilizer for nonleguminous plants like rice, cotton, vegetables, etc.

Substrates like cattle dung (most commonly used substrate, a rich source of cellulose from plants), plant wastes, animal wastes, domestic wastes, agriculture waste, municipal wastes, forestry wastes, etc. are used for biogas production.

Correct answer is (a) Pseudomonas

1. Many food preparations made at home involves the use of microorganisms. 

2. The microbes Lactobacilli are used in the preparation of dhokla from gram flour and buttermilk by the process of fermentation. 

3. Dosa and idlis are prepared by using batter of rice and black gram which is fermented by air borne Leuconostoc and Streptococcus bacteria. 

4. Large, fleshy fruiting bodies of some mushrooms and truffles are directly used as food. It is sugar free, fat free food rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals and amino acids. It is food with low calories. 

5. Curd is prepared by inoculating milk with Lactobacillus acidophilus. Lactic acid produced during fermentation causes coagulation and partial digestion of milk protein casein and milk turns into curd. 

6. Buttermilk is the acidulated liquid left after churning of butter from curd, is called buttermilk.