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Antibiotics:-

These substance are obtained from microorganism (bacterial, Fungi & mos) that destroy O₂ inhibit the growth of other micro-organisms. 

Example:- Penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclin etc.

Analgesics:- Chemical substance, which is used for relieving pain are know as analgesics.

Bakelite- Phenol and formaldehyde

PVC- Methyl chloride.

Fluorine exhibits anomalous behaviour as compared to other halogens in the group. 

The reasons for anomalous behaviour of fluorine are as follows :

• the smallest size of fluorine 
• the highest electronegativity 
• low bond dissociation enthalpy of F-F bond 
• non-availability of d-orbitals in its valence shell. 

Vitamin A or A₁

• Sulphur is more electronegative than Tellurium. 
• Bond energy of S-H in H₂S is (347 kJ mol^-1) more than the bond energy of Te-H (238 kJ mol^-1). 
• Hence H₂Te dissociates more giving H⁺ (or H₃O⁺) than H₂S in the solution. Therefore H₂S is less acidic than H₂Te. 

Antiseptic:-

These are chemicals which kill or prevent growth of micro organisms e.g. dettol, tincture of iodine can be applied to wounds, cuts etc. (living tissue). They are also applied to reduce odours resulting from bacterial de-composition on the body.

Antipyretics:-

Chemicals which are used to bring down the body temperature during high fever are called antipyretics. For examples, paracetamol, aspirin etc.

3Cu + dil.8HNO₃ → 3Cu(NO₃)₂ + 4H₂O + 2NO

It is because F₂ and O₂ are the best oxidizing agents.

Due to following 11 porstion NH₃ and 89 portion mixture of air Pt gauze and heated are 100° we get NO.

4NH₃ + 5O₂ → 4NO + 6H₂O

2NO + O₂ → 2NO₂

2NO₂ + H₂O → HNO₃ + HNO₂

HNO₂ → HNO₃ + 2NO + H₂O

Hence NO gives NO₂ due to it is oxidised who soleted in water an there for HNO₃.

In the presence of moisture, chlorine acts as an oxidizing agent and a bleaching agent.

Cl₂ + H₂O → HCl + HOCl

                               Unstable

HOCl → HCl + O Nascent oxygen

Coloured mater + O → Colourless matter.

The bleaching action is permanent due to nascent oxygen. Bleaching action of SO₂ in presence of moisture is due to nascent hydrogen.

2SO₂ + 2H₂O → H₂SO₄ + 2H

Coloured matter + H → coloures matter

So, bleaching action of SO₂ is temporary.

Iodine is necessary for the making of thyroxine hormone by the thyroid gland, therefore, a deficiency of iodine in the diet can cause a deficiency of thyroxine hormone in the body. Tire deficiency of iodine in the diet of a person produces less thyroxine hormone and cause a disease called Gaitre.

Pituitary gland

• Directional growth movement of a plant due to external stimulus is called as tropic movement.
•  Movement can be either toward the stimulus or away from stimulus. 
• Ex: Roots shows positive geotropic movement and they grow with direction of gravity whereas shoots shows negative geotropic movement.

Figure (a) is more accurate because in figure a plant root shows positive geotrophism and shoot shows positive phototrophism.

a) Dendrite

b) Cellbody 

c) Axon 

d) Axon terminal

The main factors that influence rainfall are as follows:

1. Latitude: The latitudes of any area are responsible for the rainfall in that area. As we proceed towards the poles from the equator, the distribution of rainfall decreases. The equatorial region receives more rainfall due to higher heat reception, and on the contrary, the rainfall is very less due to lesser receipt of heat in polar regions. 

2. Prevailing winds: The condition of transmission of the winds found in any area is the controlling factor of rain. The more warm and dry the air is, its capacity to hold moisture increases and if the air is less dry then this is an obstruction in its tendency to hold moisture. 

3. Water Currents: Precipitation is controlled by the presence of cold and hot water currents found in the world. If the wind passes above the hot water streams, they become more dry but they hold more moisture also. On the contrary, cold streams reduce the capacity of the winds to retain moisture.

4. Distance from sea: This factor plays an important role in causing rainfall. Wind often absorbs moisture from the oceans and causes rainfall in the terrestrial part. As the distance increases from the sea, the amount of moisture in the air continues to decrease. 

5. Water and land conditions: According to the position of water and land, the nature of the wind is determined. According to the condition of these two, the sea and terrestrial winds blow. In areas where the sea winds move, the amount of rainfall is high, whereas the terrestrial winds are often dry of produce less rainfall. 

6. Location and orientation of mountains: The mountains are an important factor in controlling rain. If the location of the mountains causes obstruction of moisturized winds then the amount of rain is high, whereas, when the direction of the mountains is parallel to the winds, there is less rainfall due to the absence of obstruction. 

7. Height: Along with increase in height from the sea level, there is decrease in temperature. Rain pattern is also controlled by this variation of temperature.

(b) Between 10° to 20° latitudes

Like every substance, there are three states of water – solid, liquid and gas. Water is found in the form of ice in the solid state, in the form of water in liquid state, and in the form of water vapor in gaseous state.

The process by which the water changes from liquid state into gaseous state or water vapor, is called evaporation. The atmosphere receives humidity by the process of evaporation. The evaporation is higher in the oceans than on land. The amount and rate of evaporation depends on the speed, temperature and dryness of the air. Greater the temperature at which the air dries up and greater the rate, greater is the amount? and speed of evaporation, water changes into vapor by the process of evaporation.

When a volume of air at a given temperature holds the maximum amount of water vapor, it is called saturated air.

Relative humidity: Relative humidity is the proportion of the humidity potential of the fixed volume of air at a certain temperature and the actual humidity in it. It is expressed in percentage.

Absolute humidity: The actual amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere is called absolute humidity, or the actual amount of water vapor present in a fixed volume of air is called absolute humidity, and it is expressed in grams per cubic meter.

The water vapor present in the atmosphere is called humidity. This humidity is the basis of daily seasonal change.

Types of humidity:

The main types of humidity are as follows:

1. Absolute humidity: It is also called the real humidity, the amount of water vapor that is found at a certain temperature in a fixed volume of air is called the real or absolute humidity. 

2. Relative humidity: Relative humidity is the ability of air to absorb moisture at a certain temperature and a fixed volume. 

3. Specific humidity: When the air rises up and comes down, there is change in its actual humidity. Therefore, in the study of air masses, specific humidity is used in place of actual humidity.

The waters in the oceans, the atmosphere and the continents continue to be exchanged through transpiration, evaporation, condensation and precipitation.

The actual amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere is called absolute humidity.

When the water vapor in the atmosphere is converted into liquid or solid state by the process of condensation in the atmosphere, it falls on the surface, and is called precipitation. It contains snow, hail and water droplets from the clouds.

Correct Answer is : (a) Cirrus

Change the state of water due to the effect of insolation results in it turning from liquid to gaseous state, which is called water vapor.

(d) 607 Calories

Water vapor present in the atmosphere is called humidity.

In cyclones, the wind rapidly proceeds towards the center and starts rising up. As it proceeds from the sea, it is saturated with water vapor. Therefore, when cold air comes in its contact, a type of frontal zone is formed in between and hot air containing water vapor cools down and causes rainfall which is called cyclonic rain.

(b) Transmissometer

(c) Absolute humidity

(c) Convectional Rainfall

6.02 x 10²³ x 0.5 = 3.01 x 10²³

Number of moles is 0.5 mole.

The given value 0.01001 has four significant figures.

According to Dalton's atomic theory, an atom is the ultimate particle of matter which cannot be further divided.

Molarity is defined as the gram moles of the solute dissolved per litre (or dm³) of the solution.

(i) 3.218 x 10³

(ii) 6.570 x 10^-4

(i) 40.4

(ii) 0.0561

Answer is 1.235 x 10⁷

(i) 5.00 x 10^-2

(ii) 2.30 x 10⁴

Answer is 9.83 x 10³

LHS = sin 210°= sin(180° + 30°) 

= – sin 30° = -1/2 = RHS