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Long Term Loan. 

A long-term loan is taken for a period of more than 5 years. It is generally taken for buying tractors, making permanent improvements on the land, etc.

Rural Development.

Rural development is a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people i.e rural poor. It involves extending the benefits of development to the poor staying in rural areas.

Correct option is (iv) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

(iv) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Wrong Pair: 

Enforcement of law and order – Eradication of poverty

Wrong Pair: 

RRB’s – Cater to the needs of urban poor

Wrong Pair: 

Infrastructure development – HYV seeds

Correct option is (a) providing safe drinking water, health, and hygiene facilities

Correct option is (c) high transaction costs

Correct option is  (b) savings are inadequate to finance farming and other economic activities.

Correct option is (b) proper enforcement of law and order

Correct option is (a) they are related to agricultural production

1. According to Mahatma Gandhi, “India lives in villages and the development of the nation cannot be achieved without the development of the villages.” It means rural development is necessary for the development of the nation.

2. The role of the government in achieving rural development is very important. It needs the convergence of all development interventions at the grass-root level which can be possible through effective governance at the village level.

3. Following measures are suggested to achieve rural development:

• The movement towards decentralization of the national & state governments through the Panchayat Raj system needs to be strengthened. 
• An understanding of social issues is important for effective planning and policy development.
• The movement towards decentralization of the national & state governments through the Panchayat Raj system needs to be strengthened. An understanding of social issues is important for effective planning and policy development.

4. India is a country of villages. My idea of a model village is as follows:

• There should be a good system of sanitation and the provision of safe drinking water. 
• There must be good educational facilities so as to improve the literacy rate. 
• There must be gender equality and women must be empowered & encouraged to participate in Community Development Programme.
• There should be proper enforcement of law & order 
• There should be the development of infrastructure. 
• A village should have financial institutions to provide credit at a reasonable rate of interest. 
• A model village must have all possible provisions for all-around rural development.

Long Term Loan.

A long-term loan is taken for a period of more than 5 years and is generally taken to buy a tractor or making permanent improvements on the land.

NABARD plays a pivotal role in reducing regional inequality and help small farmers, marginal farmers, and weaker sections of society.

Achievements: 

(i) Refinance – short term loans: 

In the year 2017-18, NABARD sanctioned short-term credit limits of ₹ 55,000 crores for seasonal agricultural operations to financial institutions.

(ii) Refinance – long term loans: 

In the year 2017-18, refinance of ₹ 65,240 crores has been provided to financial institutions to carry forward a wide gamut of activities comprising of farm and non-farm activities. 

(iii) Rural Infrastructure development fund: 

NABARD disbursed ₹ 24,993 crores in RIDF which has now contributed substantially to the rural infrastructure funding.

(iv) Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Grameen (PMAY-G): 

NABARD released ₹ 7,329.43 crores in 2017- 18 to the National Rural Infrastructure Development Agency (NRIDA). Financial assistance was further provided by PMAY-G that planned to provide houses with basic amenities to houseless households by 2022.

(iv) Food Processing Fund: 

To promote the food processing industry the Government of India instituted a special fund in NABARD in the year 2014-15. However, as of 31st March 2018, 11 Mega Food Park Projects, one integrated Food Park Project and three Food Processing Units have been sanctioned.

(v) Watershed Development: 

Watershed Development programmes in 27 states have been sanctioned as of 31st March 2018.

(vi) Tribal Development: 

712 projects have been sanctioned covering ₹ 5.21 lakh tribal families. ₹ 2,121 crores have been provided for their development.

1. purchase of fertilizers and HYV seeds

2. buying cattle or agricultural equipment

3. Productive loan

4. Unproductive loan

5. Government of India

1. Medium-term credit

2. Long term credit

3. Productive loan

4. Unproductive loan

5. NABARD

1. Transport

2. Agricultural Sector

3. Productive Loan

4. Non-institutional Sources

5. State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks.

(iii) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

1. Rural Development

2. tertiary sector

3. final consumers

4. traders, professionals and technicians

5. economic growth

1. Rural Development

2. Agriculture and Allied activities

3. Industrial sector

4. Service sector

5. Short term credit

Infrastructure Development. Infrastructure development is a result of rural development programmes. It leads to further progress of an economy. 

Illustration of special transactions are;

1. Goods destroyed by fire ₹ 6,000.
2. Goods of ₹ 2,000 is withdrawn from business for personal use.
3. Goods of ₹ 1,500 is stolen from business.
4. Goods of ₹ 1,100 given as donation.

The transactions, those are neither cash nor credit transactions, these are special transactions.

Pay-in-slip is used to deposit cash / cheque in bank.

Drawings account is to be debited by ₹ 1,000 is the first effect of this transaction.

Correct option is (c) Voucher

Correct option is (b) Credit transaction

Correct option is (a) Credit

Correct option is (a) Cash

(d) All of these

(b) To promote first generation entrepreneurs

(c) Ribson K

Meaning of Entrepreneurship Development Programmes : 

In general terms, Entrepreneurship Development Programmes work with the objective of searching and identifying prospective youngsters from groups and providing them business knowledge and technical skills for establishing their new enterprises and ventures and assist them in running those ventures or enterprises smoothly. Through these programmes, entrepreneurs are provided with financial, human and market information and assistance for growth and expansion of the enterprise. 

Following are the points to understand entrepreneurship development programme : 

1. Providing business knowledge and technical training to entrepreneurs to increase, their mental and technical abilities. 

2. To help in establishment of new ventures and formulation of projects. 

3. Development of entrepreneurs by increasing their inner strength and making them strong enough to choose the path of courage. 

4. Making the entrepreneurs capable to use entrepreneural behaviour in day to day activities.

1. To help in establishment of new ventures and formulation of projects. 

2. To develop small-scale and cottage industries.

(a) Banning the small-scale and cottage industries

Following are the objectives of entrepreneurship development programmes: 

1. To promote first generation entrepreneurs and industrialists. 

2. To develop entrepreneurship qualities. 

3. To help in establishment of new ventures and formulation of projects. 

4. To develop enterprises in all areas and spheres of country. 

5. To provide training to operate business and for marketing. 

6. To develop small-scale and cottage industries. 

7. To provide solutions for entrepreneurial doubts and problems.

 8. To provide knowledge about government planning and programmes.

Sexual reproduction is highly effective than asexual reproduction since the off springs produced are genetically different from parents causing variations. Variation leads to evolution.

Entrepreneurship has been considered as the backbone of economic development. Entrepreneurship development programme is an effective way to develop entrepreneurs who can help accelerate the pace of socio-economic development, balanced regional growth, optimum use of local resources and create gainful self employment. Arthur Cole has also accepted the social utility of entrepreneurship development programmes stating, “with study of entrepreneurship development programmes, the social and economic activities are strengthened.

In unicellular organisms during binary fission, the entire cell (organism) divides completely to form two daughter cells which later on develop into adult and the process goes on repeatedly during each division leading to immortality of cell (organism). Hence unicellular organisms like amoeba are ‘biologically immortal’.

 Parent cell divides to give rise to new individuals.

The answer is (b) Asthma

The surface which participates in the exchange of O₂ and CO₂ is called as respiratory surface.

Giving out of the air (CO₂) from the lungs into the environment is called as external respiration.

The answer is (c) 5800 ml

Emphysema: 

• It is caused due to heavy smoking and air pollution. 
• Smoking causes continuous stimulation in the lungs which destroys the alveolar walls. 
• This results in increased air space but decreases in the respiratory surface in the lungs. 
• Lung elasticity is also reduced due to the increased amount of connective tissues. It causes difficulty in expiration. 
• Avoiding smoking, use of antibiotics and bronchial-dilators are helpful to get relief.

1. Artificial Respiration: 

1. During accidental conditions of any person such as gaseous toxicity or CO effect, electric shock etc, if breathing stops and heartbeats continue then human life can be saved by giving artificial respiration. 

2. Normally, the artificial respiration activates the respiratory centres, hence normal breathing can be restored. 

3. Many methods of artificial respiration are known but “Mouth to Mouth technique” is most effective. 

4. Following are the main steps for artificial respiration: 

• Keep the patient on a hard bed in a straight position. Keep one hand on the head of the patient and another hand below the head, so respiratory passage gets open. 
• Close the nose of the patient with the hand which is on the head of the patient and put a mouth on the patient’s mouth in such a way that airtight position forms. The hand below the head is to be remained as such so that neck remains stretched. 
• Push air into the mouth of the patient forcefully about 12 times of tidal volume (500 ml). 
• Open the nose and mouth of the patient and allow expiration. 

2. Respiratory disorders (diseases) : 

Asthma: 

1. It is a respiratory disease. It is a condition in which a person’s air passage becomes inflamed, narrow, swells and produces more mucus, which makes difficult to breathe. 

2. The disease is caused due to pollens, dust particles, cold or smoking etc. It causes difficulty in breathing, chest pain, coughing and wheezing. The best remedy to prevent asthma is to live away from allergens. 

3. Asthma can be managed with rescue inhalers to treat symptoms i.e. bronchodilators. Antibiotics are required to cure it. 

Bronchitis: 

1. This disease involves inflammation of the timing of bronchial tubes which carry air to and fro from the lungs. 

2. Symptoms include – swelling on the internal lining of bronchitis that causes constant coughing. Bronchitis may be acute or chronic. 

3. It may also be due to chemicals in the smoke of tobacco. Avoiding smoking is the best way to prevent asthma. 

Emphysema: 

1. It is caused due to heavy smoking and air pollution. 

2. Smoking causes continuous stimulation in the lungs which destroys the alveolar walls.

3. This results in increased air space but decreases in the respiratory surface in the lungs.

4. Lung elasticity is also reduced due to the increased amount of connective tissues. It causes difficulty in expiration. 

5. Avoiding smoking, use of antibiotics and bronchial-dilators are helpful to get relief.

3. Respiratory volumes

• Lung volumes are also known as respiratory volumes. 
• It refers to the volume of gas in the lungs at a given time during the respiratory cycle. 
• Lung capacities are derived from a summation of different lung volumes. 
• The average total lung capacity of an adult human male is about 6 litres of air

Respiration: 

• The body needs energy to perform various vital activities. 
• This energy is obtained mainly by oxidation of carbohydrates & fats. Oxidation of these substances consumes O₂ & release CO₂. The process of consumption of O₂ and the release of CO₂ is termed as respiratory exchange.
• According to Carter, respiration involves external respiration, internal respiration & cellular respiration. 
• Mammals exhibit aerial respiration which needs a respiratory system. 
• The respiratory system concerns with an intake of O₂ and giving out of CO₂.

Types of Respiration: 

The respiration is of two types: 

• External respiration: It takes place in the lung alveoli. taking in of O₂ and giving out of CO₂ is termed as external respiration or Breathing or Ventilation. It is a physical process. 
• Internal respiration: In taking of O₂ by the body cells and production of CO₂ and ATP is called internal or cellular respiration. 

The internal respiration is of two types: 

• Aerobic respiration: Cellular respiration in the presence of O₂ is called aerobic respiration. 
• Anaerobic respiration: The cellular respiration in lack of O₂ is called anaerobic respiration.

In this growth continues to take place throughout the life span. The stem, root show indeterminate growth.