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(i) Vascular bundles are scattered in the ground tissue. 

(ii) Y-shaped (vessels are arranged to form Y, larger towards upper side while smaller towards lower side); endarch condition. 

(iii) Closed ones. They lack cambium.

Plywood industry.

‘The study of plant anatomy is useful in many ways. First of all the study helps us understand the way a plant functions carrying out its routine activities like transpiration, photosynthesis and growth and repair. Second, it helps botanists and agriculture scientists to understand the disease and cure for plants. Plants are important to maintain the ecological balance of the earth, so understanding plant anatomy is a way to understand the large system of the ecology on this planet.

(d) active absorption and passive absorption

(c) (iii) and (iv) only

Lamarck’s theory is based on three main ideas, 

1. new needs, 

2. use and disuse of organs, and 

3. Inheritance of acquired characters. 

Use and disuse of organs For over use: Giraffe’s ancestors were small as deer Giraffes started stretching their neck and forelimbs in order to reach the leaves of taller plants due to the severe competition from other herbivores and drought. This continued for several generations and as a result neck and fore limbs became longer.

For disuse: The ancestors of snake had four well developed limbs snakes were hunted by more advanced group of animals. In order to survive they started crawling on the ground and spent most of their time hiding in crevices and holes. This resulted in the limbs becoming Degenerate and ultimately disappear.

According to Lamarck, those organs which are used regularly become strong and more developed. On the other hand, those organs which are not used regularly become weak and degenerate , Such characters are inherited to the offsprings and so on. In the due course of time, such characters become permanent in later generations and become quite different from their ancestors, resulting in the formation of a new species.

Haemophilia is a sex linked trait. The gene for it is located on X chromosome only, not chromosome. Father contributes only Y chromosome to the son and never passes X chromosomes to the son. Therefore father never passes of haemophilic gene to his son.

According to Hazlitt, if a person makes a habit of reading too much and relying on books to derive sense, all his internal strength of thought is weakened. His faculties of the mind are rendered listless and dull. Such a person loses all capability for genuine thought and action.

Hazlitt के अनुसार यदि कोई बहुत ज्यादा पढ़ने और पुस्तकों से ज्ञान प्राप्त करने की निर्भरता की आदत बना लेता है तो उसके विचारों की सारी आन्तरिक क्षमता कमजोर हो जाती है। उसकी मानसिक क्षमतायें निरुत्साही और नीरस हो जाती हैं। ऐसा व्यक्ति मौलिक विचारों और कार्य की सारी योग्यताओं को खो देता है।

The author carried a wooden slate washed and plastered with yellow chalk, a tiny earthen ink-pot and a red pen. They all were tied in a bundle.

लेखक धुली हुई एवं पीली चॉक से पुती हुई लकड़ी की स्लेट, एक छोटी सी मिट्टी की दवात तथा एक लाल पेन ले जाया करता था। वे सभी एक बण्डल में बंधे होले थे।

Ahmad was overjoyed as he thought that the Qazi was speaking in his favour.

1. False 

2. False

Since Ahmad maintained that he had only sold the well and not the water to Kasim, the Qazi said that Ahmad had no right to keep his belongings in Kasim’s property. A classic example of ‘Tit for tat’. He also passed an order that either he had the water removed from Kasim’s well immediately or pay a daily rent to Kasim.

• Persians get ready to attack Athens. 
• Messenger Pheidippides sent to seek help from Sparta but Spartans unwilling. 
• Battle between Persians and Athenians begin. 
• Athenians emerge victorious. 
• Before the news of victory reaches Athens, Persians plan to take over Athens. 
• Athenian Generals plan to defend Athens by letting Athenians know of the victory.
• Pheidippides entrusted responsibility. 
• Braving all odds, an exhausted Pheidippides completes the journey. 
• Delivers the message but collapses due to exertion and loses his life. 
• Marathon included in the Olympic Games – (the games which were stated in Greece) in honour of Pheidippides.

The author was taught English words and little things of western science and learning like the law of gravity, Archimedes’s principle, the world being round etc. He was taught music also.

लेखक को अंग्रेजी के शब्द तथा पश्चिमी ज्ञान तथा विज्ञान की चीजें जैसे गुरुत्वाकर्षण का नियम, आर्किमीडिज का सिद्धांत, दुनिया गोल है, इत्यादि चीजें पढ़ाई जाती थीं। लेखक को संगीत भी पढ़ाया जाता था।

A suitable moral for the extract is ‘you can fool some people some time, but not all the people all the time.

1. (b) arid 

2. (a) serious 

3. (d) included 

4. (c) accept 

5. (b) anxiety 

6. (c) gathered 

7. (a) interesting

The reason why the grandmother took to feeding sparrows in the city was that she could not come to school with the author and there were no dogs in the streets. It was a kind of favourite pastime for her.

जिस कारण से दादी ने शहर में गौरेयाओं को खिलाना शुरू किया वह यह था कि वह लेखक के साथ विद्यालय नहीं जा सकती थीं और वहाँ पर गलियों में कुत्ते नहीं थे। यह उनका मनपसंद मनबहलाव था।

The lesson begins with the picture of the grandmother as a wrinkled old woman with an old bent body. However, her physical description is a contrast to her spirit. On her face, there is a serene, calm look – with love for not only mankind but also for animals and birds. She was a pious person and this must have given her strength to face her death with quiet dignity. The way she faced her death amidst music is an indicator of the satisfied and content life that would have been her life style.

1.When do you have your annual exams

2. Where did Mr. Rao and his family go during the vacation

3. Why are you late

4. How does your friend go to school

5. What did Sheetal have for breakfast

6. Who visited the Western countries

7. Whose property is this

8. Whom did the doctor talk to yesterday

9. Which is your favorite dish

10. Which bag is yours?

1. Sandeep lived in Tumakuru until 2007. 

2. Sandeep has lived in Bengaluru since 2007.

1. (c) nations

2. (d) unconditional

3. (c) Adoptive

4. (a) Wealth

5. (d) creatures

1. Yes, she was.

2. Yes, I did. OR No, I didn’t.

3. Yes, we shall. OR No, we shall not. The above questions begin with auxiliary verbs. They are answered either with ‘Yes’ or ‘No’.

Excuse me, where is the park? 

Go past the church. Go under the bridge. Go up the hill. Get down the steps. Go by the street. Go beyond the hotel. Walk across the bridge. You will arrive at the park.

As he was trying to take the milk from the Milky Way using a Dipper, the Big Bear growled and the Little Bear howled which frightened him so much that he spilled the milk.

remarkable little

He tried to take the milk from the Milley Way using a Dipper.

In a nuclear family: 

• A child gets a lot of attention.
• Child need not wait for anything he wants.
• Both the parents shower love and protect him/her from any harm.
• There is no scope for disappointments as parents are anxious to fulfill the needs of children.
• Child wants parent to solve all his/her problems and never learns self-reliance.

In a joint family:

• Child has to wait for what he wants to get.
• There will be many to play with.
• There is plenty of scope for caring and sharing.
• Learn to cope with disappointments and failures in a healthy way.
• Learn to adjust with others and tend to be empathetic.

skipper – dipper

He used the Dipper to take a drink of milk from the Milky Way

growled, howled

The man in the moon made a mistake when he tried to take a drink of milk using a Dipper, dipped right from the Milley Way.

Grandma hobbled about the house in spotless white saree. She had one hand resting on her waist to balance her stoop and the other telling the beads of her rosary.

1. Yes, I do. OR No, I don’t.

2. Yes, he has. OR No, he hasn’t.

3. Yes, it is. OR No, it isn’t.

4. Yes, she can. OR No, she can’t.

5. Yes, she will. OR No, she won’t.

The narrator had planned his round the world journey to cover 2,55,000 kilometres in three years.

1. (e) piece (mantelpiece) 

2. (a) lashes (eyelashes) 

3. (f) proof (waterproof) 

4. (g) hive (beehive) 

5. (c) gate (tailgate) 

6. (d) knob (doorknob) 

7. (b) wheel (spinning wheel)

Skipper: captain of a ship or boat. 

Dipper: This word has two meanings. Dipper means a container for taking out water. Also, there are two constellations called Little Dipper (Little Bear) and Big Dipper (Big Bear) in the sky.

Milky Way: The band of light consisting of stars that spreads across the sky at night.

Suzanne’s head had a bump. It was quite swollen. Her blackened eyes narrowed to slits. Her head injury took six minor operations to remove a recurring blood clot between skin and skull. This shows that her injuries were serious.

She was beautiful like the winter landscape in the mountains, an expanse of pure white serenity breathing peace and contentment. Her lips constantly moved in inaudible prayer.

The narrator employed two crewmen -American Larry Vigil and Swiss Herb Seigler in order to help them tackle the southern Indian Ocean which is known as one of the roughest seas of the world. He engaged them before leaving Cape Town.

B) he went to university

Optimism is a circumstance where we look on the brighter side of everything. An optimistic person keeps himself away from fear of failures. To such a person everything is easy to achieve. He deletes the word impossible from his life. He always hopes to succeed in whatever he indulges in. The story ‘We are not afraid to die’ very clearly and boldly prints out this idea. He did not give up his mission only because of his endless courage and optimistic view. He struggled and fought through the storm with unending courage.

He was thrown overboard but when he emerged to the surface he saw the ship being almost capsized. But nature and good fortune revived his optimism. A wave was about to straighten the ship. He held on to the railing which was touching the surface of the water. As the wave hurled her upright he was thrown back into the ship. In spite of worst injuries he survived. This he could achieve only because of optimism and tremendous courage. Every action Gordon Cook indulged in was an example of courage and exposure of the bright side of his life. To the last letter the story gives evidence of optimism and courage.

Ile Amsterdam was a very small island made of volcanic rock. It had little vegetation and only 28 inhabitants. However, the island provided them safety from the huge waves of the sea as well as opportunity to repair the damaged ship.

(i) The thought that a 27-year-old man could murder a college girl in daylight was revolting.

(ii) Nammalvar had a long white beard like an expanse of pure white serenity.

(iii) Gandhiji’s encounter with an ill-clad poor woman in Madurai was a turning point in his political life.

(iv) Grandma accepted her seclusion with resignation.

(v) My mom bathed my younger brother with frivolous rebukes.

The wave that hit Wavewalker had caused extensive damage. Nearly all the boat’s main frames had been smashed down to the keel. A whole section of the starboard hull was being held up by a few cupboard partitions. Wavewalker could not hold together long enough for them to reach Australia. So he searched for an island to repair the boat.

1. isn’t it? 

2. haven’t you? 

3. was it? 

4. doesn’t she? 

5. do you? 

6. doesn’t he?

7. aren’t they? 

8. hasn’t he? 

9. should we?

10. don’t they?

In this story, Khushwant Singh draws a pen picture of his grandmother. He describes how he had spent his childhood with her in the village. He also describes the change that came in the relationship in the city. Ultimately, he describes the moving scene of her death.

Khushwant Singh draws here an interesting portrait of his grandmother. He presents her as a tender, loving and deeply religious old lady. Singh says that his grandmother was an old woman. Her face was so wrinkled that it was difficult to believe that she had ever been young and pretty. Her hair was white as snow. She had a little stoop in her back. She could be seen reciting her rosary all the time. A picture of the author’s grandfather was hung on the wall. He appeared old too and it was difficult to believe that he ever had a wife.

He appeared to have only lots and lots of grandchildren. Singh was the only child at that time. His parents had gone to live in the city leaving him behind in the village under the care of his grandmother. She would get him ready for school, and would also feed him with chapattis. The school was attached to a temple. All the children sat in the verandah reciting the alphabet while his grandmother was engaged in reading the holy scriptures.

Finally, in the evening, the author and the grandmother would walk back home feeding the dogs on the way.

After a friendly relationship with his grandmother, he had to adapt to a new life in the city. This was a turning point for the grandmother and the grandson. Both of them were sent to settle down in the city with his parents. The author went to an English school but the grandmother never liked the way he was taught. Though Singh and his grandmother shared the same room, she was unable to help him. Apart from this, she was also disappointed that he was learning music that she considered inappropriate for gentle folks.

In due course, when Singh went up to University he was given a separate room. This indeed made the common link of their relationship snap completely. The grandmother accepted the fact, and she would spin the wheel from sunrise to sunset to compensate that. Only during the afternoons, she would relax by feeding the sparrows with little pieces of bread. They were her best friends and the sparrows also liked her company.

Later, Singh went abroad for higher studies for five long years. He had a doubt in his mind whether his grandmother would survive or not until he came back. He also thought that it might be the last physical contact between them when she came to the railway station to see him off. However, after five years, when he came back, incredibly he was welcomed by his grandmother who seemed had not grown older by a single day. Singh noticed that even at that time when everyone was joyful about his return, grandmother’s happiest moments were with her sparrows.

Later in the evening, there was a change in her attitude. She celebrated the return of her grandson by collecting some women of the neighborhood and beating the drum for several hours. But, in the morning, grandmother’s health deteriorated and she revealed that she was nearing her end. So she decided that she was not going to waste a single moment by talking. So she prayed. Quite suddenly, the rosary fell from her hand and she exhaled her last breath and it was clear that she was no more.

After making the preparations for the funeral, the family members went to fetch her body for the last journey. The golden blaze of light of the setting sun glittered in her room. And to pay their last homage to the grandmother, thousands of sparrows gathered in and around her room. The sparrows never did chirrup nor did they bother to notice the bread pieces thrown at them. When the grandmother’s corpse was carried off, the sparrows flew away quietly.

The walls of religion, caste and creed divide the world. These walls exist everywhere in the world. We can pull them down only through love and non-violence.

The poet wants his country to be a heaven of freedom. He wants it to be free from all evils. People should be free from the narrow thoughts of caste and creed. They should ever strive for perfection.

The poet prays to God to turn his country into a heaven of freedom. He prays that his countrymen should give up all that is evil. They should not be narrow-minded. Only then can his country gain freedom in the real sense.