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The poet wants that knowledge should be free in his country. It should be free for one and all. It should not be sold in schools and colleges. Everyone should have the right to free education.

We learn a number of values of life from this lesson. The grandmother of the author teaches us many lessons. First of all, there should be a great and firm belief in God. We should not forget that Godliness brings happiness in the family. Benevolence is another value we learn. We should always feed the animals and birds and love them. The grandmother’s love and care for her grandson tell us how our grandparents love us. She is disturbed to know that the English school did not teach children about God and scriptures. In her opinion, every child should be taught about them. The behaviour of the sparrows on the death of the grandmother shows us that if we love and care for animals and birds, in return, they also ‘love us and show their feelings. In all the grandmother is seen as a very religious and down-to-earth lady who believes in values of life.

हम इस पाठ से कई जीवन-मूल्य सीखते हैं। लेखक की दादी माँ हमें कई बातें सिखाती हैं। सर्वप्रथम ईश्वर में दृढ़ विश्वास होना चाहिए। हमें नहीं भूलना चाहिए कि धर्मनिष्ठा परिवार में खुशियाँ लाती है। परोपकार दूसरा जीवन मूल्य है जो हम सीखते हैं। हमें हमेशा जानवरों और पक्षियों को भोजन देना चाहिए और उनसे प्रेम करना चाहिए। दादी माँ का अपने पौत्र के प्रति प्रेम व देखभाल हमें यह बताते हैं कि हमारे दादी-दादा हमसे कितना प्यार करते हैं। वह यह जानकर विचलित हो जाती हैं कि अंग्रेजी स्कूलों में बच्चों को ईश्वर एवं धर्मग्रन्थों के बारे में नहीं पढ़ाया जाता है। उनके दृष्टिकोण में प्रत्येक बच्चे को इनकी शिक्षा दी जानी चाहिए। दादी माँ की मृत्यु पर गौरैयाओं का व्यवहार हमें यह दर्शाता है कि यदि हम जानवरों एवं पक्षियों से प्रेम करें और उनका ध्यान रखें, तो बदले में वे भी हमें प्यार करते हैं और अपनी भावनाओं को प्रदर्शित करते हैं। कुल मिलाकर दादी माँ एक बहुत ही धार्मिक एवं सरल महिला हैं जीवन-मूल्यों में विश्वास करती हैं।

The narrator was searching for a 65 km wide island in an ocean of 150,000 km. He worked optimistically on wind speeds, changes of course, drift and current. He calculated their position with the help of sextant also.

The poet wants his country to be a true heaven of freedom. He wants that knowledge should be free in his country. People should be broad-minded. They should follow truth and reason. They should be self-respecting.

Jonathan asked his daddy if they were going to die. The narrator tried to assure him that they would overcome the situation. Then little Jon declared bravely that he was not afraid of death provided they could all be together.

A middle-aged lady in Australia had a heart attack. She was in great pain. Her pet pig saw i mistress in distress. It ran to the street and pulled the shirt sleeve of a man and brought him

home. He called an ambulance. The lady was saved. We had a pet dog. It was extremely fond of grandpa. He used to take him for long walks. One day grandpa died. The dog refused to eat any food. It went to the burial yard. It starved for a few days and died in front of grandpa’s grave. Even in this story, the sparrows in thousands sat in silence. Mom thought they were hungry. She broke the bread into pieces and threw them. But not a single sparrow touched them. Once grandma’s dead body was taken to the graveyard, the birds flew away. These instances prove beyond doubt that animals are capable of empathy.

Sue’s head had a bump. It had swollen alarmingly. She had two enormous black eyes. She also had a deep cut on her arm. She did not bother her daddy about her injuries as he was busy in more important task.

This prose piece is written by Khushwant Singh, one of the well known Indian novelists and journalists. He is better known for his writings in the “Illustrated Weekly of India”. Secularism and humor are a prominent part of his writing. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1974 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2007. His works include ‘A History of the Sikhs’, ‘Train to Pakistan’ and ‘Delhi’.

In this essay, he makes a vivid character-sketch of his grandmother, who was a pious lady and led a devout life. The only time she seems to have given up praying was when she sang with ecstasy on the arrival of her grandson from abroad after completing his education. It is a very touching story too.

Grandma was bent with age. She was deeply religious. She did not approve of modem science, music and entertainment. However she had the wisdom to accept changes ‘ gracefully and retain her values till her death.

15 Jan 20XX

As young Khushwant Singh, write a letter to your parents describing your daily routine along with your thoughts and feelings about staying in the village.

15 Jan 20XX

Dear Mom and Dad,

l am fine. Grandma is also fine. She wakes me up every day and prepares me for school. She sings her morning prayers in a sing-song voice to my great delight. But she wants me to leam; and repeat them. She washes my slate clean and bundles up ink pot, pen and slate and gives it to me.

We walk together to the temple. While the village priest is teaching us letters of the alphabet and some religious songs in the verandah of the temple, grandma stays inside the temple and joins group of devotees in singing or telling beads. I am touched by her extreme interest in my academics. She feeds me with butter-smeared chapattis with great love. She is quite’ thoughtful of village dogs which wait at the temple gate till my school is over. When we walk back home, the village dogs follow us growling and barking as grandma throws chapattis to those dogs.

Everyday, she enquires what I leam. Though her hunch back and wrinkles show her old age, the serenity, contentment in her face and the winter landscape of her hair make me believe that she is the most beautiful lady. Dad, I am unable to believe she was ever young or pretty because as far as my memory goes, I have always seen her old and wrinkled. Though grandma’s love is immense, I must admit I miss you both. Why don’t you take us both to the ; city? I want to see the city and study in a city school as the education I get in the village school has no variety. Everyday I have to leam only songs and letters of alphabet. Don’t you know, ” ‘variety is the spice of life? I also want to leam different subjects, wear fashionable clothes. and go in a motor car to an English school. Dad and Mom don’t you miss me as I miss you?

Your loving son, 

Khushwant Singh

Khushwant Singh’s grandmother was a very old lady. She was short, fat and slightly bent. Her face was wrinkled. She had white hair. She was very affectionate. She was closely involved in bringing up the author. The two lived in the village. She was a caring grandmother. She ‘ would wake him early in the morning and get him ready for school. She served him breakfast and took him to school. She waited for him in the temple. She prayed while he studied. She returned with him.

She was kind and benevolent. She used to feed dogs in the village. In the city, she took to feeding the sparrows. She was a deeply religious lady. Her lips were always moving in a silent prayer. She was always telling the beads of her rosary. She went to the temple and read the scriptures.

She was a strong woman with strong beliefs. Although she was not formally educated, she was,serious about the author’s education. She could not adjust herself to the western way of life,Science and English education. She hated music. She was distressed to know that there was no teaching about God and holy books at Khushwant Singh’s new English school. On the whole she was a nice, affectionate, kindhearted and religious lady.

“Who can find a virtuous woman? For her price is far above Rubies.” .

When the grandmother went to the city, she took to feed the sparrows in the afternoon. The sparrows became so attached to her that they used to sit on her legs, shoulders and even on her head. She used to smile but never shooed them away. When the grandmother died, every family member mourned. This is natural for humans but when the family members went to make arrangements for her funeral, thousands of sparrows sat scattered on the floor all over the verandah and in her room right up to where she lay dead and stiff wrapped in the red shroud. They were not chirping. Instead, they were sitting quietly. When the author’s mother threw bread crumbs to the sparrows, they took no notice of it. All these things show that everybody including the sparrows mourned the grandmother’s death.

जब दादी माँ शहर में रहने के लिए चली गईं तो उन्होंने दोपहर में गौरेयों को खिलाना शुरू कर दिया। उन गौरेयाओं का भी दादी माँ से इतना लगाव हो गया कि वे उनकी टांगों, कंधों तथा सिर पर भी बैठ जाया करती थीं। वे मुस्करा देती थी लेकिन उन्हें दूर नहीं भगाती थीं। जब दादी माँ गुजर गईं तो परिवार का प्रत्येक सदस्य दु:खी हुआ। यह मनुष्यों के लिए स्वाभाविक है लेकिन जब परिवार के सदस्य अंतिम संस्कार की व्यवस्था करने के लिए गए तो सारे बरामदे और उनके कमरे में और वहाँ तक जहाँ तक वह मोटे लाल कपड़े में लिपटी हुई पड़ी थीं, हजारों गौरेयाँ फर्श पर बिखरी हुई बैठ गईं। वे चहचहा नहीं रही थीं। इसके बजाय वे चुपचाप बैठी हुई थीं। जब लेखक की माँ ने उनके सामने रोटी के टुकड़े डाले तो उन्होंने इस पर ध्यान नहीं दिया। इन सभी बातों से पता चलता है कि गौरेयाओं सहित सभी को दादी माँ की मृत्यु पर दु:ख था।

The author and his grandmother were living together. Both cared for each other. And it was the common link of friendship between them. When they were in the village, she used to help the author in every way. But when they went to the city, there came a turning point. Now she could not go to school with the author and help him with his lessons. She was disturbed to know about the teaching of music. After this, she did not complain but became silent. She rarely talked to him. When the author went to university, he was given a room of his own. The common link of friendship was snapped. The grandmother accepted her seclusion with resignation. She took spinning-wheel from sunrise to sunset and reciting prayers. In the afternoon she used to feed the sparrows.

लेखक और उसकी दादी साथ-साथ रह रहे थे। दोनों ही एक दूसरे का ध्यान रखा करते थे। और यही उनके बीच में मित्रता को साझा संबध था। जब वे गाँव में थे तो वह लेखक की प्रत्येक प्रकार से मदद किया करती थीं। लेकिन जब वे शहर चले गये तो यह एक निर्णायक क्षण था। अब वह लेखक के साथ विद्यालय नहीं जा सकती थीं और उसके पाठों में मदद नहीं कर सकती थीं। वह संगीत सिखाये जाने के बारे में जानकर परेशान हो गईं। इसके बाद उन्होंने कोई शिकायत नहीं की, लेकिन चुप हो गईं। वह बमुश्किल ही उससे बोलती थीं। जब लेखक विश्वविद्यालय गया तो उसे स्वयं का कमरा दे दिया गया। मित्रता का साझा संबंध टूट गया। दादी ने अपने एकान्त को सब्र के साथ स्वीकार कर लिया। उन्होंने सूर्योदय से सूर्यास्त तक प्रार्थनाएं करते हुए चरखा कातना शुरू कर दिया। दोपहर बाद वह गौरेयाओं को खिलाया करती थीं।

Gordon Cook set sail in 1976. He had built for himself a huge boat and called it ‘Wavewalker’. The journey was to be 2,55,000 km. On second of January 1977, while they were in the southern Indian Ocean, about 3500 km from Cape Town, the weather suddenly became terrible. The sea became stormy. The ship was caught in the stormy sea.

It rose to the top of each wave. The captain had taken various steps to protect themselves from the fury of the storm. First of all he had dropped down the jib (small sail) to slow down the speed. He secured everything tightly with ropes. He attached lifelines to the life-rafts. Then he made everyone to put on their oilskins and life jackets. These precautionary measures later proved to be insufficient.

The grandmother was a typical Indian village-dwelling old lady who felt the pangs of seclusion caused by her migration to the city. She was a silent onlooker of the social changes taking place in modern India. She was very old. Her wrinkled face seemed to have remained as it was for the last twenty years. She was short, fat and slightly bent. She was a religious lady. She spent all her life in telling beads and praying. She read scriptures. She used to feed dogs in the village and sparrows in the city. Thus, she was a true lover of animals. She never shooed away the sparrows. She was a lady of strong character. She had her own convictions which she rigorously followed. She had foreseen her end. She told in advance that her end had come, though it was a mild fever. The character of the grandmother makes us sentimental.

दादी एक ठेठ भारतीय ग्रामीण वृद्ध महिला थीं जो शहर में अपने प्रवास से पैदा हुए दु:ख को महसूस करती थीं। आधुनिक भारत में जो परिर्वतन हो रहे हैं वह उनकी मूक दृष्टा थीं। वह बहुत ही वृद्ध थीं। उनका झुर्रादार चेहरा पिछले बीस वर्षों से ऐसा ही प्रतीत होता था। वह छोटी, मोटी तथा थोड़ी सी कुबड़ी थीं। वह एक धार्मिक महिला थीं। उन्होंने अपना सारा जीवन माला जपने वे प्रार्थना करने में बिताया था। वह धर्मग्रंथ पढ़ती थीं। वह गाँव में कुत्तों को व शहर में चिड़ियाँ को खिलाया करती थीं। इस प्रकार से वह जानवरों की सच्ची प्रेमी थीं। वह कभी भी चिड़ियाँ को झिड़क कर दूर नहीं किया करती थीं। वह दृढ़ चरित्र वाली महिला थीं। उनके अपने विचार थे जिनका उन्होंने दृढ़ता से पालन किया। उन्होंने अपने अंत के बारे में पहले से ही जान लिया था। उन्होंने पहले से यह बता दिया था कि उनका अंत आ गया था यद्यपि यह केवल हल्का बुखार ही था। दादी का चरित्र हमें भावुक कर देता है।

Grandma started the mornings with a sing-song prayer. She woke up the author bathed and dressed him up and wanted him to learn the prayers by heart. Both would march to the school which was attached to a temple. She would stay inside chanting prayers and telling beads. In the evening, she would throw the stale chapattis to village dogs as they returned home.

The author was going abroad for a five years study. Grandma kissed Khushwant Singh on his forehead. He mistook it to be the last sign of physical contact with grandma.

Grandma accepted her seclusion gracefully. She spun and recited prayers the whole day. She took half an hour break to feed the sparrows happily.

She would fetch his wooden slate already plastered with yellow chalk, a tiny earthen, ink -pot and a red pen. She would bundle them all and hand it to the boy author.

As the narrator moved on to university, he was given a separate room at home. This almost snapped the friendship between grandma and the author.

1. D. Both A’ and ‘B’

2. C. Sunset

3. B. Their not chirruping.

4. B. the sparrows had not eaten even a single crumb of the bread.

Village school is easily accessible on foot. Values and letters of the alphabet are given utmost importance. Children carried wooden slate and ink-pot. These was no subject specialization in the village school. One teacher taught all. City school has huge buildings. Subject-wise teachers are there. School is remote. Children have to travel to long distance to reach school.

The various phases of the author’s relationship with his grandmother were as follow:
(a) In the village:They were always together in the village. The grandmother used to bathe him and get him ready for the school. She used to go to school with him because school was attached to the temple.
(b) In the city:The author started going to an English school. Now the grandmother could not come to school with the author because he went to school by motor bus. She could not help him in his studies. The grandmother began to spend her time by praying and feeding the sparrows. She did not like the idea of music being taught and rarely talked to him.
(c) When the author went to university:He was given a separate room. The last link of friendship was broken. The grandmother spent all her time in spinning, praying and feeding sparrows.

लेखक के दादी के साथ उसके सम्बन्ध की विभिन्न अवस्थाएँ निम्नलिखित रहीं:
(अ) गाँव में: गाँव में वे सदा साथ रहते। दादी उसे नहलातीं और स्कूल के लिए तैयार करतीं। यह उसके साथ विद्यालय जाया करती थीं क्योंकि विद्यालय मंदिर के साथ लगा हुआ था।
(ब) शहर में: लेखक ने एक अंग्रेजी स्कूल में जाना शुरू किया। अब दादी लेखक के साथ विद्यालय नहीं आ सकती थीं क्योंकि वह विद्यालय बस से जाता था। दादी लेखक की पढ़ाई में उसकी मदद नहीं कर पाती थीं। उन्होंने अपना समय प्रार्थना करने एवं चिड़ियों को दाना खिलाने में व्यतीत करना शुरू कर दिया। उन्हें संगीत सिखाये जाने का विचार पसंद नहीं आया तथा लेखक से बातें करना छोड़ दिया।
(स) जब लेखक विश्वविद्यालय गया: लेखक को अपना अलग कमरा दे दिया गया। मित्रता का आखिरी सम्बन्ध भी टूट गया। दादी माँ अपना सारा समय चरखा कातने, प्रार्थना करने और चिडियों को दाना खिलाने में बितातीं।

In the city, there were no dogs. So grandma started feeding the sparrows.

Grandma was bent with age. So, she could not walk straight. She could only hobble about the house.

The boy author went to school in a motor car. So, she could not accompany him to school.

It appeared that grandma was holding on to see her grandson back home. She sensed her impending death and shocked her family members with the prediction. She drummed and sang along with neighbours with great zest as if she were celebrating her grandson’s return. In reality, she was enjoying the last moments of her life with absolute abandon even suspending her prayers for a while

1. C. That she could not help her grandson with his lessons.

2. C. That there was no teaching about God and the scriptures in his syllabus.

3. C. had indecent connections.

4. A. since the writer told him that he learnt music at school.

The grandmother was disturbed because of the following reasons:
(a) No religious teaching at the English school:
There was no teaching about God and scriptures in the English school. She did not like such a school where there was no education regarding God and religion.
(b) She could not help the author in his studies:
The grandmother used to help the author in his studies in the village. Now she could not help the author in his studies. It was because she did not know English and felt helpless in this matter.
(c) Music was taught at school: She was disturbed when she knew that music lessons were given at school. She believed that music was meant only for beggars and harlots.

दादी निम्नलिखित कारणों से परेशान थीं:
(अ) अंग्रेजी स्कूल में धार्मिक अध्यापन नहीं था:
अंग्रेजी स्कूल में ईश्वर और धार्मिक ग्रन्थों के सम्बन्ध में कोई पढ़ाई नहीं होती थी। वह ऐसे स्कूल को पसन्द नहीं करती थीं जहाँ ईश्वर और धर्म से सम्बन्धित शिक्षा न हो।
(ब) वह लेखक की पढ़ाई में मदद नहीं कर पाती थीं:
दादी गाँव में लेखक की पढ़ाई में मदद किया करती थीं। अब दादी लेखक की पढ़ाई में मदद नहीं कर पाती थीं। ऐसा इसलिए था क्योंकि वह अंग्रेजी नहीं जानती थीं। और इस मामले में स्वयं को असहाय अनुभव करती थीं।
(स) स्कूल में संगीत पढ़ाया जाता था:
दादी परेशान हो गईं जब उन्हें पता चला कि स्कूल में संगीत के पाठ पढ़ाए जाते हैं। उन्हें विश्वास था कि संगीत केवल भिखारियों और वेश्याओं के लिए ही बना है।

The grandmother came to the station to receive the author. But she had no time for words. She clasped the author in her arms and went on reciting prayers.

दादी लेखक का स्वागत करने के लिए स्टेशन पर आईं। लेकिन उनके पास बोलने के लिए समय नहीं था। उन्होंने लेखक को अपनी बाहों में मजबूती से पकड़ा और प्रार्थना करती रहीं।

The boy author’s learning material included new English words, principles of science such as Archimedes Principle and law of gravity and the round shape of the earth. Shifting of gear from traditional and value-based education to modem English and science education made grandma unhappy.

The grandmother actually hated music. She was a conservative old lady who had her own beliefs and superstitions. She thought that music was meant only for prostitutes and beggars. It was not meant for gentlefolk. Music was not meant for school children from respectable families.

1. D. Both ‘A and B’

2. B. he had died long ago.

3. C. he was at least a hundred years old.

4. D. Both A’ and ‘B’

She considered that music had lewd associations. It was not meant for decent people and gentlefolk. It was actually the monopoly of prostitutes and beggars.

She did not , believe in the things they taught at the English school. She hated Western Science and learning. She was pained to know that there was no teaching of God and the scriptures there.

(b) evolving

Correct option is (b) Valmiki

The two fragments will fly off in exactly opposite directions.

1. Some pods of dry fruits explode is a mechanical reaction. 

2. In such way that they scatter the seeds all around.

3. In this way they dispersal the seeds.

Double membrane structure. Outer membrane smooth and inner membrane forms a number of infoldings called cristae. 

Function : Sites of aerobic respiration. Called ‘power houses’ of cell as produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Matrix possesses single circular DNA molecule, a few RNA molecules, ribosomes (70S). It divides by fission.

Cellular communication is one that permits the user to link up with standard telephone systems and allows calls to any part of the world.

The first and second slaves impressed their master, Like; The master gave five talents to the first slave and two talents to the second slave, to each according to his ability. Then master went away. The first slave had received five talents went off at once and traded with them, and made five more talents. In the same way, the second slave had the two talents made two more talents. Like this way, the first & second slaves impressed their master.

जब दो प्राथमिक रंगों को एक जितनी मात्रा में मिलाया जाए तो तीन दूसरे दर्जे के रंग बनते हैं जैसे

लाल + पीला = संतरी
पीला + नीला = हरा
नीला + लाल = जामनी

इसलिए इन छ: रंगों (लाल, पीला, नीला, संतरी, जामनी और हरा) को आधार रंग कहा जाता है।

सही उत्तर है  पांच

एकसारता, अनुपात, सन्तुलन, लय तथा बल।

रेखाएं, रूप तथा आकार, रंग, बनावट।

कोई भी मकान या वस्तु बनाने के लिए पहले उसका डिज़ाइन तैयार किया जाता है और प्रत्येक डिज़ाइन तैयार करने के लिए उसके मूल तत्त्वों का पता होना चाहिए जैसे

1. रेखाओं-सीधी रेखाएं, लेटी रेखाएं, टेढ़ी रेखाएं और गोल रेखाएं।
2. रूप और आकार
3. रंग
4. ढांचा।

रूप और आकार (Shape and Size) — रूप और आकार का आपस में गहरा सम्बन्ध है, रेखाओं को मिलाकर ही किसी वस्तु को रूप और आकार दिया जाता है। रेखाएं अपने आप में इकाई हैं जिनके मिलाप से कोई वस्तु बनाई जाती है। घर की इमारत या उसकी अन्दरूनी सजावट में रूप और आकार नज़र आता है। आजकल कमरों को बड़ा दिखाने के लिए बड़ी-बड़ी खिड़कियां रखी जाती हैं ताकि अन्दर और बाहर मिलते नज़र आएं। कमरे का आकार, उसकी छत की ऊँचाई और उसके दरवाजे और खिड़कियां कमरे में रखने वाले फर्नीचर को प्रभावित करते हैं। कमरे के फर्नीचर, पर्दे, कालीन और अन्य सामान सारे कमरे को छोटा करते हैं। यदि किसी कमरे को उसके काम के अनुसार विभाजित किया जाए जैसे कि एक भाग बैठने का, एक खाना खाने का और एक पढ़ने का तो कमरा छोटा लगने लग जाता है। यदि कमरे को बड़ा दिखाना चाहते हो तो इसके कम-से-कम भाग करो। इसके अतिरिक्त कमरे को बड़ा दिखाने के लिए छोटा और हल्का फर्नीचर, कम सजावट का सामान और हल्के रंग प्रयोग करो। पतली टांगों वाले फर्नीचर से कमरा बड़ा लगता है क्योंकि इससे फर्नीचर के नीचे फर्श का अधिक भाग दिखाई देता रहता है।

जब कोई भी वस्तु बनाई जाती है तो उसका नमूना भाव डिज़ाइन बनता है। यद्यपि यह वस्तु कुर्सी, मेज़ हो या मकान। एक अच्छा डिज़ाइन बनाने के लिए इसके मूल तत्त्वों का ज्ञान और कला के मूल सिद्धान्तों की जानकारी होना आवश्यक है। इन मूल सिद्धान्तों में रेखाएं, रूप और आकार, रंग और ढांचा (Texture) महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं।

सही उत्तर है प्राथमिक रंग

भड़कीला, शाही, ओजस्वी, क्रियाशील।