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Contraction and relaxation of the muscles present in various parts of gut bring about peristalsis.

Yes, the level of saliva increases due to the presence of food in the mouth.

Movement of food (bolus) from mouth to stomach through oesophagus is influenced by the coordination between muscular system and nervous system. 

Muscular movement in mouth: 

1. The circular muscles of the mouth enable the food to be pushed into the oral cavity and to be moved around. 

2. The surface muscles of the jaw help in biting and chewing actions while the deep muscles move the jaw up and down, forward and backward during mastication. 

Muscular movement in oesophagus: 

1. The wall of the oesophagus is made up of two kinds of smooth muscles. 

2. The inner layer consists of circular muscles and the outer layer is of longitudinal muscles. 

3. Contraction of circular muscles lead to narrowing of the oesophagus behind the bolus. So the food is squeezed downwards. 

4. Contraction of the longitudinal muscles in front of the bolus widens the tube, results in shortening of particular part of oesophagus. 

5. In this way food moves easily and enters the stomach. , 

6. Contraction and relaxation of oesophagus muscles bring peristaltic movements.

A) Peristalsis functions in stomach: 

1. Contraction and relaxation of the muscles present in the stomach bring in a wave-like motion called peristalsis. 

2. The contraction of the stomach muscles squeeze and mix the food with the acids and juices of the stomach. 

3. Mechanical mixing of food in stomach occurs by peristalsis. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.

4. Peristalsis in stomach is involuntary and under the control of the autonomous nervous system.

B) Sphincter functions in the stomach: 

1. Pyloric sphincter is present at the opening of the stomach into the duodenum (small intestine). 

2. The pyloric sphincter allows only small quantities of food into duodenum at a time.

Yes. We have a sphincter at the opening where stomach opens into duodenum (small intestine).

No, these systems are not working together in the whole length of the digestive canal. The digested food material is absorbed only in the small intestine but not elsewhere in the gut.

After the digestion in the mouth the food move to oesophagus.

There are different sphincter “muscles in the food canal. They are : 

1. Esophageal sphincter 

2. Cardiac sphincter 

3. Pyloric sphincter 

4. Anal sphincter and 

5. Ileocecal value or sphincter. 

1. Esophageal sphincter: 

1. This allows entry of bolus into the oesophagus,

2. It also reduces back flow from the oesophagus to pharynx. 

2. Cardiac sphincter: 

1. It is present where oesophagus meets the stomach, 

2. It’s location is almost directly in front of the heart, 

3. It allows food from oesophagus into the stomach. 

3. Pyloric sphincter: 

1. It is present at the opening called pylorus, located at the end of the stomach, 

2. Pyloric sphincter allows only small quantities of food into duodenum at a time. 

4) Anal sphincter:

1. It is located at the anus, the end of the digestive system, 

2. The release of waste is controlled partly, voluntarily by anal sphincter. 

5) Ileocecal value: 

1. It is situated at the junction of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine (colon), 

2. It’s function is to limit the colonic contents into the ileum.

Correct option is: C) Press the tongue slowly against the palate

1. Canine 

2. Stomach 

3. HCL

4. Nose 

5. Alkaline nature

Pranayama (All others are treatment for cancer.)

The process of beating out the grains from the harvested crop plants is called threshing.

Goat is meat yielding animal and hen is egg yielding animal.

The process in which grains are separated from chaff with the help of wind is called winnowing.

(c) winnowing

Cow and buffalo are two domestic animals which are used to obtained milk.

The branch of agriculture which deals with feeding, shelter, health and breeding of domestic animals is called animal husbandry.

In the harvested crop the grain seed is separated from the chaff. This process is called Threshing.

Yes, it necessary to weed out unwanted plants time to time from crop field because it competes for space, nutrients and sunlight. It decreases the crop yield.

C. FCI 

The government agency like food corporation of India (FCI) buy food grains from farmers and storing them properly.

• Different crops require different temperature, moisture content and soil condition to grow.
• Our country has different seasons hence, different crops are grown.
• For examples crops like paddy, maize, sorghum, sugarcane, and pearl millets are sown in the months of June-July and harvested in September-October every year.
• Some crops such as wheat, oat, barley and pulses, oil seeds are sown in the months of October-November and harvested in the month March-April.

(a)

(b)

The animals such as cow, buffalo, and goat give milk. Milk yielding animals are called ‘milch animals’.

Neem tree is native of India. Its leaves contain chemicals such as Nimbin which have antifungal, antibacterial property. Hence, dried neem leaves are used for storing food grains at home. Neem leaves kept in stored grain, protect from pests and microorganisms.

The various practices necessary for raising animals for food and Other purposes are: 

• Proper food of animals, 

• Proper shelter of animals, and 

• Proper care of animals.

Food Corporation of India (FCI) purchase food grain from farmers.

D. proteins 

The food obtained from animals is very rich in proteins.

C) Rice varieties

The advantage of storing food grains in gunny bags is that food grains filled in gunny bags can be easily transported and distributed at various parts of country.

Correct option is D) Sulphur

Correct option is A) Cereals

D) All of the above

D) Maize + Red gram

Correct option is D) Cl

C) Groundnut

A) Boran, Iron, Copper

A) Hybridisation

Correct option is B) 46 %

D) All of the above

D) Azotobacter

Correct option is A) Red gram

A) Above 14%

Correct option is D) 3 only

1. Increase in milk production: To-day India is the largest producer of milk in the world the total milk production in India in 2013-14 is 137.69 metric ton. Every year there is an increase in milk production availability of milk 307 gm, i.e. per person per day. 

2. Farmer’s income: It is a secondary income source for rural people. It has played an important role in providing job opportunities to women and people living at borders. 

3. Employment for rural unemployed people: For landless farmers and tenants it has become a stable self financed employment about 90 lakhs of farmers who are landless and live at borders are engaged in this field and have important contribution in the field of dairy.

(b) Animal rearing

B) Pulichinta

Allied activities of agriculture are: forestry, wood cutting, animal rearing, pisciculture, mines and poultry etc.

Correct option is D) 3 only

Correct option is C) Stomata