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Correct option: (c) deciduous

Mixed forest are found at the foothills of the Himalayas.

In regions with medium altitude, coniferous trees like pine, deodar and fir are found.

Seasonally flowering trees are found in regions of high altitude.

Correct option: (d) coniferous

Wild ass and camels are found in the arid lands of India.

The Government of India has set up a number of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, bird sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves for the protection of wildlife and forests in India.

Turtles, crocodiles and gharials are found in rivers, estuaries, and coastal areas of India.

India is the only country where both lions and tigers are found.

Snow leopards are found in the snow capped regions of the Himalayas.

Catechu, acacia, khejri and a variety of cactus like aloevera and agave are found in regions having less than 500 mm of rainfall in India.

Coastal vegetation is called mangroves or Sunder bans in India.

Birds like peacocks, Indian bustard, kingfishers, peasants, ducks, parakeet, cranes, and pigeons are found in the forests and wetlands of India.

Indian Bisons, deer, antelopes, and monkeys are found in the Peninsular region of India.

1. Any two varieties of animals found in Brazil. Guinea pigs and crocodiles.

2. Sword fish.

3. Pink dolphins and Piranhas.

4. Condors and macaws.

5. Illegal smuggling of wild animals, roka, deforestation and pollution

6. Hot and humid forests.

7. One horned rhinoceroses.

8. Wild ass and camels.

9. Yaks and snow leopards.

10. Indian bisons, deer, antelopes and monkeys.

11. India.

12. Turtles, crocodiles and garials.

13. Setting up of National parks, bird sanctuaries, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves.

14. Tiger.

The wood of trees found in coastal vegetation is oily, light and durable.

Coastal vegetation is found in swampy areas, estuaries and lagoons near coastal areas.

Correct option: (b) Sunder bans

1. Fold Mountain : 

1. Fold mountains is built by the tectonic forces folding the sedimentary rocks. 

2. These are formed of light sedimentary rocks e.g. the  Himalayas 

Block Mountain : 

1. Block mountain is built after the submergence of a landmass leaving behind the big blocks on the both sides. 

2. These are formed by solid rocks standing on the both sides of a rift valley. e.g. Vosges mountain in France. 

2. Intermontane plateau : These are the highest and most extensive types on the globe surrounded by hills and mountains. The plateau of Tibet is the highest plateau as well as most extensive intermontane plateau. Other examples are Columbian Plateau, North Americal Cordillera, Bolivian, Peruvian and Mexican plateaus.

Volcanic Plateau : In places where fissure eruptions have taken place magma erupts quietly through narrow fissures several kilometres in length. This magma spreads on the surface and cools down as a sheet of lava covering the surface of the land. Eruptions at intervals lead to the piling up of lava sheets one over the other in a series of steps. The Deccan trap region of Peninsular India has several lava sheets having a maximum thickness of about 200 metres. This region forms a lava plateau. Other examples are South African plateau, Columbian Plateau and Ethiopian plateau. 

3. Structural plain : It is formed by the uplift of landmass by Diastrophic forces creating an extensive lowland. The Missouri – Mississippi plain of U.S.A. is an example, which came out of ocean by uplift force. Depositional plains : These plains are formed by the deposition of materials which have been brought by various agents of transportation, eg. 

1. River Deposition : The most widespread of these are alluvial plains like the Northern Plains of India; the flood plains like the Mississippi Plains in the USA, deltaic plains in Egypt and India 

2. Wind Deposition : Most of such plains are sandy deserts like the Sahara in Africa and the Thar desert in India. They have irregular and undulating surface made by existence of sand dunes and hallows. 

3. Marine Deposition : These plains are found in coastal regions. Examples are the east coast of India, the estuarine banks in the Netherlands, coast of Germany and Denmark. 

4. Tectonic mountain : 

1. It is built by the tectonic force working on the crust of the earth. 

2. It is the result of upthrust force of the tectonic movement. 

3. It may be built by sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. 

Volcanic mountain : 

1. It is built by the volcanic eruption from the interior of the earth. 

2. It is the result of upthrust force of magma coming up on the earth surface. 3. It may be built by crystalline igneous rocks of particular composition.

The Peninsular Plateau of India lies to the south of the Northern Plains and extends up to the tip of the Indian peninsula. The Peninsular Plateau is a tableland with gently rising rounded hills and broad, shallow valleys. It is roughly triangular in shape. It is the oldest and the most stable landmass of India. The plateau is formed of old crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks. 

The Peninsular Plateau consists of two broad divisions – the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. The part of the Peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada river is known as Central Highlands. It comprises of Malwa Plateau, Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand plateaus, the Vindhya Range and extends as Chhota Nagpur Plateau. The Aravalis are highly denuded old hills that lie on the western and northwestern margins of the Peninsular Plateau. 

The part of the Peninsular Plateau lying to the south of river Narmada is known as Deccan Plateau. It is a triangular landmass with broad base in the north and tapers southward. It is formed due to lava flows, so a greater part of it is composed of basaltic rocks of volcanic origin. It is flanked by the Satpura range in the north. The Mahadev, the Kaimur hills and Maikal range from its eastern extensions.

The Deccan Plateau is flanked by the Western Ghats in the west and Eastern Ghats in the east. The Western Ghats have comparatively higher elevation of average 900 to 1600 metres. The Eastern Ghats have an average elevation of 600 metres. So the plateau is higher in the west and slopes gently eastwards. The black soil area of the Deccan Plateau is known as Deccan Trap.

Examples of Residual mountains are Nilgiri, Parasnath and Rajmahal Hills in India and the Catskill range in the USA.

The major sub-division of the Peninsular Plateau are Malwa Plateau, Chota Nagpur plateau, Karnatak, plateau, Telangana Plateau and Deccan Plateau.

The Northern Plains 

1. Geologically, the Northern Plains were formed in recent geological period. 

2. Northern Plains are the most recent landform. 

3. They are being formed and reshaped by the river systems. 

4. It is a fertile, level land. 

5. The Northern Plains are formed of alluvial deposits brought down by the rivers.

 6. The Northern Plains are divided into three sections: 

(i) The Punjab Plains formed by Indus and its tributaries. 

(ii) The Ganga Plains in North India. 

(iii) The Brahmaputra Plain in Assam. 

7. The Northern Plains are covered with rich, fertile alluvial soil, ideal for high agricultural production.

The Peninsular Plateau 

1. Geologically, the Peninsular Plateau is part of the Gondwanaland, the southern part of ancient super-continent Pangaea. 

2. The Peninsular plateau is part of oldest landmass.

3. It is one of the most stable land blocks. 

4. It is a plateau or tableland with gently rising rounded hills and wide shallow valleys. 

5. The Peninsular Plateau is composed of old crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks. 

6. The Peninsular Plateau is divided mainly into two broad divisions : 

(i) The Central Highlands and 

(ii) The Deccan Plateau. 

7. A distinct feature of the Peninsular Plateau is the black soil area known as Deccan Trap. 

This soil is ideal for growth of cotton.

1. Block mountains. 

2. Rift valleys and basins are produced by epeirogenic movements

The movements such as uplift and submergence working in vertical direction are known as epeirogenic movements. ‘Epeiros’ in Greek means continent ‘genic’ means building. As this movement created continents coming out higher from the oceans.

1. Himalayan Forests are found in western snow-capped regions.

2. The coastal vegetation is mainly found along the Eastern Coast.

3. Deciduous forests are found in the regions receiving rainfall between 1000 mm to 2000 mm Since most of India has rainfall in that range, deciduous forests dominate the Indian subcontinent.

4. Semi arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Haryana are the places where thorny and shrub vegetation are found. The thorny forests are found in these regions as the rainfall is less than 500 mm.

Landforms play an important role for human activities by providing different aspects of landscapes, climatic variety, natural gifts of snowclad ranges, glaciers and rivers etc., various vegetation zones imparting innumerable forest’ products, agriculture and other occupations related to different types of landforms, natural beauty and tourism all these making this earth fascinating living world.

Depositional plains These plains are formed by the deposition of materials which have been brought by various agents of transportation, eg. 

1. River Deposition : The most widespread of these are alluvial plains like the Northern Plains of India; the flood plains like the Mississippi Plains in the USA, deltaic plains in Egypt and India 

2. Wind Deposition : Most such plains are sandy deserts like the Sahara in Africa and the Thar desert in India. They have irregular and undulating surface made by existence of sand dimes and hallows. 

3. Marine Deposition : These plains are found in coastal regions. Examples are the east coast of India, the estuarine banks in the Netherlands, coast of Germany and Denmark.

Structural plains are created by uplifting of a large landmass due to Diastrophic movements, e.g. plainofU.S.A. Erosionalplains are formed by eroding highlands into plain areas, e.g. Lorraine plain in France. Srinagar Valley of Kashmir is the result of glacial erosion, Sahara desert plain is the result of wind erosion. Karst plains are created by erosion of limestone rocks by ground water, e.g. Karst plain of Yugoslavia. Depositional plains are caused by large scale deposition of debris and silt deposited by the running water or rivers, e.g. Northern plain of India.

The fold mountains are formed by the lateral compression of sedimentary rocks as seen by the different layers of various types of rocks one upon another.

(a) Alpine and Himalayan System both run from West to East direction in Europe and Asia continents respectively. 

(b) Rocky-Andean System both run from North to South in the western margins of North America and South America continents.

(a) These mountains are made of light sedimentary rocks of recent tertiary age and are the highest mountain system which are still increasing their heights due to gradual upthrust force. The Himalayas are called young fold mountains. 

(b) The Alpine-Himalayan system and Circum Parific mountain belt are the ‘Old Fold Mountains’ which existed as geosynclines 50-60 million years ago.

1. The fold mountain system has parallel ranges. 

2. A fold mountain region is also a region of sudden forces such as of volcanoes and earthquakes.

Orogenic movements are caused by compressional or tensional forces.

The evidences that the Earth movements have taken place in the past are as follows : 

1. The basins containing sedimentary rocks indicate that such basins must have been below sea level in the past. The coalfields of the Damodar valley occur in such basins of the geological past. 

2. Oilfields occur in basins containing old sedimentary rocks. Such basins are now occurring on the land. This shows that the portion of the crust which was once depressed must have been uplifted later. 

3. llie Himalayas provide another evidence of the recent effect of Earth movements.

Old fold mountains : 

The fold mountains which were formed about more than 250 million years ago are called old fold mountains. For example, the Urals in Russia, the Appalachians in North America and the Aravalli range in India are old fold mountains. These mountain ranges are of low altitude and have gentle slopes. 

Young fold mountains : 

The most recent phase of mountain building took place about 25 million years ago. The world’s highest mountain ranges were formed during this period. These are known as young fold mountains. They have rugged relief features because they have been subjected to denudation for a comparatively short period only.

The Peninsular Plateau

Effects of epeirogenic movements : 

1. They cause rising or sinking of the crust. They may cause the elevation of broad areas as extensive as those of a continent or lowering of the sea level. 

2. These movements are responsible for the formation of plateaux.

1. Old fold mountains have low altitude and gentle slopes because they have been subjected to denudations for million of years.

2. Young fold mountains have rugged relief features because they have been subjected to denudation for a comparatively short period only. 

3. Young fold mountains are liable to Earthquakes and volcanic action because these mountain regions are areas of crustal instability.

Gondwanaland

A landmass bounded by sea on three sides is referred to as Peninsula. 

The answer is (C) Peninsula

Diastrophic forces.

The answer is  (C) Peninsular Plateau

1. Mir Jaffer 

2. Shah Alam II 

3. Pondicherry 

4. 1756.

Lord Wellesley introduced Subsidiary Alliance.

The Battle of Buxar was fought between the British and the combined forces of the Nawab of Bengal – MirQuasim, the Nawab of Oudh – Siraj – Ud – Daula and the Mogul Emperor – Shah Alam -II.

• Mir Jaffer again became the Nawab of Bengal. 
• This war led to the expension of British influence from Bengal to Allahabad. .
• They obtained Diwani right in Bengal province from Mughal emperor Shah Alam II 
• In 1765, after the death of Mir Jaffer, Siraj – ud – Daula became the Nawab of Bengal

Lord Dalhousie introduced the policy of Doctrine of Lapse.

The British emerged as victorious after the end of Carnatic wars.