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1. The soil has become polluted. 

2. Salinity of soil is increased which in turn decreased the fertility of the soil. Fertile land is converted into barren land. It has resulted in water pollution.

The government agency like food corporation of India (FCI) buy food grains from farmers and storing them properly so that they can be supplied throughout the country.

1. b 

2. c 

3. d 

4. e 

5. a

1. Bio-control or biological control is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weed and plant diseases using other organisms. 

2. Eg – Bio-predators, bio-pesticides, biorepellents and bio-fertilizers.

The different methods of sowing are 

1. Sowing by hand 

2. Seed drill 

3. Dibbling

(c) Loan (Credit)

Correct Answer is: (a) Watermelon

Correct Answer is: (b) Orissa.

(d) Craftsmanship

Animal husbandly and agriculture are inter related and inter dependent they are completely essential for food security. The milk production in India is highest in the world but due to bad condition of cattle, productivity of milk is low while cost is high. To improve it government has launched a programme known as white revolution.

In the year 1964-65 an animal wealth development programe was started to increase in milk production. Under this high breeding cows and buffaloes were given to farmers and they were also trained.

It’s father and convener is Varghese Kurien. Operation flood is the world’s greatest Dairy development Programme.

Importance of White Revolution:

1. Increase in milk production: To-day India is the largest producer of milk in the world. The total milk production in India in 2013-24 is 137.69 metric ton. Every year there is an increase in milk production and availability of milk i.e. 307 gm per person per day. 

2. Farmer’s income: It is a secondary source of income for rural people. It has played an important role in providing job opportunities to women and people living at borders.

3. Employment for rural unemployed people: For landless farmers and tenants it has become a stable self financed employment. About 90 lakhs of farmers who are landless and live at borders are engaged in this field and have important contribution in the field of dairy. 

4. Balanced rural development: Due to daily development infrastructure in villages like, road, transport, communication, banking are developed to make white revolution successful. 

5. Availability of milk to urban people: Extra produced milk from villages is transported to cities which has made availability of milk and milk products like ghee, curd, paneer easier.

After ploughing the soil, large lump of soil is left which needs to be levelled. Levelling is done to ensure uniform distribution of water to every part of the crop field during irrigation. Levelling helps in seed sowing.

The process of loosening and turning the soil is called ploughing or tilling. The agricultural implements used for tilling (loosening and turning) the soil are plough and hoe.

Agriculture insurance is a method to protect the farmers from possible losses to some extent due to natural calamities such as flood, drought, hailstorms, diseases etc. Premium paid by the farmers under agricultural insurance protects them against destruction of crops or death of cattle by the natural calamities.

Green revolution is also known as the Wheat revolution because remarkable success was achieved in the production of wheat during the period from 1965-66 to 2003-04. Wheat production was increased to 7.2 crore tonnes in 2003-04 from 1 crore tonne in 1965-66.

The Indian farmers get loan from: 

1. Institutional sources, such as government, cooperative banks etc. 

2. Non-Institutional sources such as landlords, mahajans, moneylenders etc.

Among the agricultural products exported from India are tea, spices, coffee, rice, fruits, tobacco, cashewnut, fruits, vegetables, sugar, meat etc.

Ploughing or tilling is the process of loosening and turning the soil up and down to facilitate the availability of nutrients in the root zone of that cultivating crop.

Loosening and turning the soil is very important for cultivation of crops. 

The loosening and turning the soil by ploughing is beneficial because of the following reasons:

1. The loose soil allows the roots to breathe easily even when they go deep into the soil. 

2. The loosened soil helps in the growth of earthworms and microbes present in the soil.

Under the Minimum Support Price programme farmers get security as well as they get fixed price by selling their produce. The government gets an opportunity to purchase the cereals ut the fixed price and maintains buffer stock for the smooth functioning of Public Distribution system.

The National seed corporation was established in India in 1963 for the production and distribution of seeds.

Two types of agricultural insurance are: 

1. Crop Insurance and 

2. Cattle Insurance.

Factors responsible for low productivity in agriculture sector are: 

1. General Factors: They are dependence of large number of people on agriculture, farming by traditional methods, lack of education among farmers, lack of business attitude etc. 

2. Technical Factors: Inadequate irrigation facilities, Non-availability of adequate factors of production, lack of adoption of modern advanced technology etc.

3. Institutional Factors: Low size of land holdings, division and subdivision of holdings, lack of ownership of land of tenants, use of wasteland for agriculture etc.

4. Natural factors: 

1. Dependence of monsoon 

2. Lack of irrigation facilities 

3. Degradation of land (fertility) 

4. Great western desert of Rajasthan 

5. Problem of weeds 

6. Natural calamities (drought, flood, famine and cyclones) 

7. Barren land and wasteland

(i) Forests are being cut down as more area is required to expand the cities. Hence rapid urbanisation is one of the reasons for degradation of forest.

(ii) To ensure continuous food supply to meet the needs of the ever increasing population, more and more area needs to be brought under agriculture. For the expansion of agricultural land, forest areas are being cut down.

(iii) In both India and Brazil, forests are being cut down for firewood and for other domestic needs.

(iv) Slash and Burn agriculture which is also known as Roca in Brazil and Jhum in India is responsible for deforestation.

(v) Apart from all the above reasons, forest fire, pollution, overgrazing, etc. are also responsible for the degradation of forests.

Vegetation in a region is affected by the climate and rainfall of the region.

In dia lies in the tropical zone and it has a monsoon type climate throughout the year.

Also, a major portion of India receives seasonal rainfall between 1000-2000 mm.

Deciduous forests thrive well in this condition and these forests shed their leaves during the hot and dry summer so that water is not lost due to evaporation.

Teak, bamboo, banyan, peepal, etc. are the trees found in deciduous forest of India.

D. sowing the seeds 

The sowing of seeds by hand is called broadcasting.

C) Destroys pests

Evergreen forests, deciduous forests, and thorny shrub type vegetation are found in both Brazil and India.

Himalayan forests are found in India and not in Brazil.

(i) Like India, Brazil is facing the problem of degradation of environment due to deforestation, pollution, slash and burn agriculture, illegal smuggling of wild animals, etc.

(ii) Trees are being cut down to obtain wood, leading to large scale deforestation in both countries.

(iii) Also the problem of pollution has become severe due to urbanisation. Various types of pollution have threatened the lives of many of the species.

(iv) Agricultural practices like slash and burn agriculture (roca) has reduced the forest cover in Brazil.

(v) Like India, the problem of illegal smuggling of animals has affected Brazil too.

(vi) Hence there is a need for conservation of forests in both Brazil and India.

Correct option: (c) evergreen

• The northern part of Brazil lies in the equatorial region.
• It receives ample sunlight and about 2000 mm of rainfall throughout the year.
• In this region, the growth of vegetation is very rapid.
• So, the northern part of Brazil is covered with dense and evergreen forests.

Correct option: (a) lungs of the world’

1. (a) Anaconda

2. (d) Deodar

3. (b) Orchids

4. (d) Peacocks

5. (d) Condors.

6. (a) Museums

1 – d 

2 – a 

3 – e 

4 – b 

5 – c

Insects are mostly found in forests, grasslands and swampy lands.

Many insects eat leaves, grass and nectar from the plant.

The evergreen rainforests are seen in the northern parts of Brazil. The grasslands are found in the central parts and Paraguay-Parana river basin. Similarly, swampy lands are found in Pantanal region in Brazil.

Therefore, a wide variety of insect’s species is found in Brazil.

1 – d 

2 – c 

3 – b 

4 – e 

5 – a

Correct option: (c) Condors

Correct option: (c) Peninsular

Correct option: (b) largest

Correct option: (a) Assam

As the altitude increases, the temperature decreases.

The climate is very cold in the high altitudes. In Jammu and Kashmir and parts of Himalayas temperature drops to -40fiC.

Also this region is snow-covered for most part of the year.

Very few species of plants can survive in such extreme conditions. Only seasonally flowering trees are found at higher altitudes.

Hence, vegetation is scarce in the high altitude of the Himalayas.

Correct option: (b) rainfall

Correct option: (d) equatorial

Correct option: (c) rainfall

Correct option: (b) elephants

Correct option: (c) evergreen

Regions that receive less than 500 mm of rainfall experience dry summers for a long time in India.

Animals like guinea pigs, crocodiles, alligators, monkeys, pumas, leopards, etc. are found in Brazil.

Thorny or shrub like vegetation is found in regions receiving less than 500 mm of rainfall.

Correct option: (d) thorny