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1. A) मधुर
2. A) वर्तमान
3. D) चिड़िया
4. B) विशेषण
5. A) पास

Average profit = \(\frac{35000+30000+27500+25000+20000}{5}\) = 27500

Capital employed = 500000

Normal Profit = Capital employed x Normal Rate of Return 

= 500000 x 5/100 = 25000 

Super Profit = Average Profit – Normal Profit 

= 27500 – 25000 = 2500 

Goodwill = Super profit x No. of years purchase 

= 2500 x 3 = 7500

Data: λ₀ = 2.76 × 10^-5 cm = 2.76 × 10^-7 m,

λ =1.80 × 10^-5 cm = 1.80 × 10^-7 m, 

v = 4 × 10¹⁵ Hz, h = 6.63 × 10^-34 J∙s,c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s 

(a) For λ > λ₀ , v < v₀ (threshold frequency). 

∴ hv < hv₀ . 

Hence, no photoelectrons are emitted.

(b) Maximum kinetic energy of electrons ejected

= hc  \((\frac{1}{\lambda}-\frac{1}{\lambda_o})\)

= (6.63 × 10^-34 )(3 × 10⁸) \((\frac{10^7}{1.8}-\frac{10^7}{2.76})\)J

= (6.63 × 10^-19) (0.5555 – 0.3623) 

= (6.63)(0.1932 × 10^-19) J = 1.281 × 10^-19 J

= \(\frac{1.281\times10^{-19}J}{1.6\times10^{-19}{\frac{J}{eV}}}\) = 0.8006 eV

(c) Maximum kinetic energy of electrons ejected

= hv – \(\frac{hc}{\lambda_o}\)

=(6.63 × 10^-34 (4 × 10¹⁵ ) – \(\frac{(6.63\times10^{-34})(3\times10^8)}{2.76\times10^{-7}}\)

= 26.52 × 10^-19 – 7.207 × 10^-19 

= 19.313 × 10^-19 J

= \(\frac{19.313\times10^{-19}J}{1.6\times10^{-19}{\frac{J}{eV}}}\) = 12.07eV

Correct option is (c) The scientific study of human behaviour and developing behavioural techniques.

Due to very small size, high electro negativity and high polarizing power.

Sanskrit language is mainly used in religious ceremonies and worshipping rituals.

The newly created states after the first World War were Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Lithuania, Estonia, Finland, Poland, etc.

(b) Maharshi Panini created Ashtadhyayi.

Due to colonial rivalry, France and Germany were in conflict to capture Morocco in North Africa. In 1904 with the secret treaty between France and Britain, France got a chance to establish its colony in Morocco. Germany turned Morocco against France. This created the condition of war which is known as Morrocco crises.

France, Russia and England.

After the event of sinking of an American ship by Germany on 6th April 1917 CE, America entered the World War-I.

In majority, Russian language is known as ‘Bolsinstno’. From this ‘Bolshevik’ word came into existence.

The treaty of Sabre was performed betwen Turkey and Allied powers.

Revolutionaries considered Gampoo as the government detective.

Rasputin was a Monk who interfered in Russian administration.

The chief persons included in peace conference were : Woodrow Wilson, the president of America, prime minister of England Loyld George, prime minister of France Clemenc and prime minister of Italy Orlando.

Veda means knowledge.

32 countries were invited to the Paris Peace Conference.

The Indian king who participated as a respresentative of the princely states in the peace conference was Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner state of India.

Woodrow Wilson was the president of America during the first world war.

The full name of Lenin was Vladimir Ilich Olianof.

(d) In Moscow

‘Brihadaranya’ and ‘Chhandogya’ are the earliest Upanishads.

In Paris Peace Conference the council of four major nations. America, England, France and Italy was formed.

The first World War was the most devastating war ever fought in human history. This war started in 1914 CE and lasted for four years three months and 11 days. 

The main reasons of this war are the following :

1. Fierce Nationality : The spirit of nationalism was the soul of the French Revolution. The integration of Germany and Italy was the result of nationalism. But at the end of the 19th Century, this feeling of nationalism took a radical look. France wanted to gain independence, so the Poles, Czechs, Serbs, Bulgarians, etc. inspired by the spirit of nationality, wanted to be independent from Austro-German Emperor. France was looking for opportunities to take revenge from Germany. The solution to this problem would have come out of war. 

2. Imperialist Rivalry between England and Germany : Late 19th Century Germany made rapid economic and industrial progress and left England and France behind in industrial innovation. British made a big warship imperator. Germany also built a rail line linking Berlin to Baghdad by constructing the Nile canal. In this way, it was easier to send troops or goods from Germany in the region. This threatened British colonists. 

3. Rivalry between Germany and France : Germany defeated France in the war of 1871. France had to give their two provinces and industrial areas to Germany. In the year 1904, France and Britain made a secret treaty, according to which France, Morocco and Britain got exemption from arbitrage in Egypt.

4. Creation of Groups : In 1882 set up in Germany, Austria and Italy established that if the war with the allied power is fought, then their military will help. England, Russia and France formed a three-nation treaty in 1907. The formation of the conflicting factions divided the world into two camps. Each group promoted war. 

5. Serbo-Slav movement and Balkan Politics : Eastern region of Europe was known as the Balkans. Many states located in this area, such as Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and many other small states were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman began to be powerless in the early 20th Century. The slavs, living in Austria and Russia, launched a national movement in support of Russia which is called the All-Slavic movement, whose independence was to liberate the state of Serbia, the Slavic region. Austria protested this movement. In 1908 Austria and Serbia became enemies of one another. 

6. Diplomatic Treaties : The integration of Italy in Europe and integration of Germany started an era which was the era of secret treaties. France also developed a ‘trination’ friendship with Russia and England in relation to its security concerns. This alliance continued to strengthen until 1914.

7. Mercantile and Colonial Rivalry : Fast industrial development began in England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and America until the 19th Century. With this raw materials were supplied and new markets were needed for finished goods. England and France received the highest colonial territory in this rivalry. Germany was back in this after 1890 and started efforts to acquire Colonies. Whereby, England and France became their foes and Italy was also looking for new Colonies. 

8. Role of Newspapers : When Britain’s newspapers criticized the policy of German Emperor, William-II in Britain, the people of Germany began to consider England as their enemy. In the same way German newspapers provoked the people of England. Serbian and Austrian newspapers published hard hitting articles against each other about the murder of Ferdinand. It was natural for it to foment anger in both the countries. The situation of war could have been handled only when there was no control over the freedom of press. 

9. International Anarchy : Russian-Japanese war of 1904-05, conflict between France and Germany, Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by Austria in 1908-09 CE and Balkan war, etc. promoted international anarchy. As a result the race of militarism and armament speeded up.

10. Immediate cause : The immediate cause of the first world war was the Austrian invasion on 28 July 1914 CE. Along with this the war started between the major European powers.

The defeat of Russia in the war of 1904-05 by Japan ended the supremacy of Russia. On the other hand dissatisfaction increased among the people due to different reasons. The oppressive polices of the administration were the cause of this dissatisfaction. The result of this dissatisfaction and autocracy occured as the Russian revolution. 

The main reasons of this revolution were as follows :

1. Autocracy of the Czar : Russian citizens had no rights till the mid of 19th Century. Those who opposed the ruler got harsh punishment. Due to such oppressive administration the rule of Czar became unbearable and Public demanded for reforms. 

2. 1905 : Attempt to Crush the Impact of the Revolution and Duma: The citizen’s right which were obtained by the revolution of 1905 CE, could not be implemented by the Duma. The Czar dissolved Duma and this further increased the dissatisfaction among the people. 

3. Pathetic Condition of the Farmers : The situation of farmers in Russia was pathetic. In 19th Century, big landowners owned 1800 Lakh acre land, but more than 1 crore farmers had only 1900 lakh acre land, in which all had to pay tax of various types. Farmers did not even get two square meals to eat. The revolutionary socialist party took advantage of this and incited them against the rule. 

4. Labour Dissatisfaction : Due to industrialization, lot of landless farmers went in industries for employment. Industrialists took full advantage of their position and exploited them to make their condition more miserable. They also took the maximum work from them on minimum wages. In 1902-03 labour strikes started. These labourers established the proletariat by eliminating the oppression of the capitalist system and autocratic rule. 

5. Economic and Social inequality : Russian society was divided into three groups : Elite, Middle class and Proletariat. The people of proletariat were deprived of rights. In this category all farmers and workers were included. The people of proletariat had to bear the oppressive policies of administration as well as of the Elite group. This mass community became the important cause of Russian Revolution. 

6. Intellectual Revolution : Educated class demanded political rights. Along with this socialist ideas of Karl Marx, Marim Gorky and Bakunin had an impact on the workers and intellectuals of the country. This gave rise to Nihilism in society and the people began to raise the demand of political rights. 

7. Rise of Socialism in Russia : Influenced by the miserable condition of the farmers, intellectuals started an agitation in 1860, on the basis of socialist ideology. Hergen and Chemowski were the chief leaders of this movement. These supporters can be considered ‘populist’. After some time, socialist party divided into two parts : 1. Revolutionary socialist party, 2. Social democratic party. The Revolutionary socialist party organised terrorrist programme and killed many people. Social democratic party was established in 1898. Social democratic party also divided into two parts in 1903 (i) Bolshevik and (ii) Menshevik. 

8. Corrupt governance of Czar Nicholas-II : Russian ruler Czar Nicholas-II was an incapable ruler who did not have the foresight to understand the importance of events and characters of persons. By taking advantage of his inability, a saint, Rasputin, began to start interfering in administration. As a result a group formed in the court against Rasputin and murdered him in December 1916 CE. 

9. Entrance of Russia in the first World War : In August 1914, Russia participated in the first World War at the side of allied nations. In the first 3 years, 1 crore 50 lakh soldiers were sent to the battlefield. Due to lack of working in the fields by workers and decline in agricultural production, the productivity of grain, fuel and clothes were reduced.

Bolshevik revolution’s great hero Lenin was born on 22nd April 1870 in Russia’ Volga province near Simbrisk. His father’s name was Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov. He was greatly influenced by his elder brother and interested in history and literature. On 8th May 1887, when Lenin’s brother was hanged on a hanging rope for the murder of Czar Alexender III, Lenin decided to remove Czarist rule from the roots. In 1903, social democratic party was divided and a new Bolshevik party emerged under the leadership of Lenin. Lenin got his strong position in Bolshevik party by organizing its structure, sessions and programmes. Under the efficient leadership of Lenin, Bolshevik party became successful in capturing the regime of Russia on 25 October 1917 CE.

With the worker’s strike of Petrograd Russian Revolution began on March 1917 CE.

Lenin died in 1924.

As a result of Bolshevik revolution on 7 November 1917. (According to Russian calender) Bolshevik party became successful on the basis of strong organization and efficient leadership of Lenin. 

This revolution had far reaching effects which were as following :

(A) Political Results 

• The success of Bolshevik party overthrew the Kerenski government. 
• The ideals of Marxism in Bolshevik’s in Russia made it possible that the theory and practice sometimes succeed in harmony. 
• According to their policy Bolshevik government made the treaty of Brest Litovsk on March 1918 CE without consultation with allied powers and separated Russia from the first World War. 
• The allied states Great Britain, France etc. became angry with the Bolsheviks and provided military support to the situation in the civil war. 
• In Moscow third international or ‘Komintum’ was established in 1919 CE. 
• In Russia, the communist party was declared the only legal party. 
• Russia’s new government had to struggle with anti-regine political parties, nobles and friendly states. Introduction of cruelty, terror and mercilessness from both the sides. 
• As a result of revolution Russia emerged as a major power. 
• The unfree states of Asia and Africa were inspired by Russian revolution. 
• The Russian revolution established theoretical totalitarian state in 20th Century. 
• The world was now divided into two camps-capitalists and communist.

(B) Social Results 

• The Russian revolution brought an end to social inequality. The discrimination between the elite and the proletariat in Russia was erased by the revolution. 
• The Russian revolution also destroyed gender based conventional discrimination. Women were given the equal right of men’s Franchise, educational rights and lifetime opportunities to earn.
• After the Russian revolution, a positive result was that church clutches were removed from education. Education became public, made available to the public. 
• In 1925 the atheist union grew. Due to marginalisation of Church and the rise of optimism, the Church was completely isolated from 1918 CE.

(C) Economic Results 

• After the Russian revolution, the government redeveloped the economy, confined private trade and gave importance to labour production. 
• Huge infrastructure was built and efficiency of workers improved.. 
• The income and working condition of workers improved over time. Education, health management was systematized.

(a) Foreign minister

On 28 June 1919 CE the treaty of Versailles was made between Germany and allied powers. 

The main provisions of this treaty were as following :

• Germany to give its provinces of Aleace and Lorraine to France. 
• For the 15 years for harnessing the ‘Sir Canyon’ for minearal wealth, Germany gave it to France. 
• German occupied area Schelswig was given to Denmark. 
• Germany had to leave the port of Danzig under the control of League of Nations. 
• Germany had to give all its overseas colonies to allied powers.

The ethnicity of Russia was composed by different castes. 

There were many ethnic groups like : Jews, Poles, Fin, Ujbeks, Tatar, Kazakhs, Armenians, etc. in which Russians became the ruler because of their greater influence. They were not liberal with minorities. Form the beginning Czar Alexender I adopted the policy of pausation against them. 

Under this following things were done :

• The slogan ‘One Czar one religion’ was given. 
• People of other communities were suppresed. 
• Ban was imposed on their language. 
• Their property was exforted. Because of all this, dissatisfaction spread among the people and they became against Czarist regime.

Lenin organised ‘Cheka organisation’.

The Russian society was divided into three categories : Elite group, Middle class and proletariat.

In the war between Russia and Japan in the year 1904-05, Russia was defeated by Japan. One and only batch of workers performed in the honour of clergy, ‘Gappo’. But the soldiers of the Czar attacked 130 people on the invasion. In 1906, Gappo was also killed by revolutionaries. ‘Murderer Sunday’ has an important place in Russian history. When Duma’s disciplined team got less success, the Czar disintegrated it.

Social democratic party was divided in 1903 CE. As a result two parties were formed : Bolshevik and Menshevik.

(i) The broken chains: Chains were used to fetter slaves. A broken chain stands for the act of becoming free. 

(ii) The bundle of rods or fasces: One rod can be easily broken, but not an entire bundle. Strength lies in unity. 

(iii) Sceptre: Symbol of royal power. 

(iv)Snake biting its tail to form a ring: Symbol of eternity. A ring has neither beginning nor end. 

(v) Red Phrygian cap: Cap worn by a slave upon becoming free. 

(vi) The law tablet: The law is the same for all, and all are equal before it.

In Russia social democratic party was formed in 1898 CE.

Peasants and artisans of French society benefited from the revolution. Clergy, nobles and church had to relinquish power. It is obvious that those who had to forego power and privileges would have been disappointed. People from the first and the second estate must have been a disappointed lot.

The major contradiction in the message of universal rights as per the French Constitution of 1791 was the total ignorance of women. All rights were given to men. Apart from that the presence of huge number of people as passive citizens, without voting rights, was like not putting into practice what you preach. In other words, it can be said that although the declaration of universal rights was a good starting point but it left much to be desired.

After the death of Lenin in January 1924, Stalin got success in power struggle between him and Trotsky. He was born in 1879 at Gori village in a Tannery family. He was interested in Marxism and later he joined Democratic party. In 1902-03 he was arrested 6 times but came back 5 times from there where he was sent to Siberia. He was General Secretary of the party.

He died on 6 March 1953. During the long tenure as the President of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union made a lot of progress and equalized the U.S. as a superpower.

The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution. These spread from France to the rest of Europe during the nineteenth century, where feudal systems were abolished. Further these ideas spread to different colonies of the European nations. Colonised people interpreted and moulded these ideas according to respective needs. This was probably like seed for an end of colonization in many countries. By the mid of 20th century major part of the world adopted democracy as the preferred mode of rule and the French Revolution can be termed as the initiation point for this development.

Unit of currency in France

July 14, 1789

A) Rich farmers and Money lenders

Correct option is C) Tools

C) Expenditure on machines.

Correct option is B) Tools