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(b) delayed setting

Correct answer is (c) starch

1. Weak acid 

2. High volatile

3. White crystalline powder.

a. carbolic acid

CCI₃NO₂ is formed when nitro methane reacts with chlorine and NaOH.

(d) Butane nitrile

(b) N – methyl propan – 1 – amine

PCl₅ has 5 bond pairs of electrons around central atom while in IF₅ there are 5 bond pair & 1 lone pair of electrons around central atom. 

When the difference in electro negativity of the combining atom is more than 1.9 it develops 50 % ionic character . 

Because P⁵⁺ has more polarising power than P³⁺.

When two half filled orbitals overlap ,covalent bond forms .

Correct option is B) Slum area

C) Areas accepted by local authorities as valid settlements

B) urbanisation

1. As per the paragraph given here the village fairs are very important. Many activities take place there. 

2. They play very crucial and key role in the development of the villages and cultural exchanges. 

3. Some entertainment programmes are also there. 

4. My opinion on this paragraph is that the village fairs are useful to the farmers but there is a problem of mediators. 

5. Many of the remote villages are not connected to major villages. 

6. They still face problems of roads and transportation. 

7. Nowadays connectivity is the major theme. 

8. It is considered internationally and many of the countries are trying to improve the connectivity. 

9. At the village fairs it is necessary to provide various facilities to the farmers those who come from distant places.

(a)  Mithicillin

Hydrogen peroxide. it is an antiseptic where as other are antimicrobials.

Correct option is (A) syphilis

(iv) Assertion is correct statement reason is wrong statement. 

Salvarsan was the first effective drug used in treatment of syphilis.

Prontosil is an effective diazo antibacterial, which gets converted to a simpler compound, sulphanilamide, in the body.

i. Prontosil 

ii. Sulphapyridine

(i), (ii)

(i) Sulphapyridine
(ii) Prontosil

A group of drugs which are derivatives of sulphanilamide and are used in place of antibiotics is called sulpha drugs. 

Eg: sulphadizine, sulphanilamide. 

The word chemo means chemicals and therapy means treatment. The treatment of a disease with the help of chemicals. 

(i) Antibiotic 

(ii) Analgesics & Antipyretics 

(iii) Antihistamines & antacid 

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is called laughing gas, because when inhaled it produced hysterical laughter. It is prepared by gently heating ammonium nitrate.

NH₄NO₃ → N₂O+2H₂O

Ti²⁺ \(\longrightarrow\) d²

µ = \(\sqrt{2(2+2)}\)  =  \(2\sqrt{2}\) = 2.83 BM

Ti⁴⁺ \(\longrightarrow\) d⁰  µ = 0 BM

Mn²⁺ \(\longrightarrow\) d⁵

µ = \(\sqrt{5(5+2)}\)  =  \(\sqrt{35}\) = 5.92 BM

Zn²⁺ \(\longrightarrow\) d¹⁰  µ = 0 BM

Cr³⁺ \(\longrightarrow\) d³

µ = \(\sqrt{3(3+2)}\) = \(\sqrt{15}\) = 3.87 BM

The increasing order of magnetic moment is

TiO₂ = ZnSO₄ < TiO < CrCl₃, MnCl₂

(i) Disinfectant- chemicals used to kill the micro-organisms can applied on non living articles. 

(ii) Analgesics- They are the drugs which are used to relieve pain . eg – Aspirin , Ibuprofen. 

(iii) Broad spectrum antibiotics- They kill the wide range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Eg- Chloramphenicol , ofloxacin. 

• TiO → Coloured 
• MnCl₂ → Coloured 
• CrCl₃ → Coloured 

(i) Colour of compounds of transition elements depends upon the unpaired electrons present in d orbitals of transition elements. If d orbitals are completely vacant as in Sc³⁺, Ti⁴⁺ or completely filled as in Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, the compounds will be colourless. But if any unpaired electron is present in d-orbitals, the compound will be coloured due to d → d transition. The unpaired electron is excited from one energy level to another energy level within the same d subshell. For this purpose (d → d transition), the energy is absorbed from visible region of radiation and reflected light will decide the colour of the compound.

(ii) Cr²⁺ is strongly reducing in nature. It has a d⁴ configuration. While acting as a reducing agent, it gets oxidised to Cr³⁺ (electronic configuration d³). This d³ configuration can be written as t₂³ configuration, which is a more stable configuration. In the case of Mn³⁺ (d⁴) it Mn²⁺ (d⁵). This has an exactly half filled d – orbital and is highly stable.

(iii) Actinoids show a large number of oxidation states because of small energy gap between 5f, 6d and 7s subshells.

Phosgene gas(COCl₂), Mustard gas Cl-C₂H₄-S-C₂H₄Cl 

3Cl₂ + 6NaOH → 5NaCl + NaClO₃ + 3H₂O

Yes, chlorine from zero oxidation state is changed to ‐1 and +5 oxidation states.

(i) In SF₆ there is less repulsion between F atoms than In SF₄. 

(ii) Xe has low ionisation enthalpy & high polarising power due to larger atomic size.

Due to small size of fluorine six F^– ion can be accomodated around sulphur whereas chloride ion is comparatively larger in size, therefore, there will be interionic repulsion.

This is due to the difference in size of flourine and chlorine. Flourine being smaller in size accommodate its six atoms in given space of sulphur while chlorine being bigger in size is not able to accommodate itself due to repulsion between its six atoms. That's why SF6 is known but SCL6 is not known.

Cl₂+H₂O → HCl+[O]

Coloured substance + [O] → Colourless

In noble gases we can measure only Vander Waals radii which are larger than covalent radii.

(i) Due to stable electronic configuration these gases exhibit very high ionisation enthalpy.

(ii) The ionization energy of xenon is relatively low and therefore, it is possible to excite the paired electrons from np orbitals to nd sub-shell

Graphite is thermodynamically most stable form of carbon.

It decomposes to oxygen and nascent oxygen

O₃ →  O₂ +[O]

i. It does not contain conjugated system of π bonds, as the two C = C double bonds are separated by two C – C single bonds.

ii. It contains a conjugated system of π bonds, as the two C = C double bonds are separated by only one C – C single bond.

When Lewis structure of a compound has two or more multiple bonds alternating with single bonds, it is called a conjugated system of π bonds. 

e.g. Benzene molecule 

[Note: In such a system or in species having an atom carrying p orbital attached to a multiple bond, resonance theory is applicable.]

i. The species which donate (give away) electron pairs to the substrate during the reaction are called nucleophiles. 

ii. Since, nucleophiles are electron rich species, they donate a pair of electrons to acceptor atoms and thus, they are nucleus seeking (or nucleus loving) species.

iii. e.g. a. Negatively charged nucleophiles:

OH^- , CN^- , Cl^- , Br^- , etc.

b. Neutral species containing at least one lone pair of electrons: 

H₂O, NH₃ , H₂S, R – OH, R – NH₂ , R – OR, etc.

iv. A polyatomic nucleophile has an electron rich atom in it called the nucleophilic centre. 

e.g. The nucleophilic centre of the nucleophile H₂O is ‘O’ which has two lone pairs of electrons.

Inductive effect :

1. Presence of polar covalent bond is required. 

2. The polarity is induced in adjacent carbon- carbon single (covalent) bond due to a presence of influencing group (more electronegative atom than carbon). 

3. Depending on the nature of influencing group it is differentiated as +I effect and -I effect.

4. The direction of the arrow head denotes the direction of the permanent electron displacement.

Resonance effect :

1. Presence of conjugated n electron system or species having an atom carrying p orbital attached to a multiple bond is required. 

2. The polarity is produced in the molecule by the interaction of conjugated π bonds (or that between π bond and p orbital on the adjacent atom). 

3. Depending on the nature of influencing group it is differentiated as +R and -R effect. 

4. The delocalisation of n electrons is denoted by using curved arrows.

i. Mechanism of an organic reaction is the complete step by step description of exactly which bonds break and which bonds form, in what manner and in what order to give the observed products.

ii. In general, reaction mechanism is a sequential account of:

• the electron movement taking place during each step 
• the bond cleavage and/or bond formation 
• accompanying changes in energy and shapes of various species and 
• rate of the overall reaction.

The individual steps, constitute the reaction mechanism.

iii. Importance of reaction mechanism: The knowledge of mechanism of a reaction is useful for understanding the reactivity of the concerned organic compounds and, in turn, helpful for planning synthetic strategies.

The covalent bond fission/cleavage takes place in two ways:

1. Homolytic fission 

2. Heterolytic fission

Option : b. σ – p

Option : b. planar

A. False 

Homolytic fission involves symmetrical breaking of a covalent bond.

B. False 

Heterolytic fission results in the formation of charged ions like cation and anion.

C. False 

Free radicals are electrically neutral/uncharged species.

D. False 

Aniline is a homocyclic aromatic compound.