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Inertia of a body depends on its mass. A cricket ball has more inertia than a rubber ball of the same size because it has more mass than the rubber ball.

Inertia of a body depends on the mass of the body. The inertia of a cricket ball is more than a rubber ball of the same size as the mass of the cricket ball is more.

(a) X are unbalanced force.

(b) Y are balanced forces.

(a) Momentum is the physical quantity which is the measure of the quantity of motion of a moving body. It depends on mass and velocity of the body.

(b) Mass of body = 5 kg

Velocity v₁ = 20 m/s

Momentum p₁ = 20 x 5 = 100 kg.m/s

Velocity v₂ = 0.2 m/s

Momentum p₂ = 5 x 0.2 = 1 kg.m/s

Change in momentum = p₂ – p₁ = 1-100 = -99 kg.m/s 

(Negative sign shows that momentum decreases)

(a) Kicking a stationary football.

(b) Applying brakes to a moving bicycle.

(c) Pressing an accelerator to speed up a moving car.

(d) A moving cricket ball hit by a bat.

(e) Flattening of dough by a rolling pin to make chapatis.

(a) For thermometer A,

P_tr = 1.250 x 10⁵ Pa

T_tr = 273.16 K

p = 1.797 x 10⁵

and T = ?

Now, using P_tr/T_tr = p/T ⇒ T = pT_tr/P_tr

= {1.797 x 10⁵ x 273.16}/{1.250 x 10⁵} = 392.69 K

For the thermometer B,

P_tr = 0.200 x 10⁵ Pa, T_tr = 273.16 K

p = 0.287 x 10⁵ Pa, T = ?

T_tr = p.T_tr/P_tr = {0.287 x 10⁵}/{0.200 x 10⁵} x 273.16 = 391.98 K

(b) The discrepancy between the two reading is due to the fact that the gases are not perfectly ideal gases. To reduce the discrepancy, the readings should be taken at low pressures so that the gases could show perfect behaviour.

For-80°C-a gas thermometer,

For 60°^-C- mercury or gas thermometer,

For 250°C and 780°C- Platinum resistance thermometer.

and for 2000°C- Radiation pyrometer.

The smallest packet of energy of any radiation is called a quantum whereas that of light is called photon.

Correct answer is: True.

There is a very small heavy body present within the atom. 

Correct option is b. 1:2

For each metal there is a characteristic minimum frequency below which photoelectric effect is not observed. This is called threshold frequency. 

If frequency of light is less than the threshold frequency there is no ejection of electrons no matter how long it falls on surface or how high is its intensity.

If the values of a thermometric property are P₁ and P₂ at the ice point (0 °C) and steam point (100 °C) respectively and the value of this property is P_T at unknown temperature T, then T is given by the following equation.

T = \(\frac{100(P_T-P_1)}{P_2-P_1}\)

All the elements in a group have the same valency while going down the group.

54 subjects were kept in the provincial list under the Government of India.

The number of subjects included in the concurrent list under the Government of India Act, 1935, were 36.

Refraction is showing that light has wave property.

Photoelectric effect.

Periodic property:

The property in which there shall be a regular gradation is called periodic property.

I. a) Atomic radius : 

Period : 

Atomic radius of elements decreases across a period from left to right because the nuclear charge increases due to increase in atomic number. 

Group : 

Atomic radius increases from top to bottom in a group due to addition of new shell. 

b) Ionization energy: 

Period : 

When we move from left to right it does not follow a regular trend but generally increases due to increase in atomic number.

Group : 

In a group from top to bottom, the ionization energy decreases due to increase in atomic size. – 

c) Electron affinity: 

Period : 

Electron affinity values increase from left to right in a period. 

Group : 

Electron affinity values decrease from top to bottom in a group. 

d) Electronegativity : 

Period : 

Electronegativity increases from left to right in a period. 

Group : 

Electronegativity decreases from top to bottom in a group.

II. Ionization energy order : 

a) Na, Al, Cl :  In a period ionisation energy increases so the order is Na < kl < Cl. 

b) Li, Be, B : Beryllium has stable configuration 1s² 2s². So it has more ionisation energy. So the order is Li < B < Be.  

c) C, N, O : Nitrogen has half-filled p-orbitals. So it has greater ionisation energy. So the order is C < O < N. 

d) F, Ne, Na : Ne is inert gas right to F. Whereas Na is a metal ion in third period. So, the order is Na < F< Ne. 

e) Be, Mg, Ca : In a group ionisation energy decreases. So the order is Be > Mg > Ca.

The minimum frequency below which photo electric effect is not observed is called threshold frequency (v_o).

The charge on neutrons is Nil / Zero.

1. Thermometer must be sensitive, i.e., a noticeable change in the thermometric property should be observed for a very small change in temperature.

2. It has to be accurate.

3. It should be easily reproducible.

4. It is important that the system attains thermal equilibrium with the thermometer quickly.

Einstein in 1905 was able to explain the photoelectric effect using Planck’s quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation.

(b) Government of India Act, 1935

It does not follow a regular trend when we move from left to right in a period. First, it increases and then decreases and finally ‘O’ for inert gases.

Correct option is: D) rubidium

Dobereiner wanted to give a relationship between the properties of elements and their atomic weights

Velocity of light = frequency x wavelength. Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other.

• Peace  
• justice
• education
• local self – government.

G.P. Thomson

T_c = T – 273.15

∴ T_c for neon = 24.57 – 273.15

= – 248.58°C

and T_c for carbon dioxide

= 216.55 – 273.15

= – 56.60°C

t_F = \(\frac{9}{5}\)t_c + 32

∴ t_F for neon = \(\frac{9}{5}\) × (-248.58) + 32

= – 415.44°C

t_F for carbon dioxide

= \(\frac{9}{5}\) × (-56.60) + 32

= – 69.88°F.

In July, 1937.

In 1887, H. Hertz demonstrated photo electric effect.

1. Ice point: The temperature at which pure water freezes at one standard atmospheric pressure is called as ice point or freezing point.

2. Steam point: The temperature at which pure water boils into steam or steam changes to liquid water at one standard atmospheric pressure is called as steam point or boiling point.

1. An instrument designed to measure temperature is called as thermometer.

2. Any property of a substance which changes sufficiently with temperature can be used as a basis of constructing a thermometer and is known as the thermometric property.

3. There are different types of thermometers.

• In a constant volume gas thermometer, the pressure of a fixed volume of gas (measured by the difference in height) is used as the thermometric property.
• The liquid-in-glass thermometer depends on the change in volume of the liquid with temperature. Small change in temperature changes the volume of liquid considerably. Two such liquids are mercury and alcohol. Mercury thermometers are used for measurement of temperature range -39 °C to 357 °C while alcohol thermometers are used only to measure temperatures near ice point (melting point of pure ice).
• The resistance thermometer uses the change of electrical resistance of a metal wire with temperature.
• Normally in research laboratories, a thermocouple is used to measure the temperature. A thermocouple is a junction of two different metals or alloys eg.: copper and iron joined together.
• When two such junctions at the two ends of two dissimilar metal rods are kept at two different temperatures, an electromotive force is generated that can be calibrated to measure the temperature.

4. Thermometers are calibrated so that a numerical value may be assigned to a given temperature. The standard fixed points are melting point of ice and boiling point of water.

Yes, we can establish the approximately same relationship between other elements given in the table.

The number of positive charges (protons) in the atom of element is the atomic number of element

Under Section 156 of the Government of India Act, 1935, it was mentioned that, “Governor general could release an advisory for provincial governance to maintain peace and security.”

(a) Section 93

J. J. Thomson

Meaning of Provincial Autonomy mentioned in the Act of 1935: 

Provincial autonomy was the most important characteristic of Government of India Act of 1935. There may be two meanings of provincial autonomy:

1. The provinces should have the right and power of working independently in their region, i.e. the provinces should be free from external control in their respective area, 

2. Establishment of responsible governance in the provinces. In other words, the governance of the provinces must be kept with a cabinet of popular ministers, who are responsible and liable towards the legislature as well as towards the public. The diarchy system was introduced in the provinces and they were given a form of autonomous political unit. They were made free from central interference. They were provided legal, administrative and financial rights on 54 subjects of the provincial list. It was known as provincial autonomy.

Restrictions that made Provincial Autonomy Weak: 

The provincial autonomy established by the Government of India Act, 1935 was far from reality. Several internal and external restrictions were imposed on it that made it weak. The chief restrictions are given below:

(A) External restrictions on provincial autonomy: 

Several arrangements of central interference on provincial autonomy were made under the Government of India Act, 1935, while it should have been free from any boundation. The main external restrictions on provincial autonomy are given below:

1. Declaration of emergency: 

Under Section 102 of the Act of 1935, the governor – general could declare emergency in specific conditions of crisis, serious internal disorder or unrest and real or probable danger of wars. After declaration of emergency, federal legislature could make laws related to provincial subjects. 

2. Control of center on provinces: 

Under Section 156, the governor – general could release the advisory to provincial governance on peace and safety. Under these circumstances, the governor could declare the failure of constitutional system under Section 93, and the entire provincial governance would come under him. 

3. Governor – General’s control over provincial laws: 

Some special type of bills could not be approved in the assembly without perpermission of the governor-general. 

4. Governor kept the bills safe for the acceptance of governor – general, approved by provincial legislature: 

The governor kept the bills safe for the acceptance of governor-general, which, the provincial legislature had already approved. The governor – general could also keep these types of bills safe for the approval of the British emperor through India secretary. 

5. Discretionary Powers of governor – general: 

To fulfill these rights and liabilities, governor general could interfere in the working of the provinces and give directions to ministers. . 

(B) Internal restrictions on provincial autonomy: 

The provincial governance was also not free internally. The following internal limitations and boundations were imposed over provincial autonomy: 

1. The constitutional role of governor in provinces was greater than that of constitutional president: 

For real provincial autonomy, governor should play a role of constitutional president, but the governor was made its real head. Entire province was under his hold. He had the right to pass bill, refuse a bill approved by the provincial assembly and to keep it safe for the acceptance of the governor – general. 

2. Unlimited financial powers of governor: 

The governor was given unlimited financial powers. The provincial budget was formed under his guidelines. He had the right or liability to make a bill passed in the assembly. The approval or refusal or an amendment of a bill passed by provincial legislature, was dependent on the wish of the governor. 

3. Governor’s control on the ministers: 

The governor had a right to appoint or to dismiss the ministers or to distribute the departments among them. The Governor also called the meeting of cabinet. These powers of the governor made the provincial autonomy weak. 

4. Non – cooperation of civil servants with ministers: 

The behaviour of civil officials was non – cooperative with the ministers, which was unfavorable for provincial autonomy. In this way, it can be said that provincial autonomy was a mere pretense. So there was a great dissatisfaction in the Indians for it. For the implementation of real provincial autonomy, they organised several movements.

The atomic weight of middle element is arithmetic mean coverage of first and third elements.

• Burma
• Aden.

Under Section 102 of the Government of India Act, 1935, it was mentioned, that “In the conditions of serious internal crisis or trouble and real or possible dangers of war, governor could declare an emergency.”

Electrons is constitute cathode rays.

Increasing order :

α < p < e

1. For the calibration of a thermometer, a standard temperature interval is selected between two easily reproducible fixed temperatures. 

2. The fact that substances change state from solid to liquid to gas at fixed temperatures is used to define reference temperature called fixed point. 

3. The two fixed temperatures selected for this purpose are the melting point of ice or freezing point of water and the boiling point of water. 

4. This standard temperature interval is divided into sub-intervals by utilizing some physical property that changes with temperature.

5. Each sub-interval is called as a degree of temperature. Thus, an empirical scale for temperature is set up.

• Unlimited financial powers of governor
• Governor’s control on the ministers.

• Declaration of emergency
• Control of center on the provinces.

Electron has relative mass of 1/1840 u and proton has relative mass of 1u. 

Electron has relative charge of -1u while proton has +1u of relative charge.