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(i) The riot started from Supa, a large village in Poona district. It was market centre where many shopkeepers and moneylenders lived. On 12 May, 1875 riots from the surrounding rural areas attacked the shopkeepers and demanded their Bahikhatas and debt bonds. They burnt the Khatas and looted grain shops.

(ii) The British established police station in the village reinforcements were rushed to the Deccan. 95% people were arrested and many were convicted.

(iii) High revenue demand and rigid system of collection angered the peasants, the moneylenders manipulating laws and forging accounts.

The impact was far-reaching. It destroyed the local bio-diversity and the ability of the forests to conserve water. The rural population lacked firewood, clean drinking water, balanced diets, shelter and income.

Commercial fanning has a detrimental effect on the rural community. It destroys the local bio-diversity and the ability of the forests to conserve water. Moreover, international traders control the prices of the commercial produce by farmers and so they can’t get a reasonable and just income. This adversely affects their standard of living.

(i)According to Akbars court poet, Abu’l Fazl Mughal kingship as the highest station in the hierarchy of objects receiving light emanating from God (farr-i- izadi). According to this idea, there was a Hierarchy in which the Divine Light was transmitted to the king (Mughal Emperor) who then became the source of spiritual guidance for his subjects. 

(ii)Mughal chronicles present the empire as comprising many different ethnic and religious communities – Hindus, Jainas, Zoroastrians and Muslims. As the source of all peace and stability, the emperor stood above all religious and ethnic groups, mediated among them, and ensured that justice and peace prevailed. 

(iii)Abu’l Fazl describes the ideal of sulh-i kui (absolute peace) as the cornerstone of enlightened rule. In sulh-i kul all religions and schools of thought had freedom of expression but on condition that they did not undermine the authority of the state or fight among themselves The ideal of sulh-i kul was implemented through state policies – the nobility under the Mughals was a composite one comprising Iranis, Turanis, Afghans, Rajputs, Qeccanis – all of whom were given positions and awards purely on the basis of their service and loyalty to the king. 

(iv)Akbar abolished the tax on pilgrimage in 1563 and jizya in 1564 as the two were based on religious discrimination. Instructions were sent to officers of the empire to follow the concept of sulh-i kul. 

(v)All Mughal emperors gave grants to support the buildings and maintenance of places of worship. However, it was during the reign of Auranzeb, the jizya was re¬imposed on non-Muslim subjects. 

(vi)Abu’l Fazl defined sovereignty as a social contract. According to him the emperor protects the four essences of subjects, namely, life (jan), property (mal), honour (narnus) and faith (din), and in return demands obedience and a share of resources from the people. Only sovereigns were thought to be able to honour the contract with power and Divine guidance.

Impact Of Deforestation: With the growth of the world population, there is an increasing need for space. Land is needed for agricultural, industrial and most importantly urban needs to contain cities. People nd an easy solution in “Deforestation”. Deforestation means the felling of trees and clearing of forest to make that land available for residential, commercial or industrial purposes.

Deforestation can also be seen as removal of forests leading to several imbalances ecologically and environmentally. What make deforestation alarming are the immediate and long term effects it is bound to cause. Some predictions state that the rainforests of the world will be destroyed completely if deforestation continues at its current pace.

Deforestation or clearance occurs due to several reasons. They include agricultural activities, logging, urbanization, desertification of land and soil erosion, mining and forest res. As can be seen, most of them are caused by man whereas a couple of them – like desertification and forest res – could be natural causes. But even those are aided by man through defective use of land and carelessness.

Deforestation or clearance occurs due to several reasons. They include agricultural activities, logging, urbanization, desertification of land and soil erosion, mining and forest res. As can be seen, most of them are caused by man whereas a couple of them – like desertification and forest res – could be natural causes. But even those are aided by man through defective use of land and carelessness.

The effects of Deforestation are calamitous. Deforestation brings climate imbalance. It increases global warming. It causes soil erosion. It causes floods in some areas and droughts in some other areas. There is the danger of wild life extinction. Unless we become sensible and conserve our forests we are willingly causing our doom. If we destroy nature, nature has a way of destroying us. Nature has patience but it can run out at any time and once it runs out only God can save us!

Respected principal, dear teachers and friends, 

I feel quite elated to stand here today and make this acceptance speech. I was surprised and even shocked, so to say, to know that I was chosen for awarding the Student Excellence Award. I don’t really know if I Respected principal, dear teachers and friends, I feel quite elated to stand here today and make this acceptance speech. I was surprised and even shocked, so to say, to know that I was chosen for awarding the Student Excellence Award. I don’t really know if I deserve it. But since the Principal and the teachers have decided that I am the one to be given that Award, I believe they are right.

I understand that the Award is given on the basis of a student’s performance both in the curricular and co-curricular activities. I had always believed that education is training for life. Learning a few facts, figures and formulae does not make a man educated. Along with the knowledge, I believe, we should development our personality, interpersonal skills and also leadership qualities.

My academic performance has been always good because both my parents are teachers and they used to help me a lot. I would dedicate this reward to them for all the help they gave to me, not only as parents but as my role models.

I have been active in sports and games. I believe in the Latin saying “Mens sana in corpore sano”. It means a healthy mind in a healthy body. If the mind is to be healthy body has to be healthy. I used to take part in different games and sports. I am glad that lam the badminton champion of this school. I also got the 1^st Prize for long jump in the last school sports meet.

I think the authorities chose me for the Award looking to my social activities also. As the Chairman of the Social Club, I had organized a programme to collect funds for the surgery of one of our classmates who needed a kidney transplant. His family could not afford it. We were able to collect money and get the surgery done. As he sits there and looks at me and smiles, I feel quite proud and happy.

I am indebted to many people for this Award. Primarily I am grateful to my Principal and the teachers. But I should especially mention my English teacher who always prompted me to do my best. He used to inspire me with his stories of great men like John F. Kennedy, Nelson Mandela, Abdul Kalam and Mahatma Gandhi. He taught me that ‘No pain, no gain’. Thank you, Sir, for all that you did to me. I also thank my classmates who have been with me always – in my tragedies and triumphs. 

Thankyou, all!

a) The women of Kenya. 

b) Deforestation.

c) Climatic instability and contamination of the soil and water contributed to excruciating poverty and subsequent riots. 

d) agonizing

Adverbs: always, finally, absolutely, away 

Adverb phrases: from the time, at first (2 times), for a while 

Adverb clause: When she was six years old

Our School’S Paddy Fields We have been hearing a lot about the contaminated rice we have been getting from neighbouring States. To get bumper harvests they use a lot of artificial fertilizers, insecticides and dangerous chemicals to increase the size and quantity of the paddy they harvest. The result is that the rice we get here is unhealthy. But we have no choice as we do not produce enough rice for our needs. Rice being our staple food we ought to get it from outside.

increase the size and quantity of the paddy they harvest. The result is that the rice we get here is unhealthy. But we have no choice as we do not produce enough rice for our needs. Rice being our staple food we ought to get it from outside.

It is in the circumstances we decided to cultivate paddy in the extra space available in the school campus. The Nature Club suggested this idea to the school management and they were very happy with the idea. The students, both boys and girls, were enthusiastic about it. We decided that the paddy we produce in our school will be 100% organic. We tilled the land and planted seedlings. There was provision for irrigation.

We used only natural fertilizers like cowdung, ash and compost. We used homemade concoctions with tobacco, soap etc. to control the pests. We pulled the weeds by hand. We were able to get a bumper harvest and it was shared among the students and teachers. We were all happy that at least for a few days we all could enjoy pure rice.

I feel it is quite wrong to say that environment is not important when it comes to development. I agree that development is necessary. Development, primarily, is to make people have a happy and comfortable life. I don’t agree with a development where environment is adversely affected. If the environment is not good how can people live a comfortable life? When we speak of environment, we generally include the air, the water, the soil and flora and fauna of the place.

Even if we build big houses and factories and produce a lot of things there, what use do they have if the air is polluted and we can’t even breathe it? Development may give us so many things, but if the water is polluted how can we manage? By destroying the soil, the flora and fauna how we say we are developing? Development must be sustainable. It must be done in such a way we preserve our environment to have pure air, clean water and good soil creating an atmosphere where the flora and fauna can flourish enriching the place.

Student Leader:

 Good morning, Sir. 

I have some doubts to clarify. 

Officer: Good morning! Go ahead and ask me what you want to ask. 

SL: Can we take photographs of the various things we see there? 

Officer: Yes, you can. But be careful. Last week a boy fell into the river as he was taking a selfie standing at an edge of a rock. 

SL: How long can we stay in the resort area? 

Officer: You can stay up to 6.00 p.m. 

SL: How far is the Meenutty Falls from here? 

Officer: It is not far. You can easily walk to the place.

SL: Can we get into the Kallar River? Can we swim in it? 

Officer: Yes, you can. The water is clean. But at places it could be deep. So enter the water only if you know how to swim. 

SL: Is food available for outsiders in the resort? 

Officer: Yes, you can get Kerala Style lunch, tea and snacks at reasonable prices. SL: Is there anything that you would like to tell us? 

Officer: Yes. This is a plastic free zone. Don’t take any plastic bags or bottles with you. Don’t throw any items here and there. Use the dustbins in case you want to drop something. 

SL: Thank you, Sir! 

Officer: Okay! Enjoy your trip!

Your Excellency the Governor, the Honourable Chief Minister and other dignitaries, respected Principal, staff members and parents, my dear students, ladies and gentlemen, Good Afternoon! As I stand here I feel greatly honoured because our school is the first school in the State to receive this prestigious Award. As .the Coordinator of our Eco Club, I feel that we are singularly lucky to become the recipients of this Award. This Award is not just for me but for the entire members of the Eco Club and also for the Principal and Staff who have been doing their best to encourage us in our eco-friendly activities.

We did two things which I believe made us eligible for this Award. First of all with the help of the Forest Department, we planted saplings on the roadsides and other places which we felt need trees. Each member of the club ensured that at least 300 saplings were planted by him or through his efforts. With 200 members in our club, we planted a minimum of 60,000 trees this year. We feel trees are the umbrellas that protect the earth from the scorching sun in different ways. Not only they give shade and sometimes fruits, but they also increase rainfall and prevent soil erosion. Deforestation will make our earth a big desert.

The second thing we did was encouraging especially homemakers to have a kitchen garden. We know that most of the vegetables and fruits we eat come from other states. These vegetables and fruits are full of insecticides and dangerous preservatives. By constantly consuming these things we are prone to become sick. So we encourage households to produce as many vegetables and fruits as they can. With some efforts every household can produce something. With the help of the Agriculture Department, we distributed free seeds and seedlings to households and many people have come to tell us that they have started producing different vegetables and fruits in their own yards or even on their terraces.

I must thank each member of our Club in a special way for his/her contribution to the overall efforts of the Club. We also thank the Principal and Staff members for their unstinted cooperation and support in our efforts. We also thank the Forest and agriculture Departments for their support.

This Award will make us work harder to make our place greener as we feel we have greater responsibilities now. We call our State ‘God’s own country’. The picture of that country is with full of trees, plants and creepers on whose bows hang delicious fruits and delicate flowers with the humming of bees and butteries in all seasons! We can definitely make our State a real Paradise if we all join hands and do our bit in our new initiative which is called ‘Greenery 

Programme’. 

Thank you all!

The Place of Herbs in Our Lives The Environment Club of our School has a well developed Garden of Medicinal Plants. Medicinal plants have become very important in our modern day life. One of the reasons for that is the popularity Ayurveda is getting internationally. Many VIPs from different countries come to Kerala for Ayurveda Treatment. In Ayurveda type of treatment, herbs or medicinal plants play a big role.

Ayurveda has been practised in India in India since 2000 B.C. The Ayurvedic treatment is entirely based on herbs, which have certain medicinal value or property. In the ancient times, the Indian sages believed that Ayurvedic herbs are one-stop solutions to cure a number of health related problems and diseases. Most of the Ayurvedic herbs are free of side eects or reactions. This is the reason why Ayurveda is growing in popularity across the globe. In our garden we have herbs like ginseng, aloe, sandalwood, red clover, burdock, bayberry, black pepper, cinnamon, myrrh, and safflower. They are used to heal wounds, sores and boils. Then we have marshmallow which is used as antacids.

Turmeric is an antibiotic herb. To reduce fever and the production of heat caused by the condition, certain antipyretic herbs such as black pepper, sandalwood, safflower and brihati are used. We also have anti-septic herbs like aloe, sandalwood and chitrak.

Cardamom, does and peppermint are aromatic herbs that increase our appetite. Herbs such as Chamomile, chrysanthemum, coriander, fennel, peppermint, and spearmint, ajwan, basil, calamus, cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, and turmeric are helpful in promoting good blood circulation. Therefore, they are used as cardiac stimulants. Ginger, eucalyptus, wild cherry and cloves are also expectorants.

We grow these and we encourage the people to use them because most allopathic medicines have very adverse side effects. John Sebastian, 26 June 2016

a) Her childhood experiences and observations of nature in rural Kenya. 

b) It destroyed biodiversity and the capacity of the forests to conserve water. 

c) Biodiversity means the variety of living things in an environment.

1. I don’t know when he will arrive. 

2. Do you know where he lives? 

3. He could not see properly because it was dark.

4. They can’t solve the problem because it is too complicated. 

5. I can’t life the box because it is too heavy.

Dear Sir/Madam, 

Sub: Enquiry regarding tourist spots at Thenmala. The students of the Tourism Club of our school have been planning to make a trip to Thenmala. It is to take place in the last week of September. In this connection, one of the executive committee members is being sent to your office to collect information about the spots (venues) to be visited.

I would be grateful if a travel brochure which gives details of the places of attraction, available facilities for accommodation and good hotels is sent through him so that we make the necessary arrangements prior to our trip.

Yours faithfully, 

Meenakshi Varma 

Secretary, Tourism Club

Your Majesties, your Royal Highnesses, Honourable Members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen,

I am the first African woman to receive this Prize. I accept it on behalf of the people of Kenya, and Africa and the world. I am especially concerned with women and the girl child. I hope it will encourage them to raise their voices and become leaders.

My inspiration comes from my childhood experiences and observations of nature in rural Kenya. As I was growing up, I noticed that forests were cleared and were replaced by commercial plantations. This destroys the local biodiversity and the ability of the forests to conserve water.

In 1977 we started the Green Belt Movement. I was then responding to the needs of rural women. They lacked firewood, clean drinking water, balanced diets, shelter and income.

In Africa women are the primary caretakers. They till the land and feed their families. As a result they are the first to notice the environmental damage as resources become scarce, making it difficult for them to maintain their families.

It was becoming difficult for women to meet their basic needs. This was because of the degradation of their immediate environment and the introduction of commercial farming, replacing the growing of household crops. International traders controlled the prices of the produce by farmers and so they could not get a reasonable and just income. When the environment is destroyed, plundered and mismanaged, we undermine the quality of our life and that of the future generations.

Tree planting became a natural choice to satisfy the basic needs of women. Tree planting is simple. It guarantees quick and successful results in a reasonable amount of time. It sustains interest and commitment.

We have planted 30 million trees which provided fuel, food, shelter and income, which helps in children’s education and household needs. The activity creates employment and improves soil and watersheds.

Initially the work was difficult. The people were unaware that a degraded environment leads to a fight for scarce resources. It leads to poverty and conflict. They also did not know the injustice of international economic arrangements. Later they came to know the widespread destruction of the ecosystems, mainly through deforestation, climatic instability and contamination of the soil and water. All these led to extreme poverty and riots.

At the early stage, the Green Belt Movement did not concern itself with issues like democracy and peace. Soon it became clear that only a democratic set-up can implement schemes for responsible governance of the environment. Thus the tree became a symbol for democratic struggle in Kenya. Citizens were mobilized to challenge widespread abuse of power, corruption and environmental mismanagement.

Soon the tree also became a symbol of peace and conflict resolution, especially during ethnic conflicts. Using trees as a symbol of peace is in keeping with a popular African tradition. The elders of Kikuyu carried a staff from the thigi tree. When they placed this staff between two disputing sides, they stopped fighting and sought reconciliation. Such practices are part of cultural heritage. They contribute to conserve habitats and peace.

It is now 30 years since we started this work. Activities that destroy the environment and societies continue. We have to have a shift in our thinking so that humanity stops threatening its life-support system. We are called to assist the Earth to heal her wounds,

and heal our own. We have to embrace the whole creation in all its diversity, beauty and wonder. This will happen only if we see ourselves as members of a large family, which has shared our evolutionary process.

There can be no peace without equitable development. There can be no development without sustainable management of the environment in a democratic and peaceful condition.

In the course of history, humanity has to often shift to a new level of understanding, to reach a higher moral ground. We have to remove our fears and give hope to each other. Time for that has come.

I call on world leaders to expand democratic spaces and build fair and just societies. Then only the creativity and energy of the citizens will flourish. I call upon the young people to work hard to achieve their long-term dreams. They have the energy and creativity to shape a sustainable future. The young people are the gift to their communities and the world. They are our hope and our future.

As I conclude, I think of my childhood. I would visit a stream next to our home to fetch water for my mother. I would drink water straight from the stream. Playing among the arrowroot leaves, I tried, without success, to pick strands of frogs’ eggs, thinking that they were beads. But every time I touched them they broke. Later, I saw thousands of tadpoles, black, energetic and wriggling through the Clearwater against the background of the brown earth. This is the world I inherited from my parents.

But now the stream has dried up. Women walk long distances for water which is not even clean. Children will never know what they have lost. The challenge is to restore the home of the tadpoles and give back to our children a world of beauty and wonder.

Thank you very much. 

When a Sapling is Planted (Speech) Summary in Malayalam

It is thirty years since we started this work. Activities that devastate the societies and environment continue unabated. Today we are faced with a challenge that calls for a shift in our thinking, so that humanity stops threatening its life-support system. We are called to assist the Earth to heal her wounds and in the process heal our own, indeed, to embrace the whole of creation in all its diversity, beauty and wonder.

The main reasons for the anger of Ryots against moneylenders are as follows: 

1.In rural India it was traditional rule that the interest will always remain less than the principal amount. However, in many cases interest payable was more than the principal itself. In one case the interest was Rs 2000 against principal amount of Rs100. 

2.No receipt was paid in case of payment of loan partly or fully. This opened the scope of manipulation by the moneylenders. 

3.Ryots complained about forging of documents and other fraudulent activity by the moneylenders. 

4.Ryots believed that moneylenders were insensitive to them and made an arrogant and exploitative lot.

By 1832 the Santhals had settled in Damin-i-Koh area. Their settlement expanded rapidly. Forests were cleared to accommodate them. The Company also benefitted as it got more and more land revenue. However, the Santhals too got dissatisfied. They rebelled against the British rule. Following are the main causes for their rebellion. 

1.Santhals were not happy with the tax regime of the company. They thought that the land revenue rates were high and exploitative . 

2.The Zamindars began to exercise greater control on the areas brought under cultivation by Santhals, apparently it was a part of the British Policy. But Santhals resented that. 

3.Moneylenders in the rural areas were seen as villain and agent of Company rule by the Santhals. Moneylenders could auction the land of Santhals in case of defaulter. All this was not liked by the Santhals. The British took steps to placate the Santhals later on. A separate district of Santhal Pargana was carved out and law was enacted to protect the santhals.

 Paharias live in the hills of Rajmahal. The British people began to interact with them and later Santhals began to settle down there. The response of the Paharias was as follows: 

1.Paharias resisted the settlement of Santhals initially but had to accommodate them in course of time. 

2.The Paharias shifted to deeper areas into the hills. 

3.They were confined to more barren and rocky areas of the hills in course of time. 

4.The paharias did shifting cultivation. Now shifting cultivation was becoming more and more difficult as proper and stable settlements. 

5.As forest began to be cleared, the paharis could not depend on it for livelihood. Thus, the lifestyle and living of Paharias underwent change due to coming of outsiders.

When zamindars were in bad times, they often resorted to various tactics to maintain control over their zamindari. These were in fact their survival tactics. Following are the important ones. 

1.Zamindars created fictitious sales during auction. Their own men would make highest bid and later refused to pay up. After repeating this exercise for couple of occasions, the government would be tired and sell it back to zamindar at lesser rate. 

2.A part of Estate was often transferred to female members of the family, and that part of property could not be taken by the government any more. 

3.Zamindars put hurdle in purchase and occupation of the estate by others by use of sheer muscle power.

 4.Sometimes even peasants under the influence of zamindars opposed auction of estate.

Jotedars were rich peasants in Bengal. They owned big plots of land sometimes running into thousand of acres of land. They controlled local trade and commerce including the money lending business. They had great influence on the local village population. They were regarded more powerful than the Zamindars even. Following are the main reasons for the high status of Jotedars. 

1.The Jotedars controlled trade and commerce including money lending business at the local level. 

2.In order to weaken the Zamindars, Jotedars would mobilise ryots not to pay or delay payment towards land revenue. 

3.The Jotedars opposed the moves of Zamindars to increase the Jama of a village. 

4.The Jotedars lived in villages only. Hence they were in a better position to interact with and influence the peasants. 

5.Jotedars were rich and owned big areas of land under cultivation. Many a time they would buy estates of Zamindar. That would be auctioned due to failure to pay up land revenue.

(1) Ryotwari settlement of land revenue was direct revenue settlement of government with ryot. 

(2) The peasants were in need of money for many purposes. 

(3) Once They got entangled in the clutches of Sahukar, it would become very difficult for them to get themself free from it. 

(4) Being unable to back the loan to the moneylender, they had no choice but to give over all their possessions. 

(5) They took land on rent and animals on hire from Sahukar. 

(6) The Sahukars would not give receipts when loans were repaid. 

(7) Ficticious figures were entered in the bonds. 

(8) Peasants harvest was procured at low prices. 

(9) The government increased the land revenue from 50 to 100 percent. 

(10) After American civil war moneylenders refused to extend advances. 

(11) The moneylender started renewing the bond every three years.

Many Zamindaris were auctioned as the Zamindars failed to pay up the agreed land revenue on time. The reason for the same: 

1.Many believed that the land revenue settlemnt was on the higher side. Moreover soon after the permanent settlement the foodgrain prices declined. The ryots could not pay up the land revenue and hence Zamindars also defaulted. 

2.The revenue was to be deposited on time irrespective of harvesting cycle. This was another reason for default by the Zamindars. 

3.The power of Zamindars was curbed by the Company. They were no longer law and order enforcing agency at local level. Their musclemen were also weakened. As a result of this Zamindars could not effectively collect taxes at times. 

4.Many a time Jotedars and peasants deliberately delayed the land revenue payment. This resulted in default by Zamindars and the auction thereafter.

(1) The Jotdar had vast area of land. 

(2) He was a local moneylender. 

(3) He was local trader. 

(4) The Jotdar lived in the village. 

(5) He would not allow Zamindar to perform his duties.

(1) The official sources reflect official concerns and interpretation of events, 

(2) The government was not ready to admit that discontent was because of government action, 

(3) Official reports must be verified with evidence gathered from newspapers, unofficial records, legal records and oral sources.

In 1797 in Bardwan (today’s Bardaman in Bengal) there was an auction. It was a big public event. The Raja of Bardwan had a lot of estates and he sold them in auction. According to the permanent settlement, the zamindars were to give a fixed amount to the East India Company as land tax. The condition was that if the zamindars failed to pay the tax in time, their lands would be confiscated and sold in auction. The Raja of Bardwan had not paid the land taxes for his properties and there were huge unpaid amounts. It was in this condition that his estates were auctioned.

Many people took part in the auction. The estates were sold to the highest bidders. Soon the collector discovered a foul play in the auction. Most of the people who acquired the estates in the auction were agents or servants of the Raja. They got these estates as his binamis. 95% of the sales in the action proved to be part of this foul play. Although the Raja sold his estates in public auction, he got back their control using his agents.

(1) Traders of the Bombay persuaded farmer for growing more cotton. 

(2) Moneylenders were ready for long term loans. 

(3) Cotton productive area doubled between 1860-1864. 

(4) The government started to collect more land revenue from peasants. 

(5) Only rich farmers gained profit.

 American Civil War that began in 1860 had a huge impact on the ryots of Deccan region in India. Following events explains how the impact took shape: 

1.Britain was the country where large cotton mills were operational. These cotton mills depended on cotton imported from North America. 

2.When the USA was reeling under civil war, it was naturally very difficult to import cotton from there. 

3.The cotton mills were forced to look for alternative suppliers of cotton apart from US. India made a good option. 

4.The farmers in Deccan were encouraged to grow cotton. One way was the easy access of credit. The moneylenders would give credit of Rs 100 for every acre of land under cotton cultivation. 

5.The farmers benefitted out of this demand for cotton. But the real beneficiary were the big farmers and traders. 

6.However, things changed as normalcy returned to US. Now the demand of cotton in India declined and so declined the easy availability of credit. The ryots fell back to old days of penury and rose in rebellion in many places.

Deccan revolt place is Bombay

The British realized that the Permanent Settlement they tried in Bengal was a failure. So in the Bombay Deccan area they tried a new system called the Ryotwari system.

These are its features:

• It was an agreement done directly with the farmer. There were no middlemen between the farmers and the government. Farmers gave tax directly to the government.
• The income from different types of land was assessed and the ability of the farmer to give tax was also considered.
• A part of the income was decided as the tax payable to the government.
• A survey would be done every 30 years and then the rate might be increased. In that sense the Ryotwari was not a permanent system. It was renewed from time to time. On the whole it was beneficial to the British but not good for the farmers.

The Permanent Settlement was done with the Rajas and Talukdars in Bengal. They were considered as Zamindars. The Zamindars were to give a fixed amount as tax to the government each year. As per the Permanent Settlement, the Zamindars were not owners of the land. They had the status of tax collectors for the government. There were many villages under each zamindar. Some had up to 400 villages.

This system brought changes in the life of the farmers and zamindars of Bengal, the Pahariyas in the Rajamahal Hills and the Santhals. In the villages of Bombay Deccan also there were changes.

Throughout the 19^th century, there were many agricultural revolts against money lenders and grain merchants. Some such important uprisings were the Deccan revolts of 1875. Revolts started in Pune and Ahmednagar districts. They were mainly against the moneylenders. But actually they were the results of the Permanent Settlement. The system was not beneficial to the British.

When the American Civil War started in 1861, there was great anxiety in the cloth manufacturing centres of England. Following the War, the import of raw cotton was drastically reduced. Only 3% of the normal import was got at this time. British government started sending urgent messages to India asking the Indian officials to send more cotton to England. The cotton mill owners of England came to Bombay see the situation in person and to encourage cotton cultivation here. The price of cotton skyrocketed.

The exporters of Bombay used this opportunity to make maximum profit. The British tried all they could to get more cotton from India. To encourage cotton cultivation, they gave advances to the ‘sahukars’ (moneylenders) of Bombay. The Sahukars gave money to the village moneylenders who gave this money to the farmers on high interest rates. It was easy for the farmers to get loans from these money lenders. The moneylenders were confident that they would get their money back. These developments helped the cotton farmers of Deccan to expand their cultivation.

By 1850, the exploitation by outsiders became unbearable to the Santhals. They decided to fight against the Zamindars, the moneylenders and the government. They wanted to make an ideal world of their own with autonomy. In the beginning their protests were limited to robbing the homes of Zamindars and money lenders. But when the government tried to suppress the Santhals. the protests became violent. The rebels attacked “the Police and zamindars. They made their own army units and fought against their persecutors using guerrilla tactics. The leaders of the Santhal Revolt were two brothers – Sindhu and Kanu. The Revolt lasted 6 months. Finally the government put down the Revolt.

After suppressing the Revolt, the Government gave the Santhals a new area. It was called Santhal Pargana. It was some distance away from the Bhagalpur and Birdam districts. Government also made some reforms for the welfare of the Santhals. All these things were done with the intention of pacifying the Santhals.

Santhal Revolt

प्रकाश किरण अभिलंब की ओर झुकेगी, क्योंकि प्रकाश की किरण वायु जो कि एक विरल माध्यम है से जल जो वायु की तुलना में एक सघन माध्यम है में प्रवेश करता है तो ऐसी स्थिति में प्रकाश अभिलम्ब की ओर झुकेगी |

Hydel power, as water is replenished by water cycle. Wind power, as wind keeps blowing due to uneven heating of earth by the sun.

(i) Wind energy (ii) Solar energy

These sources of energy can be used again and again, endlessly. They will never get exhausted.

Hydrogen is a cleaner fuel than CNG because the burning of hydrogen produces only water, which is completely harmless. The burning of CNG produces carbon dioxide and water. This CO₂ , can produce greenhouse effect in the atmosphere and lead to the excessive heating of the environment in the long-run.

(i) It produces huge amount of energy from very small amount of a nuclear fuel.
(ii) It does not produce gases like carbon dioxide which contribuute to greenhouse effect or sulphur dioxide which causes acid rain.
(iii) Once the nuclear fuel is loaded into the reactor, the nuclear power plant can go on producing electricity for two to three years at a stretch. Hence, there is no need for putting in the nuclear. fuel again and again.

Coke is a tough, porous and black substance. It is an almost pure form of carbon. 

Uses:

1. Coke is used in the manufacture of steel. 

2. In the extraction of many metals.

The entire research and development in the field of sourced energy shows that at present rate of use of the conventional energy sources like fossil fuels will not last for long and also burning fuels release carbon dioxide a green house gas, which causes a climate changes and leads to global warming. Coal fired power plants emit mercury, selenium, arsenic, lead in addition to green house gases which are harmful to human health and environment and availability of coal decreasing rapidly. So people should have to look for alternative sources of fossil fuels which are inexhaustible and pollution free.

1. Do not waste fuel for unnecessary activities. 

2. The energy should be properly utilized and the wastage should be minimized. 

3. Usage of bicycle in place of motor vehicles for small distances. 

4. Using road transport vehicles for travelling larger distances which will minimize fuel consumption. 

5. The engine of a vehicle thoroughly serviced in order to minimize fuel consumption. 

6. Alternative sources like solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy are more utilized.

No, it is not a violation of conservation of linear momentum. The external force is the force of friction of road on the car which is acting through the string of the suspended bob. In the string, it is the tension force, component of which in horizontal direction changes the linear momentum.

False 

The axis of earth’s imaginary magnet is inclined at an angle of 15o with the geographical axis. 

(i) False, because an electric motor converts electric energy into mechanical energy.
(ii) True (iii) True
(iv) False, because a live wire has always red or brown insulation.

Electromagnetic induction: The process by which a change in magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in another conductor.

Electromagnetic' stands for the property by which magnetism developed by a current of electricity. 'Induction' stands for the action or process of bringing about or giving rise to something. 

Induced current depends on :

(i) The strength of the magnetic field used.

(ii) The rate of change of magnetic flux associated with the coil.

(iii) The conductor in the form of a coil of many turns of insulated wire.

Rule: Fleming right Hand Rule

Application: Electric Generator