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The early history showed many different groups who are under the power and control of the powerful empire of China.

Explanation: The ruler and people of Vietnam followed the Chinese culture. Vietnam was linked with the maritime silk route. Networks of trade which are Non -Vietnamese people connected to hinterlands where Cambodians lived.

Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

French colonisation over Vietnam : 

(i) To supply natural resources and other essential goods. 

(ii) To bring the benefits of civilisation to backward people. 

(iii) To increase cultivation for trade. 

(iv) Infrastructural development to control entire region. 

(v) To ensure higher levels of profit. 

(i) Construction of trans-Indo-China rail network linked the Northern and Southern parts of Vietnam and China.

(ii) The final link with Yunnan in China was completed by 1910.

(iii) The second line was built linking Vietnam to Siam (Thailand) via the Cambodia's capital of Phnom Penh.

French colonisation over Vietnam : 

(i) To supply natural resources and other essential goods. 

(ii) To bring the benefits of civilisation to backward people. 

(iii) To increase cultivation for trade. 

(iv) Infrastructural development to control entire region. 

(v) To ensure higher levels of profit. 

The French colonised Vietnam in various domains :
(i) Civilising Mission: French claimed that they were bringing modern civilization to the Vietnamese but they dismantled the traditional education system and established French and western pattern of education in Vietnam. They deliberately failed students, glorified French and colonial rule, adopted western styles against Vietnamese interest.
(ii) City Modernisation: French tried to create modern Vietnam with modern native quarter that was not provided with modern facilities. The refuse from the old city drained straight out into the river, overflowed the streets and breeding of rats. French started Rat Hunt. For the Vietnamese, the rat hunt seemed to provide an early lesson in the success of collective bargaining.
(iii) Religion and anti-colonization: Vietnam's religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and syncretic tradition. French introduced Christianity against their interest which resulted in Scholars Revolt in 1868 and Hoa-Hao Revolt in 1939.
(iv) Vision of Modernisation: French considered the 'West' as the symbol of development and civilization. This led to debates in Vietnam between Phan Cheu French and Phan Boi Chau who earlier opposed the idea of resisting the French and was hostile to French, whereas the later one resisted French and wanted to regain sovereignty and ties with China.

The year 1848 was the year which witnessed great hardships. The population of Paris suffered from food shortages and unemployment. The following were the significance of the year 1848 for France – 

• Republic was formed which provided suffrage, i.e., the Right to Vote in political elections to all the male adults above 21 and promised Right to work. Accordingly, national workshops were set up to provide employment opportunities. 
• It also brought the refusal or rejection of the Monarchical power in France in 1848.

(i) Peasants of Awadh were led by Baba Ram Chandra, a Sanyasi. the movement was against talukdars and Landlords.
(ii) The landlords and talukdars demanded exorbitantly high rents and another cess. Peasants had to do begar and work at landlord's farms without any payment.
(iii) As tenants, the farmers had no security of tenure. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, an abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
(iv) ln many places, nai-dhobi bandhs were organized by panchayats to deprive landlord of the services of barbers and washermen.
(v) Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru; Baba Ram Chandra and few others.
within a month, over 300 branches were set up in the villages. The peasants developed in forms. ln 7921, the houses of Talukdars and Merchants
were attacked. Bazaars were looted. Grain hoards were taken over.

Conservatism includes those who believe in the importance of tradition and wanted development to happen by establishing proper institutions and customs. The spirit of conservatism was to preserve traditional institutions of the state and the society which were – the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property, and the family.

In 1707, The Act of Union on Scotland with England led to the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ and England successfully influenced Scotland. Following were the impact of the Act of Union on Scotland: 

• Majority of the members of the British parliament were English people. Thus, growing British identity affected and suppressed the culture and political institution of Scotland. 
• The Catholic clans living in the Scottish Highlands got affected the most as they were suppressed whenever they fought for their independence. 
• The Scottish Highlanders were not allowed to speak Gaelic language and to wear national dress. They were also thrown out from their homeland.

To oppose monarchial forms of government. It emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

Guiseppe Mazzini: He was an Italian revolutionary who played a significant role in promoting the idea of a unified Italian state. He believed that nations were the natural units of mankind, and so Italy (which was then divided into a number of small states and kingdoms) had to be forged into a single unified republic. During the 1830s, he strived to put together a coherent programme for such a unitary Italian Republic. He also set up two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. These societies helped in the dissemination of his ideas.

The three consequence of liberal revolution of 1848 were: 

• In February 1848, Republic was formed which provided suffrage, i.e., the right to vote in political elections to all the male adults above 21 and promised right to work. Accordingly, national workshops were set up to provide employment opportunities. It also brought the refusal or rejection of the monarchical power in France in 1848. 
• Liberal middle-class population including men and women demanded Constitutionalism with the goal of national unification. 
• Overall, the idea to create a nation states based on 3 principles were –a Constitution, Freedom of the press and Freedom of association.

Peasants, educated middle class such as professionals, commercial class, industrialists, etc., were social class spearheaded the nationalist movement in Europe. 

Their demands were: 

• To create such government which should be formed based on elections. 
• To have the right to vote, right to form associations and other basic rights. 
• To abolish all the privileges given to the rich people based on birth. 
• To create such rules and laws which promote trade and increase wages and employment opportunities. 
• Politically and socially, all the laws should be made in consideration with all the sections of the society.

(i) After 1815, many liberal nationalists went underground for the fear of repression like Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary who founded two underground societies; first Young Italy in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne. Following the footsteps of Mazzini, many secret societies were Set-up in Germany, France, Switzerland, and Poland.
(ii) Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. The Romantics used folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances to popularize the true spirit of the nation. For example Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music in Poland. He turned folk dances; Iike polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
(iii) Language also played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. For example : lt was mainly used as a weapon of national resistance when the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere in Poland.

Rural unemployment

1. (a) frictional

2. (a) open

3. (a) Maharashtra

4. (a) 1972

5. (a) underemployment

The three reasons that helped Greek people to win the war of independence against the Turkish rule were: revolutionary and the nationalistic ideas in Europe generated nationalistic sentiments amongst the Greeks who were since the 15th century were the part of the Ottoman Empire. This led to the start the struggle for independence from 1821. 

• West Europeans and other Greeks living in exile supported nationalists in Greece and had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. 
• Poets and artists named Greece- The the cradle of European civilisation. In this way, they gained public opinion to fight against the Muslim empire. 
• Lord Byron, English poet, collected funds and also fought to win the Greek war of independence. 

Finally, in 1832, the Treaty of Constantinople was signed making Greece as an independent nation

The Greek war of independence: This was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829 against the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were supported by the West European countries, while poets and artists hailed Greece as the cradle of European civilisation. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

(i) Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
(ii) To be revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
(iii) Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom. One such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini.
(iv) He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
(v) Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.
(vi) This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Following his model, secret societies were Set-up in Germany, France, Switzerland, and Poland.
(vii) Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservative. Metternich described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order.

1. changes in technology

2. machinery, power failure, strikes, etc.

3. Full employment

4. less than 14 hours per week

5. invisible unemployment

Wrong Pair: 

(2) Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana – to provide gainful employment to rural unemployed and underemployed.

1. a drastic change in the economic structure of a country

2. Cyclical unemployment

3. Employment Guarantee Scheme

4. disguised unemployment

5. urban unemployment

(i) Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th Century.
(ii) Struggle for independence began in 1821.
(iii) Greece got support from Greeks living in exile and West-Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
(iv) Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and mobilized public opinion to support its fight against Muslim Empire.

(v) The English Poet-Lord Byron, organized funds, fought in a war and died of fever in 1824.

(vi) The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.

Correct Pair: 

(1) – (e), 

(2) – (c), 

(3) – (f), 

(4) – (b), 

(5) – (d), 

(6) – (a), 

(7) – (g).

Nationalist tension emerged in the Balkans because the Balkan states were aspiring for nationalism. The Balkans was a region comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and their inhabitants were called Slavs. The major portion of the Balkans was under the Ottoman empire. All through the 19th century, the Ottoman empire attempted to remove the internal backwardness of the state and its people by adopting modern techniques, but could not succeed. There was jealousy among the Balkans states and each hoped to expand the boundaries to their land. The ideology of Europe was changed during this period and liberal democratic feelings became a narrow creed with limited ends. There were intolerance towards each other and they were always ready to fight a war. The European powers, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Britain were also interested to extend their own imperialism. During this period, these European powers were involved in an intense struggle over trade, colonies and naval and military might. Each power was keen on countering the hold of the other powers and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War. 

1. The Balkan states were very jealous of each other.
2. They thought only about gaining territory not caring about other states.
3. Further, the Balkan area became a place of big power rivalry.
4. The European powers were jealous of each other's trade , colonies, naval and military.
5. The ambition to conquest led to wars in the region and finally the First World War.

Yes, I agree with the statement. 

• The Indian education system is defective. 
• It stresses more on general education rather than job-oriented education. 
• Educated people do not fit in any type of job unless they do some professional courses. 
• Hence, a defective education system is one of the main causes of unemployment among educated people.

i. Involuntary Unemployment. It is due to the excess labour force with respect to demand for labour.

ii. Voluntary Unemployment. It is a kind of self unemployment. Here, the person is fit and eligible to work, but wants to remain unemployed.

iii. Underemployment. 

Mr. Ajay could have worked much better as per his qualification, but due to the nonavailability of job opportunities, he is working as a factory assembly.

iv. Full employment is a situation in which all the available resources of the country are being used at their optimum and in the most efficient manner.

1. Frictional unemployment

2. Gujarat

3. Waste of human resources.

Unemployment found in towns and cities is known as urban unemployment. 

The two types of urban unemployment are: 

(i) Educated unemployment: With the spread of education, the number of educated persons has increased. But when these educated persons do not find jobs, there is said to be educated unemployment. This type of unemployment is found among matriculates, undergraduates, graduates, and postgraduates. The casual approach to education; imbalance between job opportunities and the number of educated youth, Preference for white-collar jobs, lack of employable skills, lack of awareness about available educational opportunities are the main reasons for unemployment among educated youth in India. 

(ii) Industrial unemployment: It refers to unemployment in the industrial sector. The unemployed workers may be skilled or unskilled. This is generally in a form of open unemployment. Slow industrial growth, the rapid growth of population, lack of training facilities, low adaptability to modern technology, inconvenient location of industries, low mobility of labour, etc. are the main reason for industrial unemployment. Industrial unemployment can be further classified into- 

• Technological unemployment 
• Frictional unemployment 
• Cyclical unemployment 
• Structural unemployment.

(i) The Balkan was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising of many states and territories whose inhabitants were commonly known as Slaves.
(ii) A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire while some other parts were under the control of Russia and Austria carrying a complex problem.
(iii) The spread of the ideas of Romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made the region very explosive.
(iv) The Balkan people based their claim for independence or political rights on nationality and desired to win back their long lost freedom.
(v) The Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. Each power-Russia, Germany,
England and Austria-Hungary-was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War

1. The situation of underemployment could be understand as each one is doing some work, but no one is fully employed. 

2. Here people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential. 

3. This underemployment has different areas facets in rural and urban areas. 

4. In rural areas this could be clearly understood from the example of disguised unemployment. 

5. Though there is need of 2 persons for the land they have, the entire family of village formers depend on agriculture, which will not sufficiently provide work. 

6. In urban areas also people work as casual labour in many factories. If there is demand, the factories give them opportunities and if there is no demand, the people are asked to go back without work.

(i) Genetic drift: It refers to the random change in gene frequencies in a small population, presumably owing to change rather than natural selection, thereby providing diversity without any adaptations. 

(ii) Natural selection: In this new suitable traits are selected to live in the prevailing environment.

(iii) Reproductive isolation: When same members of a particular species are not able to mate with other members of the same species due to environmental barriers or due to other geographical barriers, it is known as reproductive isolation.

Natural selection:It is the phenomenon where in nature, in the wild, selects traits favourable to the species in its environment. Or we can say, Individuals with variations, that give them selective advantage, are favoured by nature.

Genetic Drift: The elimination of genes of certain traits from the small population when a section of the species population dies of natural calamity or migrates to other region.

Factors responsible for speciation : 

(i) Cene flow must be stopped so that sub-populations become genetically isolated. 

(ii) Mutation plays a role in speciation. Changes in allele and genotype frequencies within the populations, by natural selection. 

(iii) Genetic isolation leads to the formation of new species. 

(iv) Geographical barriers such as mountain ranges, seas or rivers may produce a barrier to gene flow and the inability of organisms or their gametes to meet leads to reproductive isolation and hence speciation. Sometimes crossing of two unrelated species (Genetic Engineering) can also lead to speciation.

Speciation is the formation of new species from the pre-existing population.
Factors responsible for speciation:
(i) Genetic drift
(ii) Geographical isolation
(iii) Natural selection
(iv) Mutation

Fossils: Fossils are preserved traces of living organisms, that got buried deep inside the earth millions of years ago.

(i) Speciation: Origin of new species from preexisting ones.

Role of Genetic drift and natural selection:

Natural selection is phenomena in which the best and the fittest is selected. 

Genetic drift is a process in which the change in the types of the gene occurs 

By the help of both phenomena the new generation is created. For example, there were giraffes with small necks, these giraffes could not reach the top leaves of the trees and thus got extinct while the best type with long neck survived and moved forward to next generation. 

Arteries

1. They carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.

2. They carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery).

3. They are usually deep seated in the tissues.

4. Blood flows with jerks and under high pressure.

5. Valves are absent.

6. Thick elastic walls present.

Veins

1. They carry blood into the heart from all parts of the body.

2. They carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein).

3. They lie closer to skin surface.

4. Blood flows smoothly and under low pressure.

5. Valves are present.

6. Walls thinner than arteries present.

(a) Components of blood are:

1. liquid part called plasma

2. The cells or corpuscles which are further of three types: 

(a) RBC (red blood cell),

(b) WBC (white blood cell), 

(c) platelets.

(b) The four blood groups in humans are :

A, B, AB and O.

1. Plasmodium vivax 

2. Plasmodium ovale 

3. Plasmodium malariae 

4. Plasmodium falciparum . 

5. Plasmodium falciparum causes fatal malaria.

1. Liver damage 

2. jaundice 

3. nausea 

4. yellowish eyes 

5. fever and pain in the abdomen.

(a) Vaccine provide passive acquired immunity

Antibody affinity is the strength of the reaction between a single antigenic determinant and a single combining site on the antibody.

Third generation vaccine contains the purest and the highest potency vaccines which are synthetic in generation. The latest revolution in vaccine is DNA vaccine or recombinant vaccine.