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Vaccination is the process of administrating a vaccine into the body or the act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease.

The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment is called allergy (allo-altered, ergreaction). The substances to which such an immune response is produced are called allergens.

(C) Live microbial food supplement 

The village soothsayer said that the goat would never dance without a companion. That is why the girl asked for another goat.

गाँव के भविष्यवक्ता ने कहा कि बकरा किसी साथी के बिना कभी नृत्य नहीं करेगा। इस कारण लड़की ने एक और बकरे की माँग की।

Sindhu asked her to tell him the meaning of the three different coloured stones set in the gold ring she had given him. In addition to that he asked for a barrel of foodstuffs.

सिन्धु ने उससे कहा कि वह उसे उस अंगूठी में जड़े तीन विभिन्न रंगों के पत्थरों का अर्थ बताए जो कि उस लड़की ने उसे दी थी। इसके अलावा सिन्धु ने भोज्य सामग्री के पतीले की भी माँग की।

The landlord’s daughter asked for the flute which made the goats dance along with the third goat.

जमींदार की पुत्री ने तीसरे बकरे के साथ वह बांसुरी भी माँगी जो बकरों को नचवाती थी।

(c) she was very eager to have a goat

After watching the dance of the goats first time, the landlord’s daughter decided to buy one of the goats..

पहली बार बकरों के नृत्य को देखने के बाद जमींदार की पुत्री ने उनमें से एक बकरा खरीदने का निश्चय किया।

The shop was called 'Lucky Shop' because the shopkeeper wanted everybody to try their luck.There were some discs, with numbers 1 to 10, put facing down on the table.The one who wanted to try his luck,had to pay 50 paise and pick up six discs,then add the numbers. The article marked with that number was given to the lucky person.

Correct Answer is: (c) GAATTC

Bacillus megaterium.

.Corynebacterium glutamicum.

Alcaligenes eutrophus.

(b) hybridization of DNA of one organism to that of the others.

(a) S.aureofacins

(d) confer resistance to antibiotics

RNA interference is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation. This is done by neutralising targeted mRNA molecules.

A simplified model for the RNAi pathway is based on two steps, each involving ribonuclease enzyme. In the first step, the trigger RNA (either dsRNA or miRNA primary transcript) is processed into a short interfering RNA (siRNA) by the RNase II enzymes called Dicer and Drosha. In the second step, siRNAs are loaded into the effector complex RNAinduced silencing complex (RISC). The siRNA is unwound during RISC assembly and the singlestranded RNA hybridizes with mRNA target. This RNAi is seen in plant feeding nematodes.

Golden rice is a variety of Oryza sativa (rice) produced through genetic engineering of bio synthesized beta-carotene, a precursor of Vitamin-A in the edible parts of rice developed by – Ingo Potrykus and his group. The aim is to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary Vitamin-A, which kills so many children under five year age. 

Golden rice differs from its parental strain by the addition of three beta-carotene biosynthesis , genes namely ‘psy’ (phytoene synthase) from daffodil plant Narcissus pseudonarcissus and ‘crt-1’ gene from the soil bacterium Erwinia auredorora and ‘lyc’ (lycopene cyclase) gene from wild-type rice endosperm. The endosperm of normal rice, does not contain beta-carotene. Golden-rice has been genetically altered so that the endosperm now accumulates Beta-carotene. This has been done using Recombinant DNA technology. Golden rice can control childhood blindness – Xerophthalmia

The advantages of Bt cotton are:

1. Yield of cotton is increased due to effective control of boll worms. 

2. Reduction in insecticide use in the cultivation of Bt cotton

3. Potential reduction in the cost of cultivation. 

4. Cost of Bt cotton seed is high. 

5. Effectiveness up to 120 days after that efficiency is reduced. 

6. Ineffective against sucking pests like jassids, aphids and white fly. 

7. Affects pollinating insects and thus yield.

Correct Answer is: (6) 900

(d) both b and c

A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites.

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9.

Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton variety, which produces an insecticide activity to bollworm. Strains of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produce over 200 different Bt toxins, each harmful to different insects. Most Bt toxins are insecticidal to the larvae of moths and butterflies, beetles, cotton bollworms and gatflies but are harmless to other forms of life.The genes are encoded for toxic crystals in the Cry group of endotoxin .

When insects attack and eat the cotton plant the Cry toxins are dissolved in the insect’s stomach.The epithelial membranes of the gut block certain vital nutrients thereby sufficient regulation of potassium ions are lost in the insects and results in the death of epithelial cells in the intestine .membrane which leads to the death of the larvae.

When microbes are cultured, they secrete some enzymes into the growth media. These enzymes are industrially used in detergents, food processing, brewing and pharmaceuticals. 

E.g. Protease, amylase, isomerase, and lipase.

PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. PCR is a common lab technique used to make copies of particular region of DNA

Advantages of Herbicide Tolerant Crops:

• Weed control improves higher crop yields;
• Reduces spray of herbicide;
• Reduces competition between crop plant and weed;
• Use of low toxicity compounds which do not remain active in the soil; and
• The ability to conserve soil structure and microbes.

Single Cell Protein (SCP) are dried cells of microorganisms that are used as protein supplement in human foods or animal feeds. SCP are rich in proteins, aminoacids, vitamins, carbohydrates, fats and minerals. It is used as food source by Astronauts and Antarctica expedition scientists.

1. Agaricus campestris 

2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1. Cellulomonas 

2. Alcaligenes

Applications of Single-Cell Protein: 

1. It is used as protein supplement. 

2. It is used in cosmetics, products for healthy hair and skin.

3. It is used in poultry as the excellent source of proteins and other nutrients, it is widely used for feeding cattle, birds and fishes, etc.

4. It is used in food industry as aroma carriers, vitamin carrier, emulsifying agents to improve the nutritive value of baked products, in soups, in ready-toserve-meals, in diet recipes.

5. It is used in industries like paper processing and leather processing as foam stabilizers.

Yes, although SCP is a rich protein source it is not widely used by most of the people in countries due to its higher nucleic acid content and slow digestibility.

Sindhu started for the market place to sell his cows but he did not reach there because he met an old woman on the way.

सिन्धु अपनी गायें बेचने के लिये बाजार रवाना हुआ, लेकिन वह वहाँ पहुँच नहीं सका क्योंकि रास्ते में ही वह एक बूढ़ी महिला से मिल गया।

When they were in great trouble in the year of drought, Sindhu’s mother told him to sell the cows. The thought of selling the cows they loved so much distressed him.

जब वे अकाल के वर्ष में बड़ी परेशानी में थे तो सिन्धु की माँ ने उसे कहा कि वह गायों को बेच दे। जिन गायों को वे लोग इतना प्रेम करते थे उन्हें बेचने के विचार ने उसे दु:खी कर दिया।

Sindhu and his mother lived in a little bamboo hut and they possessed a couple of cows, a small plot of grazing land and a bamboo hut.

सिन्धु और उसकी माँ बाँस की एक छोटी-सी झौंपड़ी में रहते थे। उनके पास एक जोड़ी गायें, चरागाह का एक छोटा-सा भू-भाग और बांस की कुटिया थी।

The old man made 15 rupees by selling the clock back to the shopkeeper.

Sindhu got three dancing goats and a magic flute in exchange for his two cows.

सिन्धु ने अपनी दोनों गायों के बदले में तीन नर्तक बकरे तथा एक जादुई बांसुरी प्राप्त की।

Sindhu and his mother wanted to sell their cows because a year of drought came and they had not enough fodder.

सिन्धु और उसकी माँ अपनी गायों को बेचना चाहते थे क्योंकि एक वर्ष अकाल का आया और उनके पास पर्याप्त चारा नहीं था।

Sindhu was compelled to sell his cows because there was a severe drought that year and there was no fodder left for their two cows. Although, the mother and the son were deeply attached to their cows but they did not have enough money to buy food for themselves, how could they buy fodder for their cattle. The circumstances forced them to sell their cows in the market place.

सिन्धु अपनी गायों को बेचने के लिये इसलिये बाध्य हुआ क्योंकि उस साल एक भयानक अकाल पड़ा था और उनकी दो गायों के लिये चारा भी नहीं बचा था। यद्यपि माँ और बेटा दोनों को गायों से बहुत गहरा लगाव था लेकिन उनके पास खुद का भोजन खरीदने को भी पैसे नहीं थे तो वे अपने मवेशियों के लिये चारा कैसे खरीद सकते थे। परिस्थितियों ने उन्हें अपनी गायों को बाजार में बेचने के लिये बाध्य कर दिया।

Sindhu wanted to marry the landowner’s daughter because she was very beautiful and he loved her very much.

सिन्धु जमींदार की कन्या से इसलिये विवाह करना चाहता था क्योंकि वह बहुत खूबसूरत थी और वह उससे प्रेम करता था।

There was a big Eid fair in our village. We could buy anything from a tiny toy to a huge camel. I went to the fair on its last day with Uncle and Bhaiya. We went to the Lucky Shop. It was very interesting. I tried my luck but did not win any prize. Later ,uncle told me that I was more foolish than unlucky.

When the landowner declared his intention of finding a suitable husband for his daughter through a ‘Swaymvara’, Sindhu thought of his own chance of winning the hand of the beautiful girl. But as he was a poor peasant he had doubts regarding his marriage. He thought that the girl herself would dislike being the wife of his father’s servant. He thought that the landowner may not allow his daughter to be married to a peasant.

जब जमींदार ने अपनी कन्या के लिये उचित वर की तलाश के इरादे की घोषणा की तो सिन्धु ने उस सुन्दर कन्या का हाथ पाने की अपनी सम्भावनाओं पर विचार किया। लेकिन क्योंकि वह एक गरीब किसान थी उसे अपने विवाह के सम्बन्ध में कुछ सन्देह थे। उसने सोचा कि हो सकता है लड़की स्वयं ही अपने पिता के नौकर की पत्नी होने को नापसन्द कर दे। वह सोचने लगा कि शायद जमींदार अपनी पुत्री के किसान के साथ विवाह की इजाजत ही न दे।

1. The baby crawled up to his mother and wanted her to lift him up.

2. The village boys were delighted with the special treatment that they received at the function.

3. When the host introduced a new singer, he waved at everyone present in the hall.

4. The guard has disappeared after the incident of theft in our neighbourhood.

5. The exhausted players were treated like royal guests as they had won the match.

6. The little puppy sat on Govind’s lap and he caressed it lovingly.

This sentence was said by Reshma’s mother to Reshma.

1. The little boy’s eyes brightened when his saw that his grandfather had arrived home.

2. The teacher does not mind if we suggest some good points to her.

3. Mohan was thrilled when he saw a lion from a distance.

4. Mother is busy with her kitchen work because we have some guests for dinner tonight.

5. After trying very hard, at last, Mita was able to handle the bicycle.

6. Mr Dave is looking for a bigger house in the neighbourhood.

1. When Nitin heard a faint sound in the bushes, he was hopeful of finding his lost pet dog.

2. The school bus arrived late because it had to take a longer route instead of the usual one.

3. When Jay read a poem, he was puzzled because English was not his favourite subject.

4. Amit bent down to lift the little boy who was standing next to him.

5. Shreya was feeling lonely and so she decided to watch TV for pastime.

6. Can you tell me the reason why we should drink boiled water

B. he was not sociable.

भारत के दो प्रमुख राष्ट्रीय उद्यान हैं

• जिम कॉर्बेट राष्ट्रीय उद्यान,
• सुन्दरवन राष्ट्रीय उद्यान।

Correct option: (C) Latin is an ancient language and it will not change in form or spelling.

Correct option: (D) All the above

Correct option: (C) Roman