Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

A large part of South America lies within the tropical zone and is, therefore, hot. The apparent movement of the sun has an impact on die climate of South America. The climate is, however, also influenced by a number of other factors such as the presence of the Andes Mountains, the height of a place above sea level, prevailing winds, nearness to seas and oceans, and die impact of ocean currents such as die warm Brazilian Current and the cold Peru Current.

Due to its tapering size or shape, the southern part of South America gets the moderating influence of the oceans and thus has mild climate

1. The tropical grasslands of Guyana are called llanos.

2. The coca tree is a native peruvian tree.

3. The quebracho tree grows in the Gran Chaco.

4. The pampas vegetation in Argentina consists of short, soft and nutritious grasses.

5. The galapagos Islands are inhabited by giant turtles.

6. Wax obtained from caranauba palm trees are used for making shoe polish, furniture poolish, lipstickand candles.

7. Quinine is obtained from the bark of cinchona trees.

8. Chile leads in the production of copper

Semipermeable allow diffusion of solvent molecules but do not allow the passage of solute molecule. eg: Parchment paper.

The term symport is used to denote an integral membrane protein that simultaneously transports two types of molecules across the membrane in the same direction.

The cell wall reacts to this turgor pressure with equal and opposite force, and the counter – pressure exerted by the cell wall towards cell membrane is wall pressure (WP).

• Endosmosis is the movement of solvent molecules into the cell through selectively permeable membrane along a concentration gradient. Whereas, exosmosis is the movement of solvent molecules from the interior to outer medium through selectively permeable membrane along a concentration gradient.
• Cell becomes turgid due to endosmosis. Whereas, cell becomes flaccid due to exosmosis.

They are seen in the central and southern regions of Peru.

Brazil has one of the world’s largest deposits of iron ore and also has some coal and vast oil reserves. Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela has rich deposits of mineral oil. This makes up for the lack of coal. About 15 per cent of the world’s crude oil comes from this region of South America. Venezuela is the biggest exporter of oil in South America and is next only to the Arab countries. It is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). 

Chile is the world’s leading producer of copper. The largest copper mine in the world is at Chuquicamata in northern Chile. Peru is another important copper producer in South America. The Atacama Desert is still rich in nitrates, which are important for making fertilizers. Bolivia is one of the leading countries in tin production in the world. Gold is found in Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. Bolivia and Peru have silver mines. Reserves of two rare minerals—platinum and vanadium—are found in the Andes. Bauxite is mined in Guyana and Suriname. South America is rich in minerals ranging from crude oil, copper, diamond, gold to silver. This is what attracted the Europeans to settle in this continent.

Colourful birds, monkeys, insects and snakes such as the python and anaconda, reptiles such as crocodiles and alligators and fishes including the piranha are found in the Amazon forests.

These are called the pampas in north-eastern and central Argentina and Uruguay. The vegetation consists of short, soft, and nutritious grasses. This is a fertile tree-less area which is well suited to cattle grazing, dairying, and wheat cultivation. Vast amounts of wheat are grown here for export.

These animals live in an area of high altitude where the temperature can change rapidly and the ground can be frosted over half the year

Porin is a large transporter protein found in the outermembrane of plastids, mitochondria and bacteria which facilitates smaller molecules to pass through the membrane.

Osmosis (Latin: Osmos – impulse, urge) is a special type of diffusion. It represents the movement of water or solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from the place of its higher concentration (high water potential) to the place of its lower concentration (low water potential).

Mass flow is the movement of substance in bulk from one point to another as a result of pressure difference between the two points. In mass flow all the substances dissolved or suspended in solution travel at the same pace, which is different from diffusion where substances move independently according to their concentration gradient.

Imbibition is the diffusion of water along a gradient into an adsorbent. 

Two conditions necessary for imbibition are: 

(i) Water potential gradient between the surface of the adsorbent and the liquid imbibed. 

(ii) Affinity between the adsorbent and the imbibed liquid.

The alpaca are domesticated as the alpaca provides fine wool

Imbibition : 

(i) Imbibition is a special type of diffusion. In this process, water is absorbed by solids and colloids, causing an enormous increase in volume. 

(ii) It is the phenomenon of adsorption of water or any other liquid by the solid particles of a substance without forming a solution. 

(iii) Imbibition is along the concentration gradient and depends upon affinity between adsorbent and liquid being adsorbed.

Root hairs are unicellular extensions of epidermal cells without cuticle. Root hairs are extremely thin and numerous and they provide a large surface area for absorption.

Isotonic (Iso = identical; tonic = soute): It refers to two solutions having same concentration. In this condition the net movement of water molecule will be zero.

(i) Exosmosis and Endosmosis.

(ii) Plasmolysis and Deplasmolysis.

(iii) Active and Passive Transport.

It is the process of shrinkage of protoplasm in a cell, away from its cell wall and toward the center. It occurs because of the movement of water from the intracellular space to the outer-cellular space. This happens when the plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution that is solution having more solute concentration than the cell cytoplasm. This causes the water to move out of the cell (endosmosis) and toward the solution. The cytoplasm of the cell shrinks and the cell is said to be plasmolysed.

Three types of plasmolysis occur in plants: 

1. Incipient plasmolysis

2. Evident plasmolysis 

3. Final plasmolysis.

Non-verbal communication is the type of communication in which words are not used.

The variation observed in the metallic and nonmetallic character of elements can be explained in the terms of ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy.

i. Metallic character:

• The ionization enthalpy decreases down the group. Thus, the tendency to lose valence electrons increases down the group and the metallic character increases down a group.
• However, the ionization enthalpy increases across the period and as a result metallic character decreases across a period.

ii. Nonmetallic character:

• Electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative as we move down the group and hence, nonmetallic character decreases down the group.
• However, electron gain enthalpy becomes more and more negative across the period and thus, nonmetallic character increases across the period.

Reading merely the words, even pronouncing them correctly is not reading in true sense. Reading the book with taste and discrimination, grasping the meanings and enjoying the beauty is reading in true sense. 

केवल शब्दों को पढ़ना, इनका ठीक से उच्चारण भी करना सही अर्थ में पढ़ना नहीं कहलाता। रुचि और भेद करने के गुण के साथ अर्थों को समझते हुए और सौन्दर्य का आनन्द लेते हुए पढ़ना ही सही अर्थ में पढ़ना होता है।

(c) video conferencing

Verbal communication is the type of communication in which communication is done in spoken form.

(b) external communication

Correct option is (A) C. K. Prahlad

Principles of management are important because they provide useful insight to managers.

Principles of Management are important because they:

(i) Provide useful insights into the real world situations, enabling the managers to learn from past mistake and conserve time by solving recurring problems quickly.

(ii) Help in optimum utilisation of resources, reduces the wastage associated with trial and error approach.

(iii) Help in effective administration by limiting the boundaries of managerial discretion, so that decisions are free from personal prejudices.

(iv) Helps in taking scientific decisions based on facts, objectives and assessment of the situation.

(v) Help the managers in meeting the changing environment requirements because these principles can be modified according to the changes taking place in the environment.

(vi) Helps in fulfilling social responsibility.

(vii) Helps in management training, education and research.

A good book gives intellectual food to the reader and makes an appeal to his higher emotions and to his intellect. A reader wants to read a good book again and again. He wants to read it a second time even more than he wanted to read it the first time and every additional time that he reads it, he finds new meanings and new beauties in it. A good book is praised and admired in all ages. It passes the test of time and the judgements of generations. It delights a reader more and more as he grows in years. A really good book has a value that lies hidden within it. This is why it grows exactly in proportion to the growth of the reader’s mind. It never becomes old and is immortal. 

एक अच्छी पुस्तक पाठक को बौद्धिक प्रेरणा प्रदान करती है और उसकी उच्चस्तरीय भावनाओं और बुद्धि को प्रभावित करती है। पाठक किसी अच्छी पुस्तक को बार-बार पढ़ना चाहता है। वह उसे दूसरी बार, पहली बार से भी अधिक पढ़ना चाहता है और जब-जब वह इसे पढ़ता है, वह इसमें नये अर्थ और नये सौन्दर्य पाता है। अच्छी पुस्तक की हर युग में प्रशंसा और सराहना की जाती है। यह समय व पीढ़ियों के निर्णयों की परीक्षा पास करती है। यह पाठक को उसकी बढ़ती उम्र के साथ अधिकाधिक आनन्द प्रदान करती है। वास्तव में एक अच्छी पुस्तक का ऐसा मूल्य होता है जो इसके अन्दर छिपा होता है। इसीलिए यह पाठक के मस्तिष्क के विकास के साथ-साथ विकसित होती जाती है। यह कभी पुरानी नहीं होती है और अमर होती है।

A great book is not comprehended in all its meaning and beauty in one reading. Only the narrative is absorbed. Sometimes it takes humanity hundreds of years to find out what is there in a great book. But in its additional readings, a great book unfolds new meanings to a man as he grows in experience and age. A good book delights a person irrespective of his age. If a book is really good, it will delight the reader at eighteen and it will delight him much more at twenty-five. And at the age of thirty, the same reader will find newness in the same book. The same holds true at the age of fifty or sixty. Thus a great book grows exactly in proportion to the growth of a reader’s mind.

किसी भी महान पुस्तक को पहली बार पढ़ने में ही उसके सारे अर्थ और सौन्दर्य के साथ नहीं समझा जा सकता, केवल कहानी ही समझी जा सकती है। कभी-कभी किसी पुस्तक में क्या है इसका पता लगाने में मानवता को सैकड़ों वर्ष लग जाते हैं। लेकिन आगे बार-बार पढ़ने पर एक महान पुस्तक किसी व्यक्ति के सामने जैसे-जैसे उस व्यक्ति का अनुभव और उम्र बढ़ती है, नये-नये अर्थ खोलती है। एक अच्छी पुस्तक व्यक्ति को हर उम्र में आनन्द प्रदान करती है। अगर कोई पुस्तक वास्तव में अच्छी है तो यह पाठक को अट्ठारह वर्ष की उम्र में भी आनन्द प्रदान करेगी और पच्चीस वर्ष की उम्र में वह उसे और भी अधिक आनन्द प्रदान करेगी। तीस वर्ष की उम्र में इसी पुस्तक में उसी पाठक को नवीनता दिखाई देगी। पचास और साठ वर्ष की उम्र में भी यही बात रहती है। इस प्रकार एक महान पुस्तक अपने पाठक के मस्तिष्क के विकास के अनुपात में विकसित होती जाती है।

Mobile/Cellular phone provides short message service.

• In modern times, the scale of the business has increased to such an extent that direct and personal dealing with the customers is difficult except in case of retail trade.
• Correspondence is, thus, necessary to widen the boundaries of markets and expand the scale of business. 
• Effectively drafted and neatly typed letters play the role of a salesman in creating and expanding the market for goods and services. 
• When letters are courteous it creates a good impression. 
• Letters convince the prospects of the novelty, specialty, and utility of the products and induce them to place orders. 
• Thus, a business letter is a silent salesman.

i. written communication

ii. layout

iii. inside address

• Every business letter must be courteously worded. 
• The language used should be polite, pleasing, and convincing. 
• Courtesy and polite tone are possible by using terms like ‘please’, ‘thank you, ‘very kind of you’ etc. 
• It is specifically necessary for letters sent to the employees. 
• It includes polite manners, kindness, and consideration for others.
• A courteous letter builds goodwill for the organization. 
• Lack of courtesy may prove to be costly and troublesome to a business unit. 
• A business letter and serves as a ‘silent salesman’ or ‘silent ambassador’ only when it is courteous in meaning and language. 
• Courtesy facilitates the expansion of business activities. 
• Thus, courtesy is one of the requisites of a good business letter.

• In order to make a letter appear systematic and attractive, it is better to maintain margins on both sides of the letter. 
• Proper margin makes the letter attractive. 
• Proper margin must be kept on the left-hand side and right-hand side. 
• Proper space must be left at the bottom of the letter. 
• Thus, the margin on all sides is a waste of paper.

Fredrick Taylor, Henri Fayol, Gilbreath, Max Weber, Chester Barnard, Peter F. Drucker, C.K. Prahalad, etc.

The author believes that in the choice of our reading, we should be guided by the fact that we read only the books that we want to read more than once. Such books provide food for our intellect and appeal to our higher emotions. We should pay attention to the general character of the value that lies hidden within all great books. We should read such books that never become old and are immortal works of literature. They are admired in all the ages. Though they are not comprehended fully at the first reading; in all their subsequent readings, they bring out their new meanings and new beauty hidden deep within them. Great books grow in direct proportion to our age and experience of life. 

लेखक का मानना है कि अपने पढ़ने के चुनाव में हमें इस बात से निर्देशित होना चाहिए कि हम वही पुस्तकें पढ़ें जिन्हें हम एक से अधिक बार पढ़ना चाहें। ऐसी पुस्तकें : हमारे मस्तिष्क को प्रेरणा देती हैं और हमारी उच्चस्तरीय भावनाओं को अच्छी लगती हैं। हमें उपयोगिता के उस सामान्य गुण को भी ध्यान में रखना चाहिए जो सभी महान पुस्तकों में छिपा रहता है। हमें ऐसी पुस्तकें पढ़नी चाहिए जो कभी पुरानी नहीं होतीं और साहित्य की अमर कृतियाँ होती हैं। उनकी सभी युगों में सराहना होती है। यद्यपि उन्हें पहले पठन में समझा नहीं जा सकता है, परन्तु बाद के सभी पठनों में वे अपने अन्दर गहरे छिपे हुए नये अर्थों और नये सौन्दर्यों को उजागर करती हैं। महान पुस्तकें हमारी उम्र और जीवन के अनुभव के ठीक समानुपात में विकसित होती है।

1.  An identifier must start with a letter or underscore followed by any number of digits or/ and letters.

2.  No special character (other than under-score) should be included in the identifier.

3.  No reserved word or standard identifier should be used.

4.  Upper and lower case letters are different. All characters are significant.

• It usually consists of the name of the writer, his official designation, if any, and the department he is concerned with. 
• It is placed directly below the complimentary close. 
• The signature must be handwritten in ink and placed two or three line spaces below the complimentary close. 
• Business letters, today, carry the typed name and also the designation of the signatory below the signature. 
• This helps the reader to identify the person by his name and his official position in the company. 
• A letter without a date is invalid, likewise, a letter without a signature is also invalid. 
• The unsigned letter has no significance. 
• Thus, a signature provides legal value to the letter.

i. Courtesy

ii. Spacing

iii. Conciseness

i. Coherence means the letter should be in a logical sequence.

ii. Conciseness means the use of minimum words.

iii. Salutation contains greetings to the reader of the letter.

(a) Date 

(b) Body of letter 

(c) Enclosure

(b) address, heading

(a) Heading

(b) Subject 

(c) Complimentary close

Correct answer is (b) Cookies