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The answer is (b) formation of sperm

• Testes lying in the scrotum ensures the temperature of the testes remain lower than the body temperature. 
• This helps in sperm production

(i) Regulates the formation of sperms, (ii) brings about the changes in boys during adolescence.

The reasons for adopting contraceptive methods are:

1. Couples are not interested to get issues early.

2. Pregnancy will make major demands on the body and the mind of the woman and if she is not ready for it, her health will be adversely affected.

3. There may be pressure to avoid having children from the government agencies.

The reasons for adopting contraceptive methods could be: 

1. Protection from sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV-AIDS, gonorrhoea, syphilis, warts etc. 

2. Restricting the number of children. 

3. Sufficient gap between successive births. 

4. Enjoying a good reproductive health. 

5. Controlling population.

(i) Jammu and Kashmir

(ii) Mumbai

(iii) MLA

(iv) Terrorism and Naxalite movements

(v) Nagpur.

1. A session is a meeting where members of both the Houses meet. 

2. Maharashtra’s legislature conducts minimum three sessions in a year. 

3. The budget session and monsoon session of Maharashtra is held in Mumbai while the winter session is held at Nagpur. 

4. The Governor has the right to summon and conclude the session. 

5. During the session, new laws are passed, existing laws are amended and out-dated laws are repealed. 

6. The sessions are conducted under the leadership and guidance of the Speaker and the Chairman.

1. Decisions taken on issues of public importance have long-lasting effect on the lives of the people. 

2. Such decisions should also be according to the Rule of Law which treats everyone equally. 

3. Care has to be taken that such decisions should not violate the Constitution. 

4. Since the President is not a legal expert, he has to seek advice of the Supreme Court on any issues of public importance.

The Governor enjoys certain important Legislative and Executive powers as the head of the state.

1. The Bills passed by Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad are converted into laws only after receiving his assent. 

2. He has the right to summon the session of the state legislature and to conclude it. 

3. He can issue an ordinance to make law, on important subject if required, when the Legislature is not in session. 

4. He appoints the Chief Minister and the other Council of Ministers.

The Union Council of Ministers is appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

(b) Production of gametes–sperms and secretion of sex hormones–testosterone

A money bill can be introduced only in the Vidhan Sabha.

• The President can use all the powers or any of the executive powers of the state.
• The powers taken over by him shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him. These powers are generally exercised by the state Governor.
• He can suspend or dissolve the legislative assembly of the state.
• The Parliament can make laws on any subject on the State list for that State.
• The Parliament passes the annual budget of the state.
• The Council of Ministers of the state is dismissed.

Functions of testis-

(i) Produce sperms.

(ii) Produces male hormone/ testosterone.

(a) These are located outside the human body sperms need lower temperature than the normal body temperature to mature.

(b) Testosterone.

The placenta is an organ found only in mammals during development of foetus. It is made up of cells derived from both mother and foetus. 

• Placenta allows the exchange of materials between mother and foetus. 
• It allows the transfer of nutrients and oxygen from mother to foetus. 
• Waste products excreted by the foetus like urea, uric acid and even carbon dioxide are diffused to maternal blood stream by the placenta. 
• Antibodies pass through the placenta that provides immunity to the foetus. 
• Placenta secretes several hormones that are essential for foetal development.

Two functions of testes: 

(i) They secrete hormone: testosterone responsible for the male characteristics. 

(ii) It helps in the formation of sperms.

Fallopian tube or oviducts is about 10 to 12 cm long muscular tube. It has a funnel shaped opening near the ovary. 

It carries ova or egg from ovary to the uterus and is the site of fertilization.

(i) Oral pills: Change hormonal balance so eggs are not released.

(ii) Loop / Copper-T: Placed in the uterus prevent pregnancy by checking the entry of sperms through the vagina.

Correct option is (b) Nagpur

There are the following differences between the Cabinet and the Council of Ministers :

• The Council of Ministers consists of about 60 ministers, whereas the Cabinet has only 15-20 members.
• The Cabinet is the inner part of the Council of Minister. That is why, it is commonly termed as wheel within a wheel.
• The Cabinet formulates all the policies of the state whereas the Council of Ministers does not take part in policy making.
• The meetings of the Cabinet are held once or twice a week but the meetings of the Council of Ministers are very rarely held.

1. The Council of Ministers consists of the Chief Minister and other ministers. 

2. The leader of the majority party in Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor. 

3. The Governor also appoints the other ministers chosen by the Chief Minister to form Council of Ministers. 

4. Framing appropriate laws, working for the welfare of the people, governing the state efficiently are some of the functions of the Council of Ministers. 

5. The Chief Minister along with his Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly.

(i) False. States in India have been formed on the basis of language.

(ii) True.

(iii) True.

(iv) False. The people look at the Chief Minister as a Problem Solver.

(v) False. Every constituent state has a Vidhan Sabha.

The Prime Minister is the real head of the Union Government.

From the study of powers of the President in various fields, it seems that he is a very powerful executive head. Besides, he has important legislative, financial and judicial powers. He can declare emergency. He can dissolve the Lok Sabha, can issue ordinances. No bill can become law without his signature.

In actual practice, however, he is the nominal head of the state. He does not exercise these powers himself but on the advice of the Council of Ministers. He declares emergency only on the advice of the Council of Ministers and uses these powers with its aid. He can never become a dictator. His powers closely resemble the powers of the Queen of Britain. He can advise, encourage and warn his ministers. But much depends upon the personality and character of the President. And in this sense, he is no figure head. He is, in fact, a guide who can shape and mould the policy of India both at home and abroad.

The Cabinet which is a part of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the President of India. In fact, the President has not free hand in the appointment of the Prime Minister or Ministers. He appoints the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha as a Prime Minister. The President has no choice in this matter.

The Prime Minister prepares the list of other ministers to be included in the Council of Ministers. He presents this list to the President. The President cannot refuse to approve this list. Sometimes a person who is not a member of the Parliament is appointed a minister. Such a minister must become the member of Parliament within six months of his appointment as a minister.

In India, the states have been organised on a linguistic basis.

The State Legislature can make laws on the subjects in the State list and Concurrent list.

The Constitution of India establishes Parliamentary form of government at the State level and at the Centre. The Governor, therefore, is a nominal head of the State. There is a provision for a Council of Ministers to assist him. The Council of Ministers is the real executive of the State. The Governor appoints a person as the Chief Minister who is the leader of the majority party in the Legislative Assembly. He also appoints other ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Governor can neither delete nor add any new name to the list, given to him by the Chief Minister.

According to Article 251, every State High Court is a Court of Record, and as such its decisions are recorded and the courts subordinate to it accept these decisions as judicial precedents.

(a) Placenta : (i) Helps in the transportation atom of glucose and oxygen from the mother to the embryo.

(ii) Waste generated by the embryo is removed by transferring it to the mother's blood.

(b) Fallopian tube : (i) Eggs is carried from the ovary to the uterus.

(ii) Fertilization occurs here.

Germ cells are produced in one testes and these testes secrete a hormone called testosterone.

1. The Chief Minister can select his Council of Ministers according to his choice. 

2. He can ask any of his ministers to resign. 

3. Framing policies of public welfare and developing the state in a progressive manner entirely depends upon the Chief Minister. 

4. The Chief Minister leads the state and people look at him as a problem solver. 

5. His intervention in solving the problems of the state comforts the people. 

Hence, all these executive powers makes the Chief Minister’s post most important in the State.

1. Industrial development has taken place in Maharashtra on a large scale. It has many industries based on modern technology. 

2. Maharashtra’s literacy rate is higher than many other states. 

3. It has a rich tradition of saints and social reformers who have nurtured progressive thinking among people. 

4. Maharashtra is leading in many fields like education, health, agriculture, sports, tourism, etc. 

5. Maharashtra has been a land of Movements. Many important movements like the Labour movement, Farmer’s movement have been initiated here. 

6. Similarly, many progressive laws have been passed in Maharashtra. 

7. Maharashtra is facing many challenges like terrorism, poverty, crime, Naxalite movements, etc. Even then, I feel that Maharashtra is a progressive state.

Correct option is (c) an Ordinance

Correct option is (d) seven

An administrative unit the administration of which is under the Union Government.

Correct option is (b) Head of the State

Lok Adalats. The Lok Adalats have been set up in the country with a view to providing speedy and cheap justice to the poor. Justice P.N. Bhagwati is regarded as its founder. The first Lok Adalat held its session at Delhi in October 6, 1985 and settled many cases in a single day. Our courts have heavy work-load. Lakhs of cases are pending. The system provides the simplest way to file a petition for a poor citizen in the Lok Adalat through a simple letter written on a postcard. In 1987, these Lok Adalats got legal recognition.

Since the ovary releases one egg every month, the uterus also prepares itself every month to receive a fertilised egg. Thus its lining becomes thick and spongy. This would be required for nourishing the embryo if fertilisation had taken place. Now, however, this lining is not needed any longer. So the lining slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucous. This cycle takes place roughly every month and is known a menstruation. It usually lasts for about two to eight days.

Every month uterus prepares itself to receive a fertilized egg. Its lining becomes thick to provide nutrition to the embryo if fertilization of egg takes place. If fertilization of the egg does not take place then lining is no longer needed and it gets detached and comes out through the vagina along with blood and mucus.

False 

Mitochondria have two membrane coverings. The outer membrane is smooth while the inner membrane is folded.

Following are the eligibility conditions for candidates contesting for Vidhan Sabha elections: 

1. He/She should be a citizen of India.

2. He/She should have completed 25 years of age. 

3. He/She should be a resident of Maharashtra.

Menstruation is the process of breakdown and removal of the inner lining of the uterus along with the blood vessels in the form of vaginal bleeding. This happens after every 28 days if the egg is not fertilised. This takes place in human females and in some primates.

Menstruation occurs in females when the egg produced inside the cervix is not fertilized. Since the egg does not fuse with the male gamete, so the thick and soft lining of uterus having a lot of blood capillaries in it are not required. This unfertilized egg dies within a day and the lining breaks down shedding blood along with other tissues. This comes out of the vagina in the form of bleeding.

(a) Since the ovary of female release one egg every month, therefore, the uterus also prepares every month to receive a fertilised egg. The inner lining of the uterus becomes soft and thick with lots of blood capillaries in it. This preparation is necessary as in case the egg is fertilised by the sperm, it helps to keep the egg and nourish it. If however, the egg is not fertilised, then the thick lining of the uterus is not required and the uterus lining breaks down and comes out through the vagina in the form of blood and mucous. This is called menstruation. 

(b) Menstruation cycle in females: 

(i) When a girl reaches puberty at the age of 10 ? 12 years, the sex hormones released it her blood cause some of the ova in the ovaries to become mature. 

(ii) Usually one mature egg is released from the ovary into the oviduct once every 28 days. This is called ovulation. 

(iii) Before ovulation, the inner lining of the uterus becomes thick and spongy, and full of blood capillaries, and prepares itself to receive the fertilised egg. 

(iv) If the ovum does not get fertilised, then the thick and soft inner lining of the uterus is no longer needed and hence it breaks and the dead ovum comes out from vagina in the form of bleeding called menstruation. 

(v) Menstruation usually occurs 14 days after ovulation and usually lasts for 3 to 5 days. 

(vi) After menstruation is over, the inner lining of the uterus starts building up again so that it becomes ready to receive the next ovum in case it gets fertilised. 

(vii) If the ovum does not get fertilised even now, then the menstruation takes place again and this cycle goes on repeating.

Functions of Mitochondria are:

• Mitochondria synthesize energy rich compounds such as ATP.
• Mitochondria provide important intermediates for the synthesis of several biochemicals like chlorophyll, cytochromes, steroids, aminoacids etc.

Correct option is (b) three

A money bill can be introduced by a minister only in the Vidhan Sabha. In a State, which has bicameral legislature, the money bill, after being passed by the Vidhan Sabha, is sent to the Vidhan Parishad. The Vidhan Parishad can keep pending the money bill for 14 days. After this, it sends the bill to Vidhan Sabha with or without its suggestions. The Vidhan Sabha has power to reject or accept these suggestions. Then the bill passed by the Vidhan Sabha is sent to the Governor for approval. The bill, after getting the assent of the Governor, becomes an act.

Correct option is (b) Head of the State

The tenure of the Governor is five years.

Lok Adalats have been set up in the country with a view to providing speedy and cheap justice to the poor. The first Lok Adalat held its session at Delhi on Oct. 6, 1985. It decided 150 cases in a single day.