Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

The Vidhan Sabha consists of the members directly elected by the people of the State on the basis of adult franchise. According to the Constitution, its maximum membership shall not exceed 500 and shall not be below 60. A citizen having attained the age of 25 years is eligible to be elected to this house. The tenure of the Vidhan Sabha is five years. This house has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker to conduct its meetings. The House elects them from among its members.

In every ovulation cycle, an egg is discharged from the ovary which is exchanged to the fallopian tube. Also, the uterus sets itself up for a conceivable pregnancy. The lining of uterus thickens. At the point when no conception happens, the covering of the uterus is shed in pieces; alongside the unfertilized egg. These things are discharged out through the vagina through dying; called mensuration. The sole reason for the mensuration to occur is due the change in the levels of female hormones, oestrogen and progesterone.

The Speaker is elected by the members of Vidhan Sabha. His functions are as follows: 

1. To prepare the order of daily proceedings in the House. 

2. To carry out the proceedings of the House in a disciplined manner. 

3. To suspend the members for misbehaviour or misconduct. 

4. To control and guide the proceedings of the House during sessions

The membership of the Vidhan Parishad cannot exceed one-third of the membership of the Vidhan Sabha with a minimum of 40 members. Its members are elected or nominated as under:

• 1/3rd members are elected by the Vidhan Sabha from amongst persons who are not its members.
• 1/3rd members are elected by the local bodies of the state.
• 1/12th of members are elected by persons of at least three years’ standing as teachers in educational institutions not lower in standard than that of a secondary school.
• 1/12th of members are elected by the university graduates of at least three years’ standing in the state.
• 1/6th members are nominated by the Governor from amongst persons possessing special knowledge and experience in the fields of arts, literature, science, etc.

Legislative Council is a permanent body. Its one-third members retire by rotation after every two years and these members can be re-elected. The tenure of each member is six years.

1. All members of the Vidhan Parishad (MLCs) do not retire at the same time. 

2. A specific number (1/3rd) of the members retire every 2 years. 

3. These vacant seats are filled again by conducting fresh elections for those seats. 

4. The tenure of each member is 6 years. 

5. Since the Vidhan Parishad is never fully dissolved, it is a permanent House.

The Punjab Legislative Assembly consists of 117 members.

Correct option is (c) Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council

The State Legislature must hold at least two sessions in a year.

The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor.

The Chief Minister prepares a list of the ministers and sends it to the Governor for approval.

There are three lists under which powers are divided between union government and state governments :

• Union List. It contains 97 subjects on which only union government can make laws.
• State List. This list contains 66 subjects on which state government can make laws.
• Concurrent List. This list contains 47 subjects on which both union government and state governments can make laws. But in case of clash of laws, central law prevails.

Two examples of organisms in which a single cell performs all the functions are: 

1. Amoeba 

2. Paramoecium

Correct option is (a) Governor

Following are the main powers of the State Legislature :

• To exercise control over the Council of Ministers.
• To pass the budget, and to impose, reduce or repeal taxes.
• To make laws on the subjects included in the State List and the Concurrent List.
• To punish those who violate the discipline of the House.

He must be a citizen of India and must have completed 35 years of age.

The Governor is consulted by the President in the appointment of the judges of the High Court.

The Chief Minister of a State is appointed by the Governor. He appoints a person who is the leader of the majority party in the State Vidhan Sabha.

C. Genes

Genes are the functional units of DNA that contain information for the synthesis of proteins. 

RNA is a different nucleic acid made by using DNA, Ribosomes are the site for protein synthesis and chromosomes are a compact structure of DNA molecules.

The term of the Governor is five years. But before the expiry of this term, he can be removed from his office by the President. The President can ask him to hold this office even after five years of his term.

The cell may die if there are no vacuoles present in the cell. Vacuoles act as the storage sac of the cell for important proteins, vitamins, and amino acids.

Mitochondrion is known as the power house of the cell. It plays significant role in aerobic respiration. Mitochondria are absent in prokaryotic cells and red blood corpuscles (RBCs). 

The structure of mitochondrion: 

1. Shape of the mitochondria may be oval or spherical or like spiral strip. 

2. It is a double membrane bound organelle. 

3. Outer membrane is permeable to various metabolites due to presence of a protein-Porin or Parson’s particles. 

4. Inner membrane is selectively permeable to few substances only.

5. Both membranes are separated by intermembrane space.

6. Inner membrane shows several finger like or plate like folds called as cristae which bears numerous particles oxysomes and cytochromes / electron carriers. 

7. Inner membrane encloses a cavity called inner chamber, containing a fluid-matrix. 

8. Matrix contains few coils of circular DNA, RNA, 70S types of ribosomes, lipids and various enzymes of Krebs’ cycle and other pathways.

The Budget of the State is presented to the Legislative Assembly in his name.

He summons, adjourns and prorogues the State Legislature.

Nucleus and mitochondria are the two organalles we have studied that contain their own genetic material.

i) The genetic material in eukaryotic cells is compactly arranged in a well defined state in the form of chromosomes. 

ii) Chromosomes consist of tightly coiled DNA molecules along with certain types of proteins that help in the condensation of these DNA molecules into a chromosome. 

iii) These chromosomes are clearly visible during cell division.

The following are three similarities with regard to the organisation of Central and State Governments :

1. The Constitution’ establishes the parliamentary form of government both at the Centre and in the units.
2. Both at the Centre and in the States there exists’ independent impartial judicial system with a single hierarchy of coy^s to administer justice on, both the Union and the State laws.
3. The legislature of the Centre is bicameral and so it is in many states such as Bihar, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh.

If the President is satisfied either on the recommendation of the Governor or otherwise that the government cannot be carried on in a State in accordance with the Constitution, he declares constitutional emergency in the state. The Governor can dismiss the Council of Ministers and dissolve the Vidhan Sabha. He becomes the real head of the State.

The DNA is present in the form of a chromatin material when the cell is not dividing. It is present in an un-winded form.

Cell is defined as a structural and functional unit of life of all living organisms capable of independent existence and can perform all functions of life.

Mitochondrion is known as the power house of the cell. It plays significant role in aerobic respiration. Mitochondria are absent in prokaryotic cells and red blood corpuscles (RBCs). 

The structure of mitochondrion: 

1. Shape of the mitochondria may be oval or spherical or like spiral strip. 

2. It is a double membrane bound organelle. 

3. Outer membrane is permeable to various metabolites due to presence of a protein-Porin or Parson’s particles. 

4. Inner membrane is selectively permeable to few substances only.

5. Both membranes are separated by intermembrane space. 

6. Inner membrane shows several finger like or plate like folds called as cristae which bears numerous particles oxysomes and cytochromes / electron carriers. 

7. Inner membrane encloses a cavity called inner chamber, containing a fluid-matrix. 

8. Matrix contains few coils of circular DNA, RNA, 70S types of ribosomes, lipids and various enzymes of Krebs’ cycle and other pathways.

1. Centrioles and centrosomes play significant role in formation of spindle apparatus during cell division. 

2. Centrosome is usually found near the nucleus of an animal cell. 

3. It contains a pair of cylindrical structures called centrioles. 

4. The cylinder (centriole) are perpendicular to each other and are surrounded by amorphous substance called pericentriolar material.

5. Each cylinder of centriole is made up of nine sets of triplet microtubules made up of tubulin. 

6. Evenly spaced triplets are connected to each other by means of non-tubulin proteins. 

7. At the proximal end of centriole, there is a set of tubules called hub. 

8. The peripheral triplets are connected to hub by means of radial spokes. Due to this proximal end of centriole looks like a cartwheel.

9. Centriole forms basal body of cilia and flagella.

1. Cilium or flagellum helps in locomotion of unicellular organisms. 

2. They consist of basal body, basal plate and shaft. 

3. Basal body is placed in outer part of cytoplasm. It is derived from centriole. It has nine peripheral triplets of fibrils. 

4. Shaft is exposed part of cilia or flagella. It consists of two parts- sheath and axoneme. 

5. Sheath is covering membrane of cilium or flagellum. 

6. Core called axoneme possesses 11 fibrils (microtubules) running parallel to long axis. 

7. It shows 9 peripheral doublet microtubules and two single central microtubules (9+2). 

8. The central tubules are enclosed by central sheath. 

9. This sheath is connected to one of the tubules of peripheral doublets by a radial spoke. 

10. Central tubules are connected to each other by bridges. 

11. The peripheral doublet microtubules are connected to each other through linkers or inter-doublet bridge.

1. Organelles having distinct functions are not included in endomembrane system. 

2. Mitochondria or chloroplast carry out specific type of energy conversions in the cell. Therefore, mitochondria and chloroplasts are not considered as a part of endomembrane system.

1. Totipotency (totus – entire, potential – power) is the capacity or the potential of living nucleated cell, to differentiate into any other type of cell and thus, can form a complete new organism. 

2. A cell is totipotent as it has the entire genetic information of the organism stored in its nucleus. 

3. Embryonic animal cells are totipotent and are termed as stem cells.

4. Stem cells are used in curing many diseases. Therefore, they have great potential for medical applications.

1. Nucleus contains genetic information in the form of chromosomes which are DNA molecules associated with proteins. 

2. In a non-dividing cell, the chromosomes appear as thread like network and cannot be identified individually. This network is called chromatin material. 

3. The chromatin material contains DNA, histone and non-histone proteins and RNA. 

4. In some regions of chromatin, DNA is more and is genetically active called euchromatin. 

5. Some regions that contain more of proteins and less DNA and are genetically inert, are called heterochromatin.

[Note: Heterochromatin is a region in chromatin that is highly compacted during interphase and is generally not accessible for transcription of genes.]

The DNA molecule contains the necessary information for proper functioning and organization of the cell. It acts as a source of information for the production of RNA and then proteins in the cell.

The Governor can recommend to the President for the imposition of President’s rule in his state if he is satisfied that :

1. the constitutional machinery has broken down in the state; and
2. the ruling party has lost the support of the majority of legislators.

a. Nucleus contains the genetic material of an organism. 

b. This genetic material is present in the form of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) which is responsible for synthesis of various proteins and enzymes. 

c. These proteins and enzymes in turn regulate metabolic activities of the cells. Therefore, nucleus is considered as control unit of a cell.

Centrioles and centrosomes play significant role in formation of spindle apparatus during cell division.

(i)1. Plastids are classified according to the pigments present in it. Three main types of plastids are – leucoplasts, chromoplasts and chloroplasts. 

2. Leucoplasts do not contain any photosynthetic pigments they are of various shapes and sizes. 

These are meant for storage of nutrients: 

a. Amyloplasts store starch. 

b. Elaioplasts store oils. 

c. Aleuroplasts store proteins. 

3. Chromoplasts contain pigments like carotene and xanthophyll etc.

a. They impart yellow, orange or red colour to flowers and fruits. 

b. These plastids are found in the coloured parts of flowers and fruits. 

4. Chloroplasts are plastids containing green pigment chlorophyll along with other enzymes that help in production of sugar by photosynthesis. They are present in plants, algae and few protists like Euglena.

(ii)1. The rigid, protective and supportive covering, outside the cell membrane is called cell wall. It is present in plant cells, fungi and some protists. 

2. Algae show presence of cellulose, galactans, mannans and minerals like calcium carbonate in cell wall. 

3. In other plants, it is made up of hemicelluloses, pectin, lipids and protein. 

4. Microfibrils of plant cell wall show presence of cellulose which is responsible for rigidity. 

5. Some of the depositions of cell wall are silica (grass stem), cutin (epidermal walls of land plants), suberin (endodermal cells of root), wax, lignin. 

6. Function: 

Provides support, rigidity and shape to the cell. 

Protects the protoplasm against mechanical injury and infections.

Chromoplast are present in the coloured part of the plants. It is a type of plastid that imparts colour to the plant parts like lowers, fruits, etc.

These are smooth at surface and are not associated with ribosomes. It helps in the manufacture of fat molecules or lipids. It also plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs.

Membrane biogenesis: Some of the proteins and lipids synthesized by EF help in building the cell membrane. This process is known as membrane biogenesis.

Lysosomes help to keep the cell clean by digesting any foreign material as well as worn out cell organalles. Foreign materials entering the cell, such as bacteria or food, as well as old organalles end up in the lysosomes which break them up into small pieces. Hence lysosomes are known as suicide bags.

1. Lysosomes which bring about digestion of cell’s own organic material like a damaged cell organelle are called autophagic vesicle (suicide bags). 

2. An autophagic vesicle essentially consists of lysosome fused with membrane-bound old cell organelle or organic molecules to be recycled. 

3. Thus, lysosomes are capable of destructing all kinds of material in the cell. Therefore, can digest its own cell organelles due to presence of lysosome. Hence, lysosomes are also called as suicide bags.

Ribosome is a circular particle attached to the double membrane Endoplasmic reticulum. All the others are double membrane organelles.

The Golgi apparatus is involved in making complex sugars. 

The other 3 choices are incorrect as the nucleus contains the genetic material of the cell, mitochondria provides the energy for the cellular activities and the Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in protein an d lipid synthesis.