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At present, the United Nations has 193 member states.

Halley comet will next appear in 2061

In Russia, two republics Chechnya and Dagestan had violent secessionist movements. Moscow’s method of dealing with the Chechen rebels and indiscriminate military bombings have led to many human rights violation but failed to deter the aspirations for ‘independence’.

Sun is self-luminous and gives light on its own.

1. 29

2. Equinox

3. Aphelion

4. Northern

5. Southern

6. Rocky

7. Water

8. atmosphere

9. Eco system

10. Milky Way

1. Shimla Agreement

(i) India tried to solve Indo-Pak conflict bi-laterally. The Shimla Agreement of 1972 was based on these principles. 

(ii) Pakistan considers Kashmir as the biggest hurdle in establishing relations with India.

(iii) The first Indo-Pak war took place in 1965, over Kashmir. The Tashkent Agreement was signed in 1966, but nothing much came out of it.

(iv) Even though the 1971 war was about the creation of Bangladesh, it also had the dimension of the Kashmir problem to it.

(v) The Shimla Agreement in 1972 provided a new format to the interaction between India and Pakistan.

2. Indo-Nepalese Friendship Treaty

(i) The foundation of friendship between India and Nepal was laid with Indo-Nepalese Friendship Treaty in 1950.

(ii) According to this treaty, Nepalese citizens can not only enter India, but they are also permitted to take up government jobs and carry on trade in India. 

(iii) The year 1990 marked the beginning of Nepal’s transition to democracy. 

(iv) Nepal is dependent upon India for economic progress, basic facilities, food related needs, trade and energy needs. 

(v) India sent a lot of help to Nepal at the time of the 2015 earthquake.

3. MacMahon Line

(i) The conflict between India and China is connected to two issues 

• Border issue 
• The status of Tibet 

(ii) The border dispute between India and China is related to Aksai Chin area and the Macmahon line. 

(iii) China claims that the area South of Aksai Chin and Macmahon line (Arunachal Pradesh) is Chinese Territory. 

(iv) China is not willing to agree that Macmahon Line is an international border. 

(v) India made several efforts to sort this border dispute by means of dialogue, but it has not met with much success.

(vi) In 1962, China attacked India.

4. Indo-Afghanistan Relation

(i) There is a lot of political instability in Afghanistan. 

(ii) The dominance of the terrorist organisation, Taliban is responsible for this. 

(iii) India has extended help to bring peace, security and stability, curb violence and establish a democratic government. 

(iv) Similarly, India is also helping Afghanistan in reestablishing communication facilities that have got destroyed due to war, build roads, cooperate in the fields of science and technology, build schools, health facilities and irrigation projects.

(i) SAARC is a regional organisation established by the South Asian countries in 1985. 

(ii) The aim of this organisation is to encourage economic co-operation between South Asian nations and there by, achieve the development of the South Asian region. 

(iii) The organisation of SAARC is a platform for South Asian countries to come together and discuss common questions and interests. 

(iv) Some common interests of South Asian countries are alleviation of poverty, development of agriculture and technological revolution. 

(v) Some treaties were signed on the SAARC platform to make it easy for South Asian countries to trade with each other

The somersaulting planet is Uranus

(i) India’s relations with Maldives have been friendly right from the beginning. This small nation to the South of India is dependent on India for a lot of reasons. 

(ii) Trade relations have been established between the two since 1981. 

(iii) India has helped Maldives in the development of basic facilities or infrastructure, health and communication. 

(iv) From 2006 onwards, co-operation in the military field also started between the two countries. 

(v) They have entered into treaties with respect to cooperation in space research, conservation of historical objects and tourism. Similarly, they have decided to co-operate in the area of fighting against terrorism.

(i) India and Pakistan have totally different world views. 

(ii) In line with the Indian world view, India opposed the military alliances of the Cold War and tried to solve the Indo-Pak conflict bilaterally. 

(iii) On the other hand, Pakistan tried to maintain relations with the Islamic world and China entered into a military agreement with America.

(b) Hydel power

1. True. 

• India’s position in Asia is geographically and politically important. 
• Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, China and Maldives are India’s neighbours. 
• The values of equality and mutual respect have a great importance in India’s foreign policy. India has established relations with neighbouring countries on the basis of these values.
• ndia is the biggest country in the Indian subcontinent. Similarly, India is economically and technologically more advanced. It is thus natural that India has a great influence among the South Asian countries.

2. False. 

• The conflict between India and China is connected to two issues : 

(a) Border issue and 

(b) The status of Tibet. 

• The border dispute between India and China is related to the Aksai Chin area and the Macmahon line. 
• China claims that the area, South of Aksai Chin and Macmahon line (Arunachal Pradesh) is Chinese Territory. China is not willing to agree that Macmahon Line is an international border. 
• India made several efforts to sort this border dispute by means of dialogue, but it has not met with much success. In 1962, China Attacked India. 
• When China was stepping up its military control in Tibet, Dalai Lama took asylum in India. This issue has been responsible for the conflict between the two countries.

3. True. 

• India has friendly relations with the southern neighbour Sri Lanka. 
• Political instability in Sri Lanka after 1985 was a result of the differences between the Tamil and the Sri Lankan Government. At that time, India had sent a peace keeping force to help the Sri Lankan government. 
• Friendly relations with Sri Lanka are important from the point of view of security in the Indian Ocean.

SAARC is a regional organisation established by the South Asian countries in 1985. 

(i) The aim of this organisation is to encourage economic co-operation between South Asian nations and thereby achieve the development of the South Asian region. 

(ii) The organisation of SAARC is a platform for South Asian countries to come together and discuss common questions and interests.

(iii) Some common interests of South Asian countries are alleviation of poverty, development of agriculture and technological revolution. 

(iv) Some treaties were signed on the SAARC platform to make it easy for South Asian countries to trade with each other. 

(v) As a part of this, it has been decided that South Asia should be made into a free trade area. For an equitable development of South Asian nations, a treaty about forming South Asian Free Trade Area was signed and South Asian University was established.

India upheld sovereignty and democratic values in Nepal, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka and Pakistan.

(i) Nepal was a Hindu Kingdom which adopted democratic government in 2006. India backed up its decision of adopting popular rule by helping Nepal with constitutional guidelines.

(ii) India also extended friendly relations to Ashraf Ghani through SAARC and other international platforms after the collapse of Taliban there.

(iii) India sent a peacekeeping force to Sri Lanka to bring about a cease fire between Sinhalese and Tamils and enforce peace and democracy.

(iv) The regime of Pervez Musharraf had adopted aggressive foreign policies and oppressed public opinion in Pakistan which led to violence and chaos. India had also criticised military rule in Pakistan.

(c) Civil Nuclear Agreement

(c)  Taliban

(b) Shimla Agreement

The Swastika was the symbol of the Nazi party.

Earth is the most suitable planet to support life. It has three major components that we call as the realms of the Earth lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.

(i) Lithosphere : The word lithosphere is derived from the Greek word Lithos, which means rocky. The Lithosphere is the land on which we live.

(ii) Hydrosphere : The word Hydro means water in Greek. The hydrosphere consists of water bodies such as oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ice caps on mountains and water vapour in the atmosphere.

(iii) Atmosphere : The word Atmo means air in Greek. Atmosphere is the envelope of air that surrounds the Earth. Different types of gases make up the atmosphere. The major gases are Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%).

(iv) Biosphere : The narrow belt of interaction among the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere, where life exists is known as Biosphere. Bio means life in Greek. It consists of distinct zones.

Japan has agreed to extend cooperation and technological help to India in the development and security of coastal areas.

(a) Uranus

(b) Green

(c) It appears green due to the presence of methane

The Summit Conference of India and Africa was held in 2015 with representatives from all 54 African nations attending it.

(a) Dalai Lama

(b) Germany and France

(c) Look East

Aung Sang Su Kyi is credited with having established democracy in Myanmar

The second World War started in 1939.

The book written by Hitler is named ‘Mein Kampf.

To receive the membership of the United Nations, the following are the pre-requisites in accordance with Article-4 of the charter : 

• The nation that receives (adopt) membership is peaceable. 
• Qualified and interested to accept the responsibility of the charter.
• The member states (countries) will not impose any kind of impact on the UN objectives. Any country of the world who accepts the above conditions can adopt membership of the UNO.

Non-alignment means to be neutral in supporting any faction’s policies. After World War-II new sovereign nations followed the policy of Non-alignment to remain separate from the cold war. The main goal of non-alignment is to maintain equal distances from the super powers and get support from them in their development and bring themselves into the category of developing countries.

Galaxy means having a huge cluster of Stars

1. The hottest planet is not closest of the Sun. 

2. The dwarf planet Pluto is smaller in diameter than the United States of America. 

3. The edge of the Solar System is 1000 times farther away than Pluto.

4. Jupiter has the biggest Ocean of any planet.

Solar system profile:

Hitler had a friendship with Italy by making Italy victorious in the Abyssinian war. After this Germany signed the Anti-communism Pact on November 21, 1936 AD to establish friendship with Japan. By which Germany and Japan opposed any kind of political agreement with Russia because Russia was an obstacle to both the empires’ expansion. On 6th November, 1937, Italy also signed this pact and thus the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis was formed.

The organization formed by Mussolini and ideology of its policies is called Fascism. 

The reasons of its rise were the following :

• According to the Treaty of Versailles, the territory which the Allies had promised to give to Italy, the people of Italy became angry because they did not get these territories, which give rise to Fascism. s 
• In first World War, industry, trade, agriculture, etc. suffered a lot. Because of not recovering from this financial crisis, the people of Italy turned against the then government. This condition also led to the rise of Fascism. 
• Communist party promised to empower Italy, but Mussolini took advantage of it. As a result, the people became in favour of him. 
• Due to the influence of philosopher Hegel’s ideology, the people of Italy agreed to support Mussolini. 
• Mussolini gave the assurance of giving a stable government to Italy, so that the people became in favour of Fascism.

From 1929 to 1934 AD, there was a period of economic recession in the whole world. 

Its effects were as follows : 

• Militarism spread due to economic crisis. 
• The democratic government was unable to deal with unemployment, inflation, instability and insecurity, so people became disillusioned from democratic system. 
• The failure of the democratic government led to the promotion of authoritarianism. 
• As a result of the crisis the control of the state became stricter on economic activities. 
• Dissatisfied masses were attracted to communism due to state control over economy. 
• Countries with a sense of insecurity started developing military power. 
• The economic downturn caused deep damages to the purposes of the League of Nations. The focus of nations has shifted from global security to national security.

At the end of 1st World War, the responsibility of the administration of the colonies taken away from Germany and Turkey was taken over by the League of Nations. Under the system in which the League of Nations gave the colonies for administration in the protection of countries such as Japan, France, Belgium, England, etc. is called Mandate System or Protectorate System.

The Decree of the human rights was accepted by the General Assembly of the UNO on December 10, 1948. This declaration is a detailed and heterogeneous document. In its 30 paragraphs, this declaration is a detailed description of the basic human rights and freedoms. There is a provision that no discrimination will be made on the basis of dynasty (family) colour) (varna), gender, language, religion, political opinion, national origin, property, birth or other circumstances. Human rights help human beings to ensure a fear-free and hunger-free life.

The General Secretary is the Chief administrative officer of the United Nations. 

His functions are as follows :

• The Secretary General participates in all the meetings of the institution and gives the report to the General Assembly. 
• The Secretary General also does the work assigned by the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council. 
• The whole responsibility of the secretariat administration is on the General Secratary. 
• To prepare budget, to collect subsidies from member states and to control expenditure are his financial functions. 
• Suggesting the Security Council for international peace and security. 
• The Secretary General represents the United Nations.

If a permanent member of United Nations Security Council casts a negative vote, that is called veto power.

Such a diplomatic policy that pacifies any other power to avoid war is known as appeasement policy. 

For example : Hitler was anti-communist, so the United States of America and Britain seemed to achieve their objective against Soviet Russia. Due to this reason they adopted a policy of appeasement towards Germany.

In Germany Nazi party became ruling party under the leadership of Hitler. The ideology of this party is called the name of Nazism. 

Its ideas are the following :

• The state and its symbol perspective, the authoritarian is considered supreme.
• To support and imitate the diatator and to be willing to quell any revolt. 
• All sources of power of governance were in the hands of the leader. 
• Military discipline and post-heirarchy in party. 
• Curb freedom of expression. 
• Generating patriotism and war hysteria and resorting to terror.

Benito Mussolini was the leader of Fascism in Italy.

a. Mercury 

b, Jupiter

c, Neptune

d. Mars

(c) Aksai Chin

(i) Having close relations with Africa will be beneficial from the point of view of both. 

(ii) Many countries in Africa are developing rapidly. 

(iii) MaharashtraBoardSoLutions.com diness to help in the all-round development of African youth. India has also agreed to give economic help and even grants to bring about development in different areas like technology, agriculture, tourism, etc.

(iv) India’s energy needs can be fulfilled by the energy rich countries like Egypt, Nigeria, Angola and Sudan. 

(v) India is making efforts to increase trade with Africa.

(i) The threat to India’s security is increasing due to friendship between China and Pakistan, supply of weapons from China to Pakistan and also transfer of missile and nuclear weapons technology.

(ii) The increasing friendship between China and Pakistan and increasing influence of China over India’s other neighbours is a cause of concern for India.

(a) Pakistan and China