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It is the initiative taken by Kerala for planning and development strategies.

Consequences of the Green Revolution: 

(i) The rich peasants and the large landholders were the major beneficiaries of the process. 

(ii) In many parts, the stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords produced conditions favourable for left wing organisations to organise the poor peasants. 

(iii) The green revolution also resulted in the rise of middle peasant sections. 

(iv) The green revolution delivered only a moderate agricultural growth and raised the availability of food in the country, but increased polarisation between classes and regions.

The First Five Year Plan was commenced in 1951 to be drafted by Young Economist K.N. Roy with the emphasis on poverty alleviation. 

Its main thrusts were as follows: 

1. To invest in dams and irrigation to improve agricultural sector with the urgent attention. 

2. Huge allocations were made for large scale projects like Bhakra Nangal Dam. 

3. It focused on land reforms for the development in rural areas. 

4. It aimed to increase level of National Income. 

The first five year plan differed from the second five year plan: 

(a) The Second Five Year Plan stressed on heavy industrialization. 

(b) Second Five Year Plan wanted to bring quick structural transformation in all possible directions in place of slow and steady growth like First Five Year Plan.

It is not easy to find solutions to the above mentioned problems. But the decisions we take to bring development should not be against the interest of the present or future generations or any particular group of people. In a democratic country this is very important. Priority should be given to the interests of the people in general.

For example, for mining the advice of the Environmentalists and the Economic Experts should be taken. But the final decision comes from the representatives of the people who know the will of the people.

Such decisions were taken in India. They were taken based on the above principles. Each decision should be taken on its own merit and not based on another decision.When decisions are taken it must be broad based and for the general welfare of the people. The development of India is not mere economic development. It should be socially fair. It is not the industrialists or businessmen or farmers but the government that should come up with appropriate decisions.

The reserved iron resource of Orissa is an important investment destination due to rise a global demand of Iron. The state government signed Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with both international and domestic steel makers in order to bring in capital investment and employment opportunities.

Green Revolution was introduced to bring about revolutionary changes in agriculture especially in foodgrains like wheat and Rice to increase production: 

1. Production was increased by the use of high yielding varieties of seeds. 

2. Scientific irrigation and fertilizers were also applied. 

Merits of Green Revolution: 

(а) The government offered various irrigational facilities at a subsidized price. 

(b) It resulted in the rise of ‘Middle Peasant Section’ who soon emerged politically influential. 

Demerits of Green Revolution: 

(a) This created a stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords. 

(b) It increased polarisation between the classes and regions like northern states i.e. Punjab, Haryana, West UP, became agriculturally rich but other remained backward.

The strategy adopted by the Government of India to promote the Green Revolution: 

1. The Government of India offered High Yielding Variety seeds, fertilizers, pesticides at highly subsidised prices. 

2. The government provided better irrigation facilities. 

3. The government also gave a guarantee to buy the produce of the farmers at a given price. 

4. The government decided to put more resources into those areas which already hadirrigation and those farmers who were already well off.

DNA fingerprinting is technique of determing similarity and dissimilarity of VNTR’s between 2 samples of DNA so as to bring out relationship if any VNTR’s are specific for each individual. They are derived from parents in 50: 50 ratio.
Applications

• Identification – of criminals
• Paternity and Maternity disputes.
• Migrations
• Human Lineage.

Green Revolution was introduced to bring about revolutionary changes in agriculture especially in food grains like wheat and rice to increase production through high yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers and scientific irrigation:

1. The government offered high yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and better irrigation facilities at subsidized prices to farmers. 

2. The government fixed the prices also to purchase the produce of farmers at a given price. 

Positive Consequences: 

(i) In many parts, the stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords produced conditions favorable for left wing organisations to organize the poor peasants.

(ii) It resulted in the rise of what is called the ‘Middle peasant sections’ who were farmers with medium size holdings who benefited from the changes and soon emerged politically influential in many parts of country. 

Negative Consequences: 

(i) This created a stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords. 

(ii) It delivered only a moderate agricultural growth i.e. a rise in rice and wheat production by raising availability of food grains in country. On the other hand it increased polarization between the classes and regions like Northern States.

i. e. Punjab, Haryana, West-UP become agriculturally rich but others remained backward.

1. It consists Prime Minister as its Chairman. 

2. Some ministers or incharges of economic portfolios. 

3. The members of Planning Commission have a high public image along with an administrative and educational background.

Planning Commission was set up as : 

1. It consists of Prime Minister as its chairman. 

2. Some ministers or in charges of economic portfolios. 

3. The members of the planning commission have a high public image along with an administrative and educational background. 

It's scope of work: 

1. To bring socio-economic change. 

2. It was to provide a controlled and faster growth rate. 

3. To resolve contradictions between societies.

To protect the indigenous industries, the government imposed tax on the import.

Two advantages of the Green Revolution were: 

(i) The Green Revolution ensured food sufficiency in the country. In many parts, the stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlord’s produced conditions favoured for left wing organisations to organise the poor peasants. 

(ii) The Green Revolution resulted in the rise of middle peasant sections. These were farmers with medium size holding, who benefited from the changes and soon emerged politically influential in many parts of the country.

P.C. Mahalanobis

The objectives of planning are to make economy self-reliant and self-generating through planned strategies and to activate distributive justice among various sectors of economy.

At the time of Second Five Year Plan, some controversial issues rose in reference of relevancy of agriculture over industry. 

1. Second Five Year Plan emphasized on industry in place of agriculture or rural India. 

2. J.C. Kumarappa, a Gandhian Economist proposed an alternative blueprint to emphasize on rural industrialization. 

3. Bharatiya Lok Dal leader, Chaudhary Charan Singh also commented that the planning leading to creation of prosperity in Urban and industrial sections at the cost of rural welfare. Others debated that without an increase in industrial sector poverty could not be alleviated: 

(i) India planning did not have an agrarian strategy to boost the production of food grains. 

(ii) It also proposed programmes of community development and spent large sums on irrigation project and failure was not that of policy but of its non¬implementation because of the politics of land owning classes.

(iii) Besides, they also argued that every if the government had spent more money on agriculture it would not have solved the massive problem of rural poverty.

The Planning Commission was set up by a resolution of the government of India in March 1950 in pursuance of declared objectives of the government to promote a rapid rise in the standard of living of the people by efficient exploitation of the resources of the country, increasing production and offering opportunities to all for employment in the service of the community. The planning Commission was charged with the responsibility of making assessment of all resources of the country, augmenting deficient resources, formulating plans for the most effective and balanced utilisation of resources and determining priorities. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Chairman of the Planning Commission. The Prime Minister is the chairman of the Planning Commission, which works under the overall guidance of the National Development Council. The Deputy Chairman and the full time Members of the Commission, as a composite body, provide advice and guidance to the subject. Divisions for the formulation of Five Year Plans, Annual Plan, State Plans, Monitoring Plan Programmes, Projects and Schemes.

Plan and Non Plan:

Through planning, the India Government worked out the income and expenditure accounts for the next two years. Normally the Central Budget and the State Budget include two parts Planned and Non planned. The. expenditure that comes every year in a recurring manner comes under the Unplanned Section whereas the schemes and amounts to be spent on them in the coming five years, on a priority basis, come under the Planned Section.

Plan-Holiday:

In 1951 when the Plan was started, the country was full of doubts and anxieties. During the 2nd Five Year Plan that started in 1956, these doubts and anxieties further increased and they remained so until the 3rd FYP of 1961. Later Planning lost its thrill and there was an interval. This interval is known as Plan Holiday.

The planning commission was set up in 1950 by a cabinet resolution as an extra-constitutional body: 

1. It looks advisory in nature but it is very powerful to be known as an economic cabinet of the country. 

2. Planning commission prepares a document to have a plan for income and expenditure for five-year plans. 

3. Planning commission prepares strategies to provide adequate means of livelihood for every man and woman. 

4. It also ensures not to concentrate wealth and means of production into a few hands only.

• It was during this period that some major developmental schemes were implemented.

For example, there were Bhakranangal and Hirakud dams which helped in the production of electricity and irrigation.

• Under Public Sector heavy industries were started. There were steel plants, oil refineries, large-scale manufacturing units and the production of defence equipment.
• There was great progress in travel and communication facilities. All these proved beneficial in the future growth of India.

The two objectives of the second five year plan were: 

(i) A sizeable increase in national income so as to raise the level of living in the country. 

(ii) Rapid industrialisation with particular emphasis on the development of basic and heavy industries.

1. To make economy self reliant and self generating through planned strategies. 

2. To activate distributive justice among various sectors of economy.

The main difference was in the styles of the Plans. The first Plan envisaged development at a slow pace. whereas the second plan wanted development to be fast. The first Plan gave priority to agricultural matters whereas the 2nd Plan gave preference to large scale heavy industries.

The first Plan envisaged at eradicating poverty. According to K.N. Raj, India needed a Quick, but also gradual, development. Fast actions would jeopardise democracy itself. Therefore the first half of the Plan devoted attention to dams and irrigation. The inequality in the land distribution was harmful to agriculture. So it was thought necessary to make land reforms. The 2nd Plan stressed industrial development, it was under the leadership of P.C. Mahalanobis. The 2nd Plan wanted to implement schemes for the quick development of the industrial base.

The Resolution passed at the Avadi Conference of the Congress aimed at social justice. The 2nd Plan reflects this. By imposing import duties, Indian industries were protected from foreign competition. The savings and investments of the people increased. It made it possible to bring about development in the public sector areas like electricity, railway, steel, heavy instruments, and communication.

The idea of development of planned economy gained the mass support.

a. correct 

b. correct 

c. wrong 

d. wrong

Outcomes of early phase of planned development in India: 

• The foundation of India’s future economic growth was laid down. 

• Some of the largest projects like Bhakra-Nangal were undertaken. 

• Infrastructure for transport and communication were developed. 

• Land reforms did not take place effectively in most parts of the country. 

• Political power remained in the hands of land owning classes. 

• Big industrialists continued to benefit.

1. Big industrialists continued to benefit.

2. The land owning classes became politically powerful. 

3. Land reforms could not take place effectively. 

4. The early initiatives for planned development were realizing the goals of economic development.

At the time of the Second Five Year Plan, some controversial issues rose in reference of relevancy of agriculture over industry. J.C. Kumarappa, a Gandhian Economist proposed an alternative blueprint for rural India. Second Five Year Plan emphasised on industry in place of agriculture for rural India. Bharatiya Lok Dal leader, Chaudhary Charan Singh also commented that the planning leading to creation of prosperity in Urban and industrial sections at the cost of rural welfare. Others debated that without an increase in Industrial sector, poverty could not be alleviated. Indian planning did not have an agrarian strategy to boost the production of food grains. It also proposed programmes of community development and spent large sums on irrigation projects and failure was not that of policy but its non-implementation, because of the politics of land owning classes. Moreover, they also argued that if the government had spent more money on agriculture, it would not have solved the massive problem of poverty.

1. Objectives of First Five Year Plan: 

(a) It focused on land reforms for the development in rural areas. 

(b) It aimed to increase level of National Income. 

2. The First Five Year Plan differed from the Second Five Year Plan: 

(a) The second five year plan stressed on heavy industrialization. 

(b) Second five year plan wanted to bring quick structural transformations in all possible directions in place of slow and steady growth like first five year plan.

Decentralized planning is designed to involve the peoples through voluntary citizens organisation in making plans at the panchayats, blocs and districts level. Its example is the ‘Kerala Model’.

a. true 

b. false  

c. true 

d. false

There are two types of movement groups:

Specific movements/short term movements: They are formed to achieve single objective. They work in limited time frame and thus have usually short active life. 

Examples:

(i) The Nepalese movement for democracy arose with specific objective of reversing the king’s order that led to suspension of democracy. 

(ii) In India, Narmada Bachao Andolan is also an example of this. This movement started with a specific issue of people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar dam on the river Narmada. Its objective was to stop the dam from being constructed. Gradually it became a wider movement that questioned all such big dams.

General/Generic movements/long term movements: These movements come into existence to achieve a broad goal in the long run. These involve more than one issues. There is no single organisation that controls or guides such movements. 

Examples: The Environmental movement and women’s movement.

The capitalist model of development refers to the strategies in which the private sectors are prioritized in place of social welfare whereas socialist model of development aims at public sector and planning to establish egalitarian society.

With the motive of the development of the country, the planned policies and programmes, which are introduced by the government. For example, Five Year Plans contribute to the development of the country.

Global North (Countries of the Northern Hemisphere) represents the developed nations. The Global South represents the developing nations. The approach of both these groups regarding environment is very different. 

They are:

• The Global North says that ail countries are equally responsible for the protection of the environment. 
• But the Global South has a different view. They say that it is the industrial development of the Global North that caused and is causing the environmental damage.
• Developing nations are on the path of progress. Therefore the restrictions placed on the developed nations should not be made binding on the developing nations. The developing nations say that keeping their needs in mind, there should be new laws and interpretations. This argument was approved in the Earth Summit on 1992. This new principle is called “Common but different responsibility”.

Some places or areas do not fall under the sover eighty of any country. In this condition, the UN had to come forward to protect them. These are collectively known as “Global Commons”. The earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, the bottom of the seas, space etc. come in this category. The responsibility to protect these is not that easy. 

The reasons for that:

• There are some complex Agreements which include the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, the Montreal Protocol of 1987, and the 1991 Antarctic Environmental Protocol.
• On the basis of not coclear scientific proofs, it is difficult to carry out the Environmental Agenda within a limited time. In the 1980s, some holes were discovered in the ozone layer in the Antarctic region. Such discoveries are opportunities to solve the environmental problems and, at the same time, they are also great challenges.
• From the use of the space, we can clearly see the inequalities between Global North and Global South.
• Technical and industrial development is the main problem when it comes to ocean floors.

Since 1960 itself, environmental problems and economic development have been a crucial problem. In the book “Limits of Growth” published by the Club of Rome in 1987, and in the Brundtland report titled “Our Common Future”, this problem was highlighted. This was the main topic of discussion in the Conference at Rio de Janeiro in 1992. This was the first international conference on environment. Therefore it is called “Earth Summit”.

• In 2001, the India Government passed the Energy Conservation Law. Its purpose was to ensure the most efficient use of energy.
• In 2003 the electricity law was passed its purpose was to make energy by renewable sources.

(c) (i) (ii) (iii) are correct

Pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics in a variety of ways.
(i) They try to gain public support and sympathy for their cause by carrying out information campaigns, organising meetings, filing petitions, etc.
(ii) By organising strikes and disruptions, they seek to make the government take note of their demands.
(iii) They also influence decision-making by lobbying.
(iv) The issues raised by them often influence the policies of political parties.

Mussolini was killed by a Italy partisan.

(a) Chamberlain

The World Bank pressurised the government of Bolivia to give an MNC, control over water supply arrangements in the city of Cochabamba.

Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in April, 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. Nepal had won democracy in 1990. Although the king formally remained the head of the state, the real power was exercised by popularly elected representatives. After the mysterious massacre of the royal family in 2001, King Gyanendra, the new King of Nepal, showed his unwillingness to accept democratic rule. In February 2005, he dissolved the popularly elected parliament. This caused a movement in April 2006 to regain control over the government from the King. All the major political parties in the parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and started protest. They served an ultimatum to the King, with their demands. On 24 April 2006, the last day of the ultimatum, the King was forced to concede all the three demands. The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the interim government. The restored parliament passed laws taking away most of the powers of the King. In this way, the struggle of the Nepali people is a source of inspiration to democrats all over the world.

They agreed that the policies of the Indian government would not be based on the British norms.

The two models were Liberal-capitalism model and Socialist model.

India plays a dominating role among the Asian countries on environmental issues: 

1. India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in August 2002 which emphasized to follow the principle common but differentiated responsibility. 

2. India feels this contravene the very spirit of UNFCCC. Neither does it seem fair to impose restrictions on India when the country’s rise per capita carbon emissions by 2030 is likely to still represent less than half the world average.

3. The Indian government is also keen to launch a National Mission on Biodiesel which makes India have one of the largest renewable energy programmes in the world. 

4. The Indian government is also participating in global efforts through a number of programmes i.e. National Auto fuel Policy, Electricity Act 2003, Energy Conservation Act, 2001 etc.

Truly speaking, since those things are related to geography, it is the scientists in that area that should handle them. But politically also they have significance. The repercussions of these problems will affect the social and economic spheres of people.

Their results will be visible in politics also. Here are some examples:

• Reduced agricultural lands will affect food production.
• Drinking polluted water will bring health problems. According to the Human Development Report of the UNDP, some 1.2 billion people do not access to pure water.
• Deforestation destroys biodiversity. Forests help in maintaining the climate, in the distribution of water and biodiversity on earth.
• The reduction in the ozone layer adversely affects the environment and people.
• The pollution of shores is on the increase globally. All these problems are political important. But they are not something that can be solved by the action of any single government. Therefore they are part of world politics.

The biggest questions are: 

Who is responsible for the destruction of the environment? 

Who will its price Who can set it right? Who has greater power? 

Thus they all are things to be thought deeply.

As the equilibrium of the environment is lost, many more Environmental Movements have come up with the intention of working for environmental protection.

They take strong steps to achieve their goal. Here are the examples of such steps.

a. There is a kit of pressure from the organiations that stand for the protection of forests in Global South countries like Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia, African mainland and India. But in spite of all that, a lot of deforestation is going on in these places.

b. Movement against mineral industries is another example. In countries of the Global South, the new economic policies bring opportunities for mineral industries. The economic liberalization policy also helps. This will necessitate digging deeper into the earth and the use more chemicals. It also will pollute rivers and cause the extinction of many plant species. There were protests and resistance against these mindless developments. In the Philippines, there is a powerful chain of movements against the Western Mine Corporation.

c. Another move is against dams. There have been environmental movements against huge dams. They all were for protecting rivers and valleys. The first movement against dams was in Australia to save the Franklin River and the forests around it. There were similar movements in Turkey, Thailand, South Africa, Indonesia and China. The Narmada Bachao Andolan in India had attracted world attention.

(a) Both A and R are correct