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(i) They can raise slogans. 

(ii) They can disrupt the public. 

(a) Sir Winston Churchill

(b) A is right but R is not the correct explanation of A. 

Bihar was prone to the food crisis in the early years of independence: 

1. It was due to a near-famine situation. 

2. The food shortage was very much acute in all districts of Bihar. 

3. Food shortage led to acute and widespread malnutrition. 

4. The zoning policies of government prohibited trade of food across states, which reduced the availability of food in Bihar.

(a) The author is talking about contradiction regarding adoption of development models either socialist or capitalist. Political implications of this contradiction may result the differences among party members itself and government can issue licensing and permits in more complicated manner. 

(b) Congress was pursuing this policy as a sole criterion of achieving maximum increased in production. Yes, it was related to the nature of opposition parties to be pursued liberal economic policies and incentives to private investment. 

(c) No, there was not a contradiction between the central leadership of the Congress Party and its state level leaders because state emphasized on states’ ownership, regulation and control over key sectors improve productivity whereas control leadership pursued liberal economic policies and incentives to private investment.

1. When any state or country face the problem of insufficiency of food in the region or food shortage is known as the food crisis. 

2. (i) Famine situation occurred there. 

    (ii) Food prices also hit a high in Bihar than other states. 

    (iii) Government policies of‘Zoning1 also caused it. 

3. Zoning policies of government prohibit trade of food across the states which reduced the availability of food in Bihar.

The electricity and water projects were Bhakra Nangal and Hirakud.

China, India, and other developing countries were exempted from the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol.

The Kyoto Protocol was agreed in 1997

Merits:

a. It increased the availability of food in the country, due to rise in wheat and rice production. 

b. Regions like Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh became agriculturally prosperous. 

c. The farmers of medium size holdings were benefitted and they emerged as politically influential.

Demerits:

a. It led to polarization between classes and regions. 

b. Only the states like Punjab, Haryana and Western U.P. became prosperous, while others remained backward. 

c. The poor farmers remained neglected.

Correct Answer is: (d) Poland

India recognized the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and signed it in 2002. India fully agrees to the principle of ‘common but different responsibility’. Through different activities India has taken part in the efforts of the world for protection of the environment.

1. Common environmental agenda could not get a common consensus due to vague scientific methods. 

2.  Management of outer space is influenced by North-South inequalities. 

3. Technology and industrial development are also the issues over earth’s atmosphere and ocean floor. 

4. The ozone hole over the Antarctic also revealed the opportunity as well as dangers inherent in tackling global environmental problems.

(a) In August 1942, Germany attacked Stalingrad.

(b) The main manufactures of Stalingrad were armaments and tractors.

(c) Fall Blau or Operation Blue

(d) The people of Russia were grateful for Stalin’s conduct of the war. They regarded him as ‘a prodigy of patience, tenacity and vigilance, almost omnipresent, almost omniscient.

Correct Answer is: (b) Blitzkrieg

(i) It may appear that it is not healthy for the groups that promote interest of one section to have influence in democracy. A democracy must look after the interest of all, not just one section. Also, it may seem that these groups wield power without responsibility. 

(ii) Political parties have to face the people in elections, but these groups are not accountable to the people. Pressure groups and movements may not get their funds and support from people. Sometimes pressure groups with small public support but lots of money can hijack public discussion in favour of their narrow agenda. 

(iii) But pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy. Putting pressure on rulers is not an unhealthy activity in democracy as long as everyone gets this opportunity. 

(iv) Governments can often come under the pressure of rich and powerful group but these public interest groups and movements perform a useful role of countering this undue influence and reminding government of needs and concerns of ordinary citizens. 

(v) Even social interest groups play a valuable role. Where different groups function actively no single group can achieve dominance over society. If one group brings pressure on the government the other will bring counter pressure not to make policies in the way the first group desires. The government hears about what people want. This brings a rough balance of power and accomodation of conflicting interests.

Because India considered the NPT as a discriminatory policy to argue it to be used for peaceful purposes only.

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) is an agreement that bans any and all nuclear tests. It was signed in 1996 and is intended to prohibit all nuclear weapon test explosions. The Non-proliferation Treaty or NPT is an international treaty that seeks to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and its technology promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and achieve nuclear disarmament. CTBT bans the testing of nuclear weapons while NPT bans the development of nuclear weapons.

Bihar was prone to food crisis in the early years of independence. It was due to a near famine situation. The food shortage was very much acute in all districts of Bihar. Food shortage led to acute and widespread malnutrition. The zoning policies of government prohibited trade across states, which reduced availability of food in Bihar.

Hitler demanded the surrender of Danzig.

Bandung conference was held in 1955 in Indonesia as an Afro-Asian conference to lead an establishment of NAM to mark the engagement of India with African and Asian nations known as Afro-Asian Unity.

(b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) are correct

(a) Guam, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies and the Burma all fell to the Japanese.

(b) The Allies had a setback in the Pacific region because of their inadequate preparation. The local people had to face the atrocities of the Japanese.

(c) The U.S. navy defeated the Japanese navy in the Battle of Midway. Thus, the battle is in favour of the Allies.

(d) The Indians living in Burma walked all the way to the Indian border facing many hardships. Many died of disease and exhaustion.

The UN defines indigenous population as comprising the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world and overcame them. 

The following problems are faced by such people: 

1. They lost their lands which belonged to them only for a long time. 

2. The loss of land refers to a loss of an economic resource base. 

3. Issues related to the rights of the indigenous communities have also been neglected in domestic and international politics for long.

Indigenous people are those who live in the same or similar natural environment and have similar life style. When they lose their land they also lose their livelihood. The loss of land endangers their existence itself and this is their biggest challenge. 

The needs of indigenous people (Adivasis):

• They should have their own existence and individuality.
• They are living in their land from time immemorial. 
• They should get the land in which they live. If they have no land their livelihood will be lost. They demand equal rights in the world gatherings.

In 1945 Germany was divided into two sections.

(i) Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in April 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. 

(ii) In February 2005, the king of Nepal dismissed the then prime minister and dissolved the popularly elected parliament. 

(iii) The movement of April 2006 was aimed at regaining popular control over the government from the king.

Public interest groups are also called promotional groups. These are the groups that promote collective and not selective good. They represent some common or general interest that needs to be defended. The members of the organisation may not benefit from the cause that the organisation represents. They aim to help groups other than their own members. In some cases the members of a public interest group may undertake activity that benefits them as well as others too. For example, in Nepal Human Rights Organisations, and in Bolivia FEDECOR. In India also we have BAMCEF (Backward and Minorities Community Employees Federation) which is an organisation that campaigns against caste discrimination. It addresses the problem of its members who suffer discrimination but its principal concern is with social justice and social equality for the entire society.

(c) Both A and R are wrong

(i) The dissent against water privatisation in Bolivia was not guided by any political party but by an organisation named FEDECOR though Socialist party supported it. 

(ii) That organisation consisted of local professionals, including engineers and environmentalists. 

(iii) They got support from federation of farmers, the confederation of factory worker’s unions, students of university of Cochabamba and city’s homeless street children.

Because of discriminatory nature: 

1. India felt that these treaties prove the monopoly of five nuclear weapon- powers only and applicable to only the non-nuclear powers. 

2. India opposed the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and refused to sign even CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty).

(b) A is correct but R is not the correct reason

(a) Both A and R are correct

The most obvious threat to the survival of indigenous people is the loss of land which was occupied by their ancestral. The loss of land referred to a loss of their economic resource also.

Correct Answer is: (b) Nanking

IMF has at present 189 member countries. 

(b) 15th August

Bolivia is a small and poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply. The government sold these rights to an MNC. The company immediately increased the price of water four times. This led to a spontaneous popular protest. In January, 2000 a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful strike for four days in the city and the government agreed to negotiate but nothing happened. Police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in Feburary. Another strike was there in April and government imposed martial law. But the power of people forced the officials of MNC to leave their city and made government to grant all demands of the protesters. The contract with MNC was cancelled and water supply was resorted to municipality at old rates. This is known as Bolivia’s water war.

(a) Panchsheel-1954 

(b) Tashkent Agreement-1966 

(c) Twenty year treaty-1971 

(d) First nuclear test-1974

This election produced politics of alliances, coalitions and defections.

1. Ozone layer depletion is an alarming concern for the ecosystem. 

2. Loss of fertility of agricultural land due to extreme use of fertilizers and overgrazed grasslands.

(b) Beveridge

(c) Washington

(b) A is correct but R is not the correct explanation of A

(a) Both A and R are correct

(a) Roosevelt

The Security council has 15 members.

In the Post Cold War Era India’s foreign policy had shifted to the more pro-US stance with the disintegration of USSR: 

1. At present India’s foreign policy rather more emphasizes on economic interests in place of the military. 

2. Every Indo-Pak relations have also witnessed many new developments. 

3. Efforts are being made to restore normal relations with other countries through cultural exchange.