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(iv) गामा किरणें

आवृत्ति (ν) = प्रकाश की गति (c)/तरंग दैर्ध्य (λ)

• गामा-किरण की विशेषता: यह परमाणु नाभिक के रेडियोधर्मी क्षय से उत्पन्न होने वाले विद्युत चुम्बकीय विकिरण को भेदती है।
  • इसमें सबसे छोटी तरंग दैर्ध्य विद्युत चुम्बकीय तरंगें होती हैं और इसलिए यह उच्चतम फोटॉन ऊर्जा प्रदान करती है।
• एक्स-रे की विशेषता: एक्स-रे तब उत्पन्न होते हैं जब किसी तत्व पर उच्च-ऊर्जा कणों की बमबारी होती है, जो फोटॉन, इलेक्ट्रॉन या आयन (जैसे प्रोटॉन) हो सकते हैं।
  • जब आपतित कण एक परमाणु में एक बाध्य इलेक्ट्रॉन (लक्ष्य इलेक्ट्रॉन) से टकराता है, तो लक्ष्य इलेक्ट्रॉन परमाणु के आंतरिक खोल से बाहर निकल जाता है।
• परा बैंगनी: UV प्रकाश विद्युत चुम्बकीय विकिरण है जिसकी तरंग दैर्ध्य 10 nm से 400 nm की सीमा में उस दृश्य प्रकाश से कम होती है।
  • UV का कैंसर पैदा करने वाले जैविक पदार्थों पर प्रभाव पड़ सकता है और बहुत कुछ भी।
  • अधिकांश UV  किरणें ऊपरी वायुमंडल (ऊपर 15-30 km) में ओजोन (O₃) परत द्वारा अवशोषित की जाती हैं।

In the ccp arrangements, there is total 4 octahedral void and 8 tetrahedral voids. Then, on molecule of [Fe^II Fe₂^III O₄] occupied one unit cell.

Fraction of tetrahedral void occupied by on molecule of 

Fe₃O₄ = \(\frac {No \,of\,Fe^{+2}ion\,per\,molecule}{No\,of\,tetrahedral\, void}\)

= 1/8

Fraction of octahedral void occupied by one molecule of 

Fe₃O₄ = \(\frac {No \,of\,Fe^{+3}ion\,per\,molecule}{No\,of\,octahedral\, void}\) 

= 2/4

= 1/2

Therefore, the portion of tetrahedral and octahedral voids occupied 1/8, 1/2 respectively

Hence, option (c) is right answer

Correct answer is: (d) differentiable but not continuous at = 0

y =  |x| has a sharp point at x = 0 

y = |x| is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0

The answer is = (x² - 2) sin x+2x cos x + C

Explanation: The integration by parts is

∫uv'dx = uv - ∫u'v

Apply the integration by parts

Let u = x², ⇒ , u' = 2x

v' = cos x, ⇒ , v = sin x

Therefore,

∫x² cos x dx = x² sin x - ∫2x sin x dx

Apply the integration by parts a second time

Let u = x, ⇒ , u' = 1

v' = sin x, ⇒ , v = -cos x

So,

∫x² cos x dx = x² sin x - ∫2x sin x dx

= x² sin x - 2(-x cos x - ∫-cos x dx)

= x² sin x + 2x cos x - 2 sin x + C

= (x² - 2) sin x + 2x cos x + C

• The transistor is very β sensitive and variation of beta can cause the temperature increase in the transistor and hence this method is very unstable to temperature stability.
• This method has strong chances of thermal runaway.

Arthropods present three distinguishing features: they are metameric organisms (segmented body), they have an exoskeleton made of chitin and they have articulated limbs.

2⅓ + 1⅚ + 1⅜ = 7/3 + 11/6 + 11/8 = 133/24 

Now you can simply it 

Answer is 133/24 

\((2 \sqrt5 + 3\sqrt2)^2 = (2\sqrt5)^2 + (3\sqrt2)^2 + 2(2\sqrt5).(3\sqrt2)\)

\(= 20 + 18 + 12\sqrt{10}\)

The top-down approach to management is one such strategy, in which the decision-making process occurs at the highest level and is then communicated to the rest of the team. This style can be applied at the project, team, or even the company level, and can be adjusted according to the particular group's needs.

A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity through an electrochemical reaction, not combustion. In a fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen are combined to generate electricity, heat, and water.

(1) Shyam flew down to the bottom of the pot and with his beak made a hole there. The water started flowing out. He put his beak to the hole and drank his fill.

(2)
(a) rim and
(b) in search of.

(3) Both Kaloo and Shyam were thirsty and at the water pot. Kaloo brought pebbles and dropped them into the pot to make the water level come up. But before the level came up, Shyam made a hole at the bottom of the pot with his beak and managed to drink water coming out of the hole. Thus, Shyam proved himself cleverer than Kaloo.

(4) Kaloo must have heard the story of a crow who dropped pebbles, one by one, into a pot of water until the level of water rose to the rim and it was able to drink its fill.

The correct answer is West Bengal.

• Bhatiali is the folk music of West Bengal.
• It is related to the song of the river, sung by the river through her boatsmen.
• Bhatiali has a river in its name itself.
• Bhati means the downstream.

• Chhau Dance is a renowned tribal martial dance, a unique thing amongst folk dances of West Bengal.  
• Alkap Dance is done mainly by the rural community of West Bengal.
• Kushan Gambhira and Kirtan dance of West Bengal.
• The prominent folk dances of Karnataka are the Yakshagana and Dollu Kunitha.
• Bharatanatyam, Bommalattam, Chakkai Attam is dance form of Tamil Naidu.
• Mohiniyattam, Kathakali famous classical dances of India that developed and remained popular in the state of Kerala.

(1) Dronacharya had a clay bird placed on the highest branch of a tree. The students were supposed to shoot at the eye of the bird.

(2) Dronacharya would allow the one who could sharply focus on the eye of the bird and nothing else. All other princes except Arjun were defocused. They saw everything around the bird, so they were not allowed to shoot at the bird by Dronacharya.

(3) Drona ordered Arjuna to shoot at once because Arjuna answered the question “What do you see ?” rightly. He said that he saw the eye of the bird, which was what he was supposed to shoot. Drona knew by his answer that he was indeed ready to shoot well and get his target.

(4)
(a) stand aside and
(b) answered, replied.

(1) The children were happy in the garden because they could play in the garden amongst the pretty flowers. The birds sat on the trees and sang so sweetly that the children used to stop their games in order to listen to them. All this made them very happy.

(2) The Giant had been to visit his friend the Cornish ogre and had stayed there with him for all those seven years.

(3) The Giant shouted at the children and said that the garden belonged to him and he would allow nobody to play in it but himself. Then he built a high wall all around it and put up a noticeboard: TRESPASSERS WILL BE PROSECUTED.

(4) The children must have been startled to see the Giant. His gruff voice and rude words must have made them run away.

1. The poet’s dog is missing. The poet is asking others if anybody has seen his raggy, shaggy dog.

2. The poet, in this poem, makes the identity of his lost dog very clear. He says that the dog looks raggy and shaggy. Its eyes are like twinkling stars. It is mischievous. Its tail that always keeps up is whirly and curly. The dog had a habit of biting someone’s shoe and barking at the cars. On the basis of these details, we can identify the dog and say that the dog belongs to the poet.

3. The poet says that his dog is very mischievous. He would chew away mats and eat up meat if left unattended. So he instructs others to hide their mats and put their meat upon the topmost shelf.

4. In spite of all his naughtiness, the poet says that though his dog is bad, he wouldn’t change that dog even if he is given offered all the treasures of the sea. He says so because he loves his dog rather too much.

(1) Hariya was in his field. He smelt moisture in the earth and knew that very soon there would be thunder and storms. So he wanted to leave the field before they struck.

(2) Hariya and Mauliya milked the cow that morning.

(3) The writer was tired of working with the Reddy boys the previous day, putting up mud? embankment all around the field.

(4) The works done by a farmer mentioned in this extract are – ploughing the field, milking the cow and putting up a mud embankment around the field.

The correct answer is ​Bhagabhadra.

• Bhagabhadra ruled in north, central, and eastern India around 110 BCE. 
• He established his court in Besanagar, Madhya Pradesh.
• He is best known from an inscription at the Heliodorus pillar in Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh.

• The Shunga dynasty ruled the central and eastern Indian subcontinent from around 185 to 75 BCE.
• It was established by Pushyamitra Shunga after killing Brihadratha Maurya, the last ruler of the Maurya Empire.
• Its capital cities were Pataliputra and Vidisha.

The correct answer is Pakistan.

• Of the world’s seven continents, Asia is the largest. Its physical landscapes, political units, and ethnic groups are both wide-ranging and many. Besides Russia, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, which have been addressed in previous lessons, Asian regions include South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
• South Asia extends south from the main part of the continent to the Indian Ocean. The principal boundaries of South Asia are the Indian Ocean, the Himalayas, and Afghanistan. The Arabian Sea borders Pakistan and India to the west, and the Bay of Bengal borders India and Bangladesh to the east. The western boundary is the desert region where Pakistan shares a border with Iran.
• Pakistan is known as the country of Canals because Pakistan has been developed an extensive network of canals from the Indus and its tributaries. This is the reason why Pakistan is an agricultural country despite the low rainfall. Hence, Option 3 is correct.
• The Nara Canal is a deepened delta channel of the Indus River in Sindh province, Pakistan.
• It was built as an excavated channel stemming off the left bank of the Indus River to join the course of the old Nara River.
• Important canals of Pakistan: Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal, Chashma Right Bank Canal near Chashma Barrage. Taunsa Panjnud Link Canal, D.G Khan Canal, Kachhi Canal near Taunsa Barrage. Rohri Canal, Nara Canal, Dadu Canal, Rice Canal near Sukkur Barrage supplies water to Larkana and Khairpur. Karachi Canal and Ghooni Canal near Hyderabad.

• Bangladesh, to the east of India on the Bay of Bengal, is a South Asian country marked by lush greenery and many waterways. Its Padma (Ganges), Meghna, and Jamuna rivers create fertile plains, and travel by boat is common. On the southern coast, the Sundarbans, an enormous mangrove forest shared with Eastern India, is home to the royal Bengal tiger.
• Myanmar (formerly Burma) is a Southeast Asian nation of more than 100 ethnic groups, bordering India, Bangladesh, China, Laos, and Thailand. Yangon (formerly Rangoon), the country's largest city, is home to bustling markets, numerous parks and lakes, and the towering, gilded Shwedagon Pagoda, which contains Buddhist relics and dates to the 6th century. 
• Bhutan, a Buddhist kingdom on the Himalayas’ eastern edge, is known for its monasteries, fortresses (or dzongs), and dramatic landscapes that range from subtropical plains to steep mountains and valleys. In the High Himalayas, peaks such as 7,326m Jomolhari are popular trekking destinations. Paro Taktsang monastery (also known as Tiger’s Nest) clings to cliffs above the forested Paro Valley.

The correct answer is ​Larry the Bird.

• Twitter’s official mascot, the bird which features in the company’s logo, is named Larry. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• According to a tweet by co-founder Biz Stone, it is called Larry the Bird as a tribute to NBA player Larry Bird, who played for the Boston Celtics, Stone’s home-state team. The name was revealed in a tweet by the company’s official handle, in 2011.
• Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Evan Williams, Biz Stone, and Noah Glass and launched in July 2006
• Jack Dorsey sent the first-ever tweet on 21 Mar 2006

(a) Make in India

(d) Soviet Union disintegrated in 1992

(c) Setting objectives

The powers and function of the Prime minister are detailed below:

1. Formation of Ministry: The primary task of the Prime minister on assuming office is the formation of Council of ministers. Normally ministers are picked from the same political formation to ensure uniformity and continuity of policy. However, nothing prevents Prime minister from picking anyone as minister.

2. Allocation of Portfolios: After forming the ministry the next important task is allocation of responsibilities to ministers. Certain key or heavyweight portfolios such as Home, Defence, Finance, Commerce and Industry, External affairs etc., are to be given to party heavyweights who enjoy a good clout and following among the party workers. Also to ensure efficiency and stability of the government. Prime minister enjoys the power of expanding and reforming the ministry.

3. Chairman of the Cabinet: The cabinet meetings are held under the chairmanship of the Prime minister. The Cabinet is a deliberating forum and differences may come up. It is the responsibility of Prime minister to mediate and soften things and arrive at decisions. The Prime minister has the authority to decide the matters to be taken up by the cabinet and may accept or reject proposals.

Normally the proposals brought by ministers for discussion are not rejected. In the era of coalition politics it is a challenge for the Prime minister to hold the flock together. It is very difficult to chair a Cabinet full of divergent views, ideologies and principles. For example, for the last fifteen years we are a witness to pulls and pressures exerted on the Prime minister from different alliance partners.

4. Leader of Lok Sabha: Prime minister is the leader of Lok sabha. All major decisions and announcements of the government are made by the Prime minister. It is the responsibility of the Prime minister to ensure that all bills brought before Lok sabha for approval are passed. And he has to defend the government on the floor of the house.

Though ministers are individually responsible to their ministries, it is the Prime minister who provides general leadership and direction. If any minister makes a mistake, the Prime minister has the power to guide and correct him.

5. Leader of the Government: The decisions of the government however good, are subjected to scrutiny and criticism. The Prime minister, as leader of the government has to defend policies and programmes of the government both in and out of parliament.

6. Co-ordination and Supervision: In running the administrative machinery Prime minister will have to encounter numerous problems ranging from routine to serious. Under the circumstances it is essential to integrate different departments and see that they work smoothly and the ability of the Prime minister is tested on this count. A Prime minister should not only pick a team but also retain it as a team till the end of the term.

Whenever problems arise between departments, he has to meditate and sort it out amicably through dialogue and goodwill. The Prime minster is the general head of the government. Hence he has the responsibility of supervising the administration. Though each Minister is in charge of a ministry, lack of general supervision results in poor administrative quality.

To maintain quality in administration, the Prime minister will have to supervise. It not only gives him a general feel of the administration but also makes the ministers more responsible. The Prime Minister may correct the working of a particular ministry and offer suggestions.

7. Bridge between the President and the Parliament: The Prime minister acts as a link between President and Parliament In a parliamentary government. As all executives powers are vested in the hands of the President, the Prime minister is duty bound to keep the President informed about the decisions taken by the government.

Also, the President himself can call for any information from the government. The Prime minister not only acts as a bridge but also as the, advisor to the President. Whenever necessary the President will look forward for advice. For example, the President seeks the advice of Prime minister before dissolving Loksabha.