Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

(a) The United Nations Organisation was established on October 24, 1945 with its headquarters at New York (USA) with the aim to save the coming generation from the scourge of another War. 

Main objectives of the UNO are : 

1. Peace 

2. Human dignity 

3. Justice 

4. Human brotherhood 

5. Cooperation 

(b) (i) To maintain international peace and security. 

(ii) To investigate any dispute or situation which may lead to friction. 

(iii) To recommend methods of settling such disputes. 

(iv) To formulate plans for the regulation of armaments. 

(c) (i) Global tension caused by Cold War : Most of the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa realised that the division of the world into two power blocs was not in their larger interest and this might endanger world peace. These nations felt that by maintaining distance from both the super , powers they would put off the danger of another war. 

(ii) Struggle against imperialism : The newly independent nations opted for nonalignment because most of these countries remained under big powers for a long period of time. They wanted to enjoy their newly acquired freedom and the power that had come with it. 

(iii) Right of independent judgement : The newly independent nations were able to keep their own identity by not aligning with any of the power blocs. They wanted to solve their problems themselves without any outside interference or influence. 

(iv) Use of moderation in relations to all big powers : The newly independent nations wanted to promote goodwill and co-operation among the nations of Asia and Africa and to explore and advance their mutual interests by establishing friendly relations with all the nations. 

(v) Economic development : Most of the newly independent countries were facing problem of poverty and underdevelopment. To come out of this they needed financial and technical assistance from both the power blocs.

Tests: Tests have become a popular technique of selecting employees. A test is a systematic comparison of the work behaviour of candidates on sample basis. Selection tests assess the attitude and performance of candidates with the help of psychological techniques. 

Two types of tests are: 

1. Achievement Tests: This test measures the skills and knowledge which the candidate already possesses at the time of testing. These tests help to determine whether the claims made by the candidate about his knowledge and skills are correct or not. The candidate is asked to perform the job and his actual test performance indicates his proficiency. For example, a candidate for the post of typist may be asked to type a page so as to judge his speed and accuracy. 

2. Intelligence Tests: These tests measure a person’s capacity for listening and comprehension in terms of his vocabulary, mental alertness, memory, reasoning, etc. An applicant’s intelligent quotient (IQ) can be judged through intelligent tests. 

As these test are helpful in judging the suitability of a candidate for the job in terms of his intelligence, temperament and dexterity, that’s why tests are used as a method for selection of employees by an organisation.

(i) AFLP: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism.

(ii) SSB’s : Single-Strand Breaks or Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins. 

(iii) BAC : Bacterial Artificial Chromosome. 

(iv) CIMAP: Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 

(v) PAGE : Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Derived lipids are either lipid-like chemicals (e.g., sterols) or derivatives of lipids e.g., terpenes. Prostaglandis and Choline. They are derived from simple and compound lipids by hydrolysis.

DNA Probe : It is a solution of radioactive, single-stranded DNA or oligodeoxy nucleotides (a DNA segment of few to several nucleotide’s). The name probe signifies the fact that this DNA molecule is used to detect and identify the DNA fragment in the gel membrane that has a sequence complementary to the probe. The probe hybridizes with the complementary DNA on the membrane to the greater extent with a low non-specific binding on the membrane. This step is known as hybridization reaction.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) : It is also called soluble or sRNA. There are over 100 types of tRNA’s. Transfer RNA constitutes about 15% of the total RNA. tRNA is the smallest RNA with 70-85 nucleotide’s and sedimentation coefficient of 4S. The nitrogen bases of several of its nucleotide’s get modified e.g., pseudouridine (φ), dihydrouridine (DHU), inosine (I). This causes coiling of the otherwise single- stranded tRNA into L-shaped form (three dimensional, Klug, 1974) or clover-like form (two dimensional, Holley, 1965). About half of the nucleotides are based paired to produce paired stems. Five regions are unpaired of single-stranded —AA-binding site, T φ C loop, DHU loop, extra arm and anticodon loop,

(i) Anticodon. It is made-up of three nitrogen bases for recognizing and attaching to the codon of tRNA.

(ii) AA-Binding site. It lies at the 3′ end opposite to the anticodon and has CCA—OH group (5′ ends bears G). Amino acid or AA-binding site and anticodon are the two recognition sites of tRNA. 

(iii) T φ C loop. It contains pseudouridine. The loop is the site for attaching to ribosomes. 

(iv) DHU loop. The loop contains dihydrouridine. It is binding site for aminoacyl synthetase enzyme, 

(v) Extra arm. It is a variable site arm or loop which lies between T φ C loop and anticodon. The exact role of extra arm is not known. 

Functions :

(i) tRNA is adapter molecule which is meant for transferring amino acids to ribosomes for synthesis of polypeptides. There are different tRNAs for different amino acids. Some amino acids can be picked up by 2-6 tRNA’s. tRNA’s carry specific amino acids at particular points during polypeptide synthesis as per codons of wRNA. Codons are recognised by anticodons of tRNA’s. Specific amino acids are recognized by particular activating or aminoacyl synthetase enzymes. 

(ii) They hold peptidyl chains over the mRNA’s. The initiator tRNA has the dual function of initiation of protein synthesis as well as bringing in of the first amino acids. There is, however, no tRNA for stop signals.

Metal body of an electrical appliance is earthed.

Treatment of Cancer : It depends upon the type of cancer. 

There are four types of cancer treatment strategies which are used singly or in combination.

(i) Surgery : The tumour is removed surgically. However, as malignant tumour has migrating cells, the latter cannot be removed. Therefore, surgical removal of a malignant or cancerous tumour is never completely successful. Certain tumours are, however, not accessible to surgical excision. In some of these laser microsurgery has been used successfully.

(ii) Radiation Therapy : Cancer cells are undifferentiated dividing cells. They are more easily damaged by radiations than the other differentiated body cells. Radon (Rn-220), Iodine (1-131) and cobalt (Co-60) are radioisotopes commonly used in radiotherapy. However, some harmful changes do occur to normal tissues around the tumour mass.

(iii) Chemotherapy : It is the use of cytotoxic drugs often along with other types of therapies. The common drugs are cisplatin and fluorouracil, nitrosoureas, vincristine and vinblastin (from Catharanthus roseus in leukaemia), taxol (from Taxus baccata) and tetrathiomolybdate. Cytotoxic drugs, however, have a number of side effects.

(iv) Immunotherapy : It is strengthening of anticancer immunological defence mechanism of the body because tumour cells avoid detection and destruction by immune system. For this the patients are given biological response modifiers such as a-interferon. They activate the immune system which helps in destroying tumour cells. Monoclonal antibodies with attached radioisotopes combine immunotherapy with radiotherapy. Another approach is to develop vaccines against cancers. Bone marrow transplant is used in case of leukaemia.

(i) Tropical monsoon deciduous forest. 

(ii) Two trees found in these forest are Teak and Semul.

(i) Tropical evergreen rainforests grow on the wind ward slope of the western ghats. 

(ii) These forests grow in this region because the temperature here ranges between 24°C to 27°C and rainfall is above 200 cm.

When entrepreneurs adopt new invertions in the production process it is called innovation. Through innovation an entrepreneur can bring about appropriate alteration in his production methods. Product variation is possible through this innovation according to consumer’s choice. Hence according to Schumpeter “the entrepreneurs are innovators”.

When prices rise very fast at double or triple digit rates from more than 20 to 100 per cent per annum or more, it is usually called hyperinflation or galloping inflation.

(i) H₂SO₄ is used for the preparation of HCl gas in laboratory because it also acts as dehydrating agent.

Sulphuric acid

Ammonia is highly soluble gas one volume of water can dissolve 702 volumes of ammonia at 20°C and at 1 atmospheric pressure. Hence it is not collected over water.

Ammonia gas is not collected over water because it has a high solubility in water and it dissolves in water to give a basic solution. 

NH₃(g) + H₂O(l) ---> NH₄⁺(aq) + OH^-(aq)

H₂SO₄ (Sulphuric acid is used for preparation of HCl gasin laboratory). H₂SO₄ has dehydrating properties so act as dehydrating agent.

Preparation of NH₃ gas using alkali can he done by reacting ammonium sulphate with sodium hydroxide. 

(NH₄)₂SO₄ + 2NaOH ---> 2NH₃ + 2H₂O + Na₂SO₄

Ammonia gas is highly soluble in water. Therefore it is not collected over water.

Emp. formula = X₂Y, At. wt. of X = 10, At .wt. of of Y = 5

∴ Empirical formula mass = 2 x 10 + 5 = 25

If Vapour density V.D = 25

Mol.Mass = V.D. x 2 = 25 x 2 = 50 u

n =  \(\frac{Mol.\,Mass}{Emp.\,formula\,mass}\) = \(\frac{50}{25}\) = 2

Mol. formula = Emp. formula x 2 = X₂Y x 2

=  X₄Y₂

1. Vapour density 

2. Ionisation 

3. Electroplating 

4. Ketone or Carbonyl compound 

5. Electron affinity

1. Iron II sulphate: Gives dirty green ppt with ammonium hydroxide insoluble in excess. Iron III sulphate: Gives reddish brown ppt with ammonium hydroxide insoluble in excess. 

2. Lead salt: Gives white ppt with ammonium hydroxide which is insoluble in excess. Zinc salt: Gives gelatenous white ppt which is soluble in excess ammonium hydroxide. 

3. Sodium nitrate: Colourless vapours of nitric acid which condenses to form nitric acid. Sodium sulphite: Colourless, gas with smell of burning sulphur, acidic in nature that is sulphur di oxide is released. 

4. With dil. HCl, BaCl₂ gives no ppt with dil. H₂SO₄, BaCl₂ gives a white insoluble ppt of BaSO₄. 

5. With ethane, purple colour of potassium permanganate remains unfaded with ethene the purple colour gets decolourised.

Using ammonium hydroxide :

When NaOH solution is added to the given solutions, Iron (II) chloride gives dirty green ppt. while reddish brown ppt. is obtained with Iron (III) chloride.

When AgNO₃ solution is added to the given solutions, CaCl₂ solution will give a white ppt. while no change is observed with calcium nitrate solution.

Isomerism : Two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in space are called isomers and the phenomenon is called isomerism.

1. By treating ethyl chloride with aqueous KOH. 

2. By heating ethyl chloride with alcoholic KOH. 

3. By passing ethene into concentrated H₂SO₄ at 80°C and high pressure or by hydration of ethene. 

4. By heating ethyl alcohol with concentrated H₂SO₄ at 170°C.

(i) Mole : It is the quantity of a substance in grams which contains Avogadro's number of constituent particles. 

(ii) Neutralisation : It is the process by which H+ ions of an acid reacts completely with the OH- ions of a base to give salt and water only. 

(iii) Ionization potential : It is the amount of energy required to remove a valence electron from an isolated gaseous atom of an element.

(i) By treating ethyl chloride with aqueous KOH. 

(ii) By heating ethyl chloride with alcoholic KOH. 

(iii) By passing ethene into concentrated H₂SO₄ at 80^oc and high pressure. 

(iv) By heating ethyl alcohol with conc. H₂SO₄ at 170^oC. 

By Vital force theory

NH₂CONH₂ → CO(NH₂)₂

(a) Hydrogen chloride is dried by passing through conc. Sulphuric acid.

(b) Phosphorous pentoxide and CaO cannot be used to dry HCl because they react with HCl.

2P₂O₅+ 3HCl → POCl₃ + 3HPO₃

CaO + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O

(i) (B), 

(ii) (D), 

(iii) (A), 

(iv) (E), 

(v) (C)

(i) S + 6HNO₃ → H₂ SO₄ + 6NO₂ + 2H₂O 

(ii) C + 2H₂ SO₄ → 2H₂O + CO₂ + 2SO₂ 

(iii) 3Cu + 8HNO₃ → 3CU(NO₃)₂ + 2NO + 4H₂O

(i) Lead chloride → Precipitation(B)

(ii) Iron (II) sulphate → Substitution (D)

(iii) Sodium nitrate → Neutralisation (A) 

(iv) Iron (III) chloride → (Direct combination) (C)

(i) Capillary water is present in the spaces between the soil particles as a thin film. It is readily available to plants. It is held in the soil against the forces of gravity. 

(ii) Osmosis is the process in which water molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from their higher concentration to their lower concentration. 

(iii) In aeroponics, roots of plant are suspended into a plastic vessel and sprayed with oxygenated nutrient rich water. This technique allows the roots to absorb nutrients much faster causing rapid growth and more yield.

Formation of endosperm is initiated by mitotic division of primary endosperm nucleus, which is triploid and is formed by triple fusion of two polar nuclei or secondary nucleus (2n) with male gamete (n). Endosperm is formed before the division of zygote.

In angiosperms, endosperm development is of the three types : 

(i) Nuclear type : It is the most common type of endosperm formation. In this type, the primary endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly and gives rise to a number of free nuclei which remain as peripheral layer and a large central vacuole appears in the embryo sac. Cell wall formation takes place later leading to the formation of cellular endosperm e.g., Coconut, Areca. In coconut, central part remains free nuclear.

(ii) Cellular type : In this type, first and subsequent divisions of primary endosperm nucleus are accompanied by wall formation, hence endosperm is cellular from the very beginning e.g., Petunia, Datura.

(iii) Helobial type : It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types. The first division of endosperm nucleus is followed by wall formation but the subsequent divisions are free nuclear. The chamber towards the micropylar end of embryo sac is much larger. A large number of nuclei are formed in it by free nuclear divisions while the nucleus of chalazal chamber divides to form a fewer, free nuclei or may not divide at all e.g., Drimya.

(i) Excess fertilizers will form a hypertonic solution in the soil. Exosmosis will then occur in the root hair cells resulting in plasmolysis ultimately the plant will die due to loss of water. 

(ii) Silicon emulsion over the surface of leaves will block the stomata and hence stomatal and cuticular transpiration will be reduced.

(i) Because of plasmolysis of plant cells due to hypertonic solutions of fertilizers. 

(ii) Because due to injury in medulla oblongata, the projecting process of the axis vertebra in the neck pierces it. As a result the involuntary actions such as breathing and heart beat are stopped. 

(iii) Because gametes undergo meiosis (reduction) cell division in which the number of chromosomes becomes half. 

(iv) Green leaves are thin and broad so that more surface area is exposed to sunlight for photosynthesis.

The heavenly state Kashmir has always been a trouble spot for India since independence. It has consumed a lot of lives, time, money and resources of India and Pakistan. Number of Wars were fought between two countries on this issue. However, no solution of this problem could be found till date. The origin of this problem started with the partition of Indian sub-continent along religious lines which led to the formation of India, Pakistan and East Pakistan which later became Bangladesh. 

The State of Jammu and Kashmir can be subdivided into three major regions: 

• Kashmir 

• Jammu 

• Ladakh. 

However, majority of the people living in Jammu and Kashmir were Muslims and it was ruled by a Hindu ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh. After Independence, Maharaja Hari Singh was unable to decide which nation should Kashmir join or whether it should remain independent. The National Conference Party under the leadership of Sheikh Abdullah, however, started an agitation for popular Government. On the other hand, Pakistan dashed all hopes on Maharaja Hari Singh to remain independent and started military campaign in Kashmir. Gradually, Pakistani invaders reached Baramula and Srinagar. Maharaja Hari Singh was left with no other option. 

He appealed for military assistance to Indian Government. Then, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indian Prime Minister accepted his appeal and thus, Instrument of Accession was signed and Kashmir was ceded to India. India sent its military force and thus, first war was fought between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. India referred this matter to UNO and the intervention of UNO brought the war to an end. Though Kashmir was integrated to India, a large portion is still under Pakistan administration. The ceasefire line which was agreed under UN supervision has been named as ‘Line of Control’. Around one third of the territory is under Pakistan administration and rest under India. However, Pakistan still considers Kashmir as its territory and thus, continues to fight proxy war.

The relationship between India and Pakistan was never cordial since its formation after partition of Indian sub-continent. Both the countries suffered a lot and fought several wars from 1947 to 1965. However, Kashmir remained the main issue of dispute. Pandit Nehru and successive leaders tried to improve the relations between India and Pakistan, but all failed. Among all issued, Indus water dispute and Refugee problem were the two most important issues of disputes. 

Indus waters dispute : Indus waters dispute started over sharing of the Indus river, water and some of its tributaries for irrigation purpose and became an important issue between India and Pakistan. After partition, India got only five million acre of land out of 28 million irrigated by Indus water and its tributaries like Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj. Pakistani canals were solely dependent on the eastern rivers flowing through East Punjab for their supplies. On the other hand, India wanted to utilise water of the eastern river for agriculture. 

As a result, Indus water became an important issue of dispute. However, dispute was settled through the intervention of Eugene Black, the President of World Bank. Indus Water Treaty was signed on 19th September, 1960. Pandit Nehru went to Karachi and signed the treaty. However, Indian people were not happy because it was a one sided agreement and India got small share in comparison to Pakistan. Moreover, India was supposed to contribute ? 83.3 crores for the construction work to Pakistan. Pandit Nehru however, considered it as a remarkable agreement and thus wanted to settle problems with Pakistan. 

Refugee problem : Indian sub-continent was divided on the religious line. Muslim majority became Pakistan and Hindu majority became India. While, India was established as a secular state, Pakistan decided to be an Islamic republic. The reports of maltreatment oyer the minorities on either side started causing bilateral problems among India and Pakistan. Pandit Nehru and Pakistan Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, held talks on April, 1950 to resolve the minorities problem and an agreement was reached. 

This agreement gave constitutional guarantees for minorities and promised the retum/transfer of refugees and recovery of abducted women. It was also assured freedom of movements and protection during travel to the migrants. Due to this pact, refugee migration dropped to some extent. However, it was increased again with the influx of Hindus from East Pakistan in 1951. Throughout late fifties and early sixties refugees continued to cross over to India. It was becoming a serious problem for Indo-Pak relation. In 1971 there was a massacre and large number of people were killed. This lead to a war between India and Pakistan. Eventually, Pakistan conceded defeat and Bangladesh was formed.

Legal tender money means that money which individuals are bound to accept it in the payment of goods and services. It cannot be refused in settlement of payments, e.g., coins and currency notes.

Meaning of Labour: In economics ‘labour’ means the capacity to exert physical or mental effort in expectation of reward.

It is created when the shape or size of things are changed to give them a new utility.

Example: When a carpenter converts timber into chairs, he gives it a form utility. Form utility is created, when the form of existing matter is changed to make it more useful or more acceptable.

Product differentiation means slightly different products of each seller. It prevails in monopolistic competition.

Commercial banks, firstly keep certain amount to RBI as a cash Reserve. Then the banks lend loans to their customers, invest in production houses as well as invest in Gilt edged markets i.e. Govt. Bonds, Debentures etc. to increase their profits.

1. Product differentiation is the key element in monopolistic competition. Under monopolistic competition firms produce differentiated products. The products produced by different firms are similar but not identical. They are substitutes for each other, but not perfect substitutes. These products are not homogeneous, but they are not altogether different as well. They are similar enough to be regarded as same commodity, but are sufficiently different so that consumers tend to regard them different from each other. 

2. When the price level increases at a very slow rate, say at the rate of only 2% to 2.5% per annum, it is called creeping inflation. This type of inflation is not of much concern so it is not essential for economic growth.