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(i) Solid

(ii) H₂ (hydrogen gas)

(iii) Downward

(iv) haematite

(v) Iron (III) Chloride

(i) fused 

(ii) hydrogen gas 

(iii) upward 

(iv) haematite 

(v) Iron (III) chloride

Social change refers to the changes experienced in society, but it is important that such changes are accompanied by sustainable development for ensuring their utility infuture. Sustainable development can be described as the progress that aims to achieve a balance between biophysical, technological and cultural aspects of social change. 

Introduction of innovations without any regard to the traditional knowledge of recipient cultures can be detrimental to the native biodiversity. Ignoring traditional ecological knowledge cannot be sustainable. According to the United Nations (UN), sustainable development refers to ‘development that meets the needs of the present generations, without compromising with the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs’. 

Social change has been experienced in all spheres of life in India. India is the largest democracy and has a rapidly growing economy. Cultural aspect in social change is often the slowest to change. Technological innovations often when unacompanied by change in attitudes and values, leave behind cultural lag and several associated social problems e.g.: we have more cell phones than toilets in India. On one hand, it is taking strides towards growth and prosperity. On other hand, it has a gloomy face stricken by poverty, inequality and ignorance. 

The race for creating and adopting technological innovations has had a ripple effect which is visible through rising consumerism. This is ultimately affecting the climate and the effects – can be felt through Global Warming and Climate Change. These are no longer theoretical concepts but real and visible challenges. Extremes of temperatures; sudden heavy rainfall causign floods; rising sea levels are all an effect of human activity only. The Millennium sustainable goal aims at eradicating poverty, providing clean drinking water to all, enrolling all children for primary education and lowering child mortality till 2030.

According to traditional theory of divine origin of the caste system, as given in ‘ManusmritV (a Hindu text), the different castes were created from different parts of the creator himself. From the mouth of the creator emerged the Brahmins, from the arms emerged the Kshatriyas, from his thighs emerged the Vaishyas and from his feet emerged the Shudras.

First directors of a company are appointed by the original investors (members or subscribers) usually from among themselves and are named in the Articles of Association. However, mention in the Articles does not constitute a valid appointment until the person gives his or her signed consent to hold the office of the director, and is not disqualified (for any reason) from holding that office.

(a) There is a relatively high cost per contact. 

(b) It may be difficult to obtain updated, accurate mailing lists.

Two objectives of Advertising: 

1. To introduce New Product: Producers and traders advertise to inform customers about the availability of a new product. They seek to develop a good image of the new product and persuade consumers to buy it. 

2. To Eliminate Middlemen: Businessmen use advertisement to send their messages far and wide. They can establish direct contact with customers, thereby eliminating middlemen.

Marketing mix is a combination of four elements-product, pricing structure; distribution system and promotional activities, used to satisfy the needs of an organisation’s target market(s) and at the same time, achieve its marketing objectives.

Two Main Methods of Training: 

1. On-the-Job Training (OJT): Under this method, employees are assigned a specific job and they learn by performing the job in the actual work situation. Therefore, it is also known as ‘learning by doing’. The employee learns work methods and job operations under the supervision of the supervisor or a senior employee. The employee works according to his orders and instructions and performs job activities as per his advice. It is step-by-step learning and the worker contributes towards production in . the course of learning. 

2. Off-the-job Training: Under this method of training, trainee is separated from the job situation and his attention is focused upon learning the material related to his future job performance. Since the trainee is not distracted by job requirements, he can place his entire concentration on learning the job rather than spending his time in performing it. It is an opportunity for freedom of expression for the trainees. Off-the-job training can be given in the following ways-lecture method, conference or discussion, programmed instruction and role playing.

Tissue culture technique in plants is as follows:

The explants are selected and sterilised. These are then placed in culture medium. Incubation under ideal, sterile and aseptic condition is done. Callus formation takes place. Auxins are added for cell differentiation. Organogenesis occurs and plantlets are generated. Hardening of plantlets are done and then in the end they are transferred in the soil.

The same current through copper sulphate solution is 15.9 g

Natural rubber is a Polyisoprene

(i) (d)

(ii) (c)

(iii) (b)

(iv) (e)

(1) Fluorine

The formula of an ionic compound is A + B^– or AB

According to Raoult’s law: ‘Elevation of a boiling point of a solution is directly proportional to the lowering in vapour pressure caused by the number of particles of solute present in the solution’.

2, 4, 6 – Trinitrophenol

m – Dinitrobenzene

(i) – (c)

(ii) – (e)

(iii) – (a)

(iv) – (b)

(v) – (d)

KCN is a salt of a strong base and weak acid. It undergoes hydrolysis when dissolved in water to form weak acid HCN and strong base KOH.

HCN is a weak acid because it gives less H⁺ ions in the solution while KOH is strong electrolyte and remains completely dissociated. Therefore, the resulting solution contains more OH^– ions and it is therefore alkaline.

K_b = 0.512 K kg mol^-1

K_f = 1.86 K kg mol^-1

ΔT_b = 100.18° – 100° = 0.18

ΔT = K_b x molality molality

= 0.18/0.512

Now, ΔT_f = K_f x molality

= 1.86 x \(\frac{0.18}{0.512}\) = 0.6539

Freezing point of solutions = 0 – 0.6539 = -0.6539

(i) (e)

(ii) (d)

(iii) (a) 

(iv) (c) 

(v) (b)

Electronic configuration of Cr atom is 1s² , 2s²2p⁶ , 3s²p⁶d⁵ , 4s¹ This is because in this electronic configuration d subshell is half-filled which is more stable configuration than normally expected i.e., 3d⁴4s² .

Urotropine or hexamethylenetetramine having formula (CH₂)₆N₄ is formed.

Iron sheets are coated with zinc during galvanization to prevent them from rusting.

To reduce the heat loss by radiation and to prevent burning of anode.

(1) Fuse and (2) Switch. 

(ii) Fuse is used to limit the flow of current. Switch is used to start or stop the flow of current.

(i) The phenomenon of splitting of white light of a prism into its constituent colours is called dispersion of light. 

(ii) Red colour.

 In atmosphere, red colour scatters the least because of its long wavelength.

(i) Loudness. 

(ii) Quality or Timbre.

(i) If there is a change in amplitude of sound then its loudness will change. 

(ii) If there is a change in waveform of sound then its quality will change.

(i) Length of air column.

(ii) Decibel

(i) Length of the air column. 

(ii) Decibel.

1. Because Goa is in the windward side of Western Ghats whereas Puducherry is in the Eastern Ghats. 

2. Mawsynram lies in the Khasi Hills in Meghalaya and gets heavy rainfall from the Bay of Bengal branch of the summer monsoon. Here the hills are funnel shaped so the moisture laiden monsoons have to take a sudden rise which cause heavy rain. 

3. Mangaluru is cooler due to moderating effect of sea whereas Delhi is in the interior of the Indian sub-continent.

(i) Patna gets heavier rainfall than Varanasi because as the S.W. Monsoon Bay of Bengal current advances towards N.W. amount of rainfall decreases. 

(ii) The Arabian sea branch of the South West Monsoon does not shed any moisture in western Rajasthan as Aravallis are parallel to the direction of the winds. 

(iii) India has varied climatic conditions because of large latitudinal and longitudinal extent. Distance from the sea and altitude.

Indus flows through Pakistan and drains into the Arabian Sea : Brahmaputra flow through Bangladesh and drains into the Bay of Bengal.

They are : 

Towards the Ganga 

(ii)  Towards the Arabian Sea 

(iii)  Towards the Bay of Bengal

1. Cotton balls are picked manually. 

2. Fibre can be easily removed. 

3. These are the major source of protein for most of the people. These plants help in restoring the fertility of the soil.

Chennai receives rain from northeast monsoons during October-November which is not very strong, hence gives less rain whereas Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) receives very heavy rain from southwest monsoon which are much more powerful. It also gets some rain from the retreating Monsoon.

1. Plants are planted and harvested manually. 

2. Temperature – 24 °C Rainfall – Between 150 cm to 300 cm. Soil – Alluvial

One part that experiences rainfall both in winter and summer – Tamil Nadu Coast/Coromandel Coast.

Force required for uniform circular motion is centripetal force. It is always directed along the radius of the circular path i.e., towards the centre of the circle.

(i)   Punjab receives rainfall in winter by westerly depressions which originate in Mediterranean sea during January-February.

(ii)  Nainital is a hill station located at a higher altitude. Since temperature decreases with altitude, it is cooler as compared to Agra which lies in the interior. It experiences continental type of climate.

(iii)  Because it lies in the path of tropical cyclones. 

(i) Damped vibrations. 

(ii) Tuning fork vibrating in air 

(iii) Due to friction, energy is continuously lost. (iv) After some time, the amplitude gradually decreases and finally stops.

In uniform circular motion, speed remains constant.

(i)  Annual rainfall for stations B is 0.2 + 0.2 + ….. 1.8 + 50.6 + 61.0 + 36.9 + 24.8 + 4.8 + 1.0 = 181.3 cms. 

(ii)  Annual range of temperature at station A = 33.3 – 14.4 = 18.90°C

(iii)  Station A lies in Northern Hemisphere

(iv)  Station B has an equable climate.

(i) Speed remains constant. 

(ii) Centripetal force directed towards the centre of the circle.

Two sources of background radiations are : 

(1) The radioactive substances such as potassium (K-40), Carbon (C-14) and radium present inside our body. 

(2) Cosmic rays, solar radiations coming from outer space and naturally occuring radioactive elements such as radon-222 etc.

The Northeast Monsoon winds blow over the Bay of Bengal. Before reaching the Coromandal coast they become moisture laden and give rain to this area during winter season (DecemberFebruary).

An a.c. generator is used for producing alternating current.