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Two sources of background radiation: K – 40 and C – 14

 Speed of γ radiation = 3 x 10⁸ m/s in air or vacuum.

Bikaner being located further inland experiences a continental climate or it being an arid region, absence of clouds, the day is hot and night temperatures too low resulting in a great difference / range. Panjim being on the seacoast is influenced by land and sea breeze and has lower diurnal range.

(i) Speed of gamma radiations in air = 3 x 10⁸ ms^-1 . 

(ii) Zinc Sulphide

In April – May the direction is northeast. 

In July the direction is southwest to northeast

Heat gained = Heat los

150 x 4.2 x (25 - 20) = 60 x c x (100 - 25)

150 x 4.2 x 5 = 60 x c x 75

c = 0.7 Jg^-1 °C^-1

(i) Specific heat capacity is defined on unit mas’s but heat capacity is defined on entire mass. 

(ii) Specific heat capacity depends on the mass of the body but heat capacity does not depend on the mass of the body.

It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

(i) An a.c. generator or Dynamo is used to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. 

(ii) Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic induction.

A = CH₃CHO

B = CH₃CH₂Br

C = CH₃CH₂CN

D = LiAlH₄ or H₂/Raney Ni

E = C₃H₇OH

F = CH₃CH₂COOH

(1) NaCl + MnO₂ + H₂SO₄ → 2NaHSO₄ + MnSO₄ + 2H₂O + Cl₂

(2) KMnO₄ + SO₂ + H₂O → K₂SO₄ + 2MnSO₄ + 2H₂SO₄

(ii) Aniline and ethylamine can be distinguished using the azo-dye test.

(i) Ethanal, on warming with iodine and NaOH solution gives a yellow crystalline precipitate of iodoform. Methanal does not give this test.

(ii) Urea when heated just above its melting point and treated with alkali and a drop of dilute copper sulphate solution, gives violet colour. While benzoic acid does not give this test.

(i) C₆H₅CHO + H₂NOH → C₆H₅CH = NOH + H₂O 

(ii) C₆H₅COOH + PCl₅ → C₆H₅COCl + POCl₃ + HCl 

(iii) CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH + HCl → CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Cl + H₂O

X → alcoholic KCN, Y → LiAlH₄, Z → CH₃COCl.

(i) Functional isomers

(ii) Alcoholic group

(i) Petrochemicals are those chemicals and compounds which are derived from resources of petroleum and these chemicals are used for manufacturing a large variety of articles such as synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyestuffs, drugs, and pharmaceuticals. 

(ii) The slow growth of international tourism in India is mainly because of its underdeveloped infrastructure of highways, railways ports, civil aviation, telecommunications. Inadequacies of infrastructural facilities adversely affect tourism.

(i) NBPGR: National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources. 

(ii) ARS: Agricultural Research Service. 

(iii) RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism 

(iv) HEPA: High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter 

(v) SCP: Single Cell Protein

Full forms of the followings: 

(i) NBPGR : National Bureau Of Plant Genetic Resources 

(ii) VNTR :  Variable Number Tandem Repeat 

(iii) ARS : Agricultural Research Service 

(iv) PEG : Poly Ethylene Glycol 

(v) ORP : Open Reading Frame

(i) Nonsense codons : The three codons, UAA (known as ochre), UAG (amber) and UGA (opal), that do not code for an amino acid but act as signals for the termination of protein synthesis are known as nonsense codons.

(ii) Microprocessor : A microprocessor or processor is the heart of the computer and it performs all the computational tasks, calculations and data processing etc. inside the computer. Microprocessor is the brain of the computer. In the computers, the most popular type of the processor is the Intel Pentium chip and the Pentium IV is the latest chip by Intel Corporation. The microprocessors can be classified based on the following features.

Instruction Set: It is the set of the instructions that the Microprocessor can execute. 

Bandwidth : The number of bits processed by the processor in a single instruction.

Clock Speed : Clock speed is measured in the MHz and it determines that how many instructions a processor can processed.

(iii) Oligonucleotides : Oligonucleotides composed of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (DNA) are often used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a procedure that can amplify almost any small piece of DNA. There, the oligonucleotide is referred to as a primer, allowing DNA polymerase to extend the oligonucleotide and replicate the complementary strand. 

(iv) Two unique bases are : 

1. dihydrouridine(DHU) 

2. pseudouridine 

(v) Gottlieb Haberiandt

1. Osmoregulation 

2. Tropic hormone 

3. Diffusion 

4. Homozygous 

5. Nucleosome 

6. Menarche 

7. Diapedesis 

8. Amniotic fluid 

9. Diastole 

10.Growth rate of population

Demography Statistical study human population.

Hypermetropia

Presbyopia Eye lens losing flexibility resulting in a kind of long sightedness in elderly people.

Response the change in an organism resulting due to stimulus.

The photo receptor cells of the retina sensitive to colour are Cones.

Adolescence age is from 13 to 18 years/ teenagers. Adolescence is attained when children are in the high school and peer influence is very strong. 

Causes and effect : They like to try out various things such as alcohol which is harmful for health. This can be by observing adults or trying to escape from stress. If they are too much into alcoholism, they may given up studies and also lose jobs, if employed. They Society and Educational institutions may also refuse to accept them. 

More alcohol seeking or excess consumption of alcohol is defined by American Psychiatric association (APA) as “alcoholism” or alcohol dependence. It is a complex disorder that includes social and inter-personal issues. Long term and uncontrollable harmful consumption can cause alcohol related disorders. It is contained in beer, wine and hard liquor and is a chemical compound known as ethyl alcohol or ethanol. 

Alcohol acts on the central nervous . system as a blocker of messages transmitted from one nerve cell to the next. The APA recognizes alcohol disorder as alcohol abuse. It is similar to dependence in that the use of alcohol impairs the affected person’s ability to achieve goals and fulfills his personal and social responsibilities. It also affects his or her interpersonal relationship to a great extent. This disorder affects the person’s metabolism, gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, bone marrow and endocine system. 

Symptoms of a alcohol addiction : The various symptoms manifested by the person who is addicted to alcohol include the following : Tolerance / Withdrawal / Disorientation to time, place and person/ Hallucinations, yisual, auditory and tactile / Delusions of suspicion, paranoid feelings, delusions of grandeur reoccupation with obtaining alcohol by any mean/Disordered perception/ Overnight abstinence / Irritability / Nausea and vomiting. This disorder occurs twice as often in males than in females. It develops in people of all races and social-economic classes. The alcohol abuse depends upon the following causes. Behaviorally it relates to internal and external motivation. 

Biologically repeated or continued use of alcohol can impair brain levels of a pleasue neurotransmitter called dopamine. Neurotransmitters are the chemicals in the brain which pass impulses from one nerve cell to the next According to Erik Erickson, adolescence go through a phase of role confusion. So they experience confusion even during social relationship. Adolescents need to be monitored well and if addiction develops, they need to be counselled and rehabilitated.

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. It was first created by the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget. The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and now humans gradually come to acquire, construct and use it. Piaget’s theory is mainly known as developmental stage theory. To Piaget’s cognitive development was as progressive reorganization of mental process resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience. 

He believed that children construct an understanding of the world around them, experiences discrepancies between what they already know and what they discover in the environment then adjust their ideas accordingly. Moreover, Piaget claimed that cognitive development is at center of the human organism, and language is contingent an knowledge and understanding acquired through cognitive development. 

Characteristics of the Stage of Cognitive Development: 

1. The stages can be generalized. This means that all aspects of cognitive development would follow the same pattern. 

2. The stages are invariant means that they would always rigidly follow a fixed sequence and no stage can be slipped. 

3. The stages are universal, meaning all the children everywhere will follows the described pattern of cognitive development.Stages of cognitive development. There are four stages of cognitive development. 

4. Sensorimotor stage (up to 2 years) 

5. Preoperational stage (2-7 years) 

6. Concrete operational stage (7-11 years) 

7. Formal operational stage (11 years on wards)

Formal Operational Stage as suggested by Piaget : At about the age of twelve Piaget suggested, most children enter the final stage of cognitive development – the stage of formal operations, During this period, major features of adult thought make their appearance. While children in the earlier stage of concrete operations can think logically, they can do so only about concrete events and objects. In contrast, those who have reached the stage of formal operations can think abstractly; they can deal not only with the real or concrete but with possibilities – events or relationships that do not exist, but can be imagined. 

Hypothetical thinking : With formal operations, boys and girls moved from the actual world to the hypothetical world. They can still think about the way things are, but they become much more skilled at thinking about how things might be if certain changes took place. Such thinking allows adolescents to judge the ‘reasonableness’ of a purely hypothetical line of reasoning. 

Deduction and induction : Hypothetical and abstract thinking make sophisticated deduction and induction possible. Deduction is reasoning from abstract, general principles to specific hypothesis that follow from these principles. Induction thinking is the complementary process of observing a number of specific events or instances and inferring an abstract general principle to explain those instances. The two processes can be seen in the adolescents reasoning about nature, science and even social problems. 

Inter-propositional logic : The formal operations involve the ability to judge whether propositions are logically connected to one another, regardless of whether the propositions are true. This is called inter propositional logic. 

Reflective thinking : This allows the formal operational person to be his or her own critic, to evaluate a process, idea of solution from the perspective of an outsider and to find errors or weak spots in it. The reflective thinker can then sharpen plans, arguments or points of view-making them more effective, more powerful.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) developed in 1930. Current version MMPI – 2 (567 items). 

1. Contains 10 clinical scales and several validity scales. 

2. Clinical scales relate to various psychological disorders and its associated personality validity scales determine whether the respondent is faking the answer. 

Depending on the scores it can be identified as relatively high or low on a particular personality trait. 

MMPI-2 is designed to measure many aspects of personality related to psychological

disorders:

A set of statements is true or false about themselves in extent to whether they agree or disagree with various sentences which of a pair of activities they prefer. The subject has to classify these questions into three categories – True, False and Can’t say.

This inventory is used with adults who are 18 and above. The current inventory has 567 items all in true or false format and takes one or two hours to complete depending on their reading level. The chief criterion of validity was the prediction of clinical cases against the diagnosis of a hospital staff. There are four unusual scores obtained in addition to the diagnostic classification. These four are ‘validity scores’ (F), a Tie score’ (L), a ‘questions score’ and a K-score.

1. Because it provides the required power to various mines and exploitation units. 

2. Because it is a good conductor of electricity. 

3. Because India being a tropical country, is well endowed with plenty of solar energy. Most parts of the country have bright sunshine throughout the year except a brief monsoon period.

1. Manganese 

2. Bhakhra Nangal Project

The main difference between the nuclear reactor and a fission bomb is that whereas in a nuclear reaction, the chain reaction can be controlled and energy produced can be used for useful purpose, the chain reaction in fission bomb once started cannot be controlled and causes destruction.

(a) It is defined as the amount of heat required in raising the temperature of a unit mass of a substance through 1°C. Its SI unit is J kg^-1 K^-1. 

(b) It is because thicker pans can have better heat distribution and heat retention due to thermal conductivity and thermal mass. 

(c) Given mass of solid ms = 50 x 10^-3 kg Mass of water mw = 100 x 10^-3 kg

Temperature of solid = 1500°C 

Temperature of water = 110°C 

Final temperature = 200°C 

Specific heat of water = 4.2 J kg^-1 °C^-1 

Now, heat lost by the solid = heat gained by water 

50 × 10^-3 × c × (1500 – 200) = 100 x 10^-3 × 4200 × (200 – 110) Or c = 581 J kg^-1 °C^-1 

(d) (i) μ = real depth/apparent depth

(ii) μ = c/v

(e) (i) The incident ray should travel from the denser to the rarer medium. 

(ii) The angle of incidence in the denser medium should be greater than the critical angle for the given pair of media.

A zener diode is used as a voltage stabiliser.

It is used as voltage regulator.

(c) 260 Ω ± 5%

The work done in this process is Zero.

(i) Forward bias: When a battery’ is connected to a p-n diode such that the current is in the direction of diode current, the arrangement is called forward bias.

(ii) If the current flows opposite to the direction of diode current, this is called reverse bias. 

(iii) Depletion Zone : In p-n diode, the region in which electrons and holes neutralize each other is called depletion region or zone.

A semiconductor which has more holes than electrons is called a p-type semiconductor. A Zener diode is a highly dope p-n junction which is operated in reverse bias. It is used as a voltage regulator.

EVERGREEN PUBLICATIONS(INDIA) PVT LTD 

ND-200, TANDA RAOD 

JALANDHAR – 144008 

Email: [email protected] in 

Ref No. 

Dated: 29.04.2015

Mrs Archita Jathar 

742, Chandan Nagar 

Jalandhar

Madam,

With reference to your application for the post of Office Assistant in our Company, we shall be glad if you call on us for a personal interview on 2nd May,2015, at 11.00 am sharp in our office. 

Please bring your relevant certificates and testimonials.

Yours faithfully, 

(Vikas Sehgal) 

Manager-Human Resources Division.

A pictogram is a pictorial representation of statistical data. The number of pictures drawn are in proportion to the values of various items to be presented. Symbols are carefully selected to represent the statistical data correctly. Need of pictogram arises due to following reasons. 

• Pictograms are attractive. 

• They can display data in compact form. 

• It is easy to visualize a pictogram.

Proxy means substitute. Section 176 of the Companies Act provides that any member entitled to attend and vote a meeting of the company is entitled to appoint another person(whether a member or not) to attend a meeting and to vote instead of himself. A proxy so appointed shall not make any request to speak at the meeting. If the members are not satisfied with the result of voting by show of hands, they may demand voting by poll. On a pool, every member is entitled to caste votes in proportion to the number of shares held by him. A proxy can also caste a vote. A proxy is free to distribute his votes in the manner he likes. 

Voting by poll may be demanded by: 

• the chairman 

• any five members present in person or by proxy and having the right to vote on the motion in question in case of a public limited company, or 

• one member in case less than seven persons are present, if more than 7 members are present in case of a private limited company

Attitude is a preparation or readiness to response. It is also defined as learned response to a person or an object in either a favorable or an unfavorable way. According to Gordon All-port, “an attitude is a mental or neural state of readiness, developed through experience, exerting a direct influence upon the individuals response to different objects. 

Main Components of Attitude : 

Effective component: It is the feeling or emotion associated with the evaluation process of a particular object, person and situation. It refers to the emotions associated with said stimulus. They may be pleasant or unpleasant and act as the triggering factor behind the intensity of the resulting behavior. 

Cognitive component : In individuals the thought and beliefs “that led to the development of attitude toward an object, person or situation. Positive belief about the attitude object give rise to positive feeling and attitude while unfavorable belief about any object leads to negative attitude towards it. 

Behavioral component : It is the way of expression or behavior that result from the attitude. The individual acts favorable i.e shows inclination towards positively seen attitude object. The person may also act unfavorably or show avoidance towards negatively seen attitude object.

First, in many situations, the persons in authority relieve those who obey of the responsibility for their own actions. ‘I was only carrying out orders’ is the defines many offer after obeying harsh or cruel commands. In life situations, this transfer of responsibility may be implicit, the person in charge (e.g. the mainly or police officer) is assumed to have the responsibility for what happens. In Milgram’s experiments, thus transfer of responsibility was explicit. 

Second, persons in authority often possess visible badges or signs of their status. They wear special uniforms or insignia, have special titles, and so on. These serve to remind many persons of the social norm ‘Obey the persons in charge.’ This is a powerful norm and when confronted with it, most people find it difficult to disobey. / person of authority. 

A third reason for obedience in many situations in which the targets of such influence might otherwise resist involves the gradual escalation of the authority figure’s orders. Initial commands may call for relatively mild actions, such as merely arresting people. Only later do orders come to require behavior that is dangerous or objectionable. / Consistency. 

Finally, there come many situations involving destructive obedience move very quickly demonstrations quite suddenly turn into riots, arrests into mass beatings or mass murder. / Group influence. 

In sum, the high levels of obedience generated in Milgram’s studies are not as mysterious as they may seem. A social psychological analysis of the conditions existing both there and in many real situations identifies several factors that together may make it very difficult for individuals to resist the commands they receive. The consequences of course, can be truly tragic or innocent and often defenseless victims.

Bipolar disorder also known as ‘Manic Depression’ is expressed through serious shifts in mood energy, thinking and behavior. The term ‘bipolar’ refers to the presence of two extreme types or poles of mood with mania on one pole to depression, melancholy or sadness on other pole. 

Symptoms : 

(1) Decreased need of sleep, extremely active high level of energy. 

(2) Irrationally optimistic and highly talkative than usual. 

Avoidant personality Disorder: Individuals with avoidant personality disorder is marked by behavior pattern social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negativity evaluation by others as a result they are reluctant enter into any social interaction and in limited social relationship. It is also known as Anxious personality disorder. 

Symptoms : 

1. SymptomsSelf imposed self isolation. 

2. Self critical.

The credibility, reliability, trustworthiness, confidence and skills of the communicators are important determinants in the process of persuasion. 

1. Fast speakers are apparently better at persuading than people who speak slowly. 

2. Attractive people are better persuading than unattractive people., Hence advertisers look for attractive models, movie star. 

3. Messages that do not seem to contend to persuade the individual to change his attitude, tend to be more persuasive. 

4. Sometimes, when people are distracted by some extraneous event and are inattentive to what is being said, they are persuaded more easily.

Behavioral therapy techniques : 

In classical conditioning: Flooding : A type of behavior therapy, behavior modification which tries to eliminate fear by exposing the patient over and over again to the stimuli which arouse the fear based on the principle of extinction. 

Systematic desensitization : A form of behavior therapy for phobias in which individuals first learn how to induce a relaxed state in their own bodies. Then, while on a relaxed state, they are exposed to stimuli that elicit fear. 

Aversion Therapy : This technique involves unpleasant stimulation in aversion therapy. Its objective is not to undo fear or revulsion but to induce such feelings, specifically in relation to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviour. 

Modelling Techniques : 

Modelling is based on the type of cognitive learning known as observational learning. 

Modelling is also a valuable Technique tool, especially in the phobias. 

Instrumental conditioning: 

Extinction : Time out from reinforcement or simply time out, it is also called omission training. 

Token economies : The use of conditioned or secondary reinforces money like tokens to strengthen desired behaviours in mental hospitals, prisons, and other similar institutions. By the use of these tokens desirable behaviours which aid therapy can be shaped. 

Shaping : In instrumental conditioning, teaching a desired response through a series of successive steps which lead the learner to the final response. Each small step leading to the final response is reinforced.’Also, called the method of successive approximations 

Covert Sensitization’s : A useful alternative to physical punishment is covert sensitization. In this technique, the unwanted behavior is imagined together with its imaginary punishing consequences, e.g. an alcoholic is trained to imagine drilling and its consequences such as vomiting or being fired. 

• Relaxation training 

• Functional analysis of behavior 

• Identifying positive and negative reinforces 

• Differential reinforcement 

• Assertive training

Alcohol affects the cerebellum which is the center of body balance and co-ordination. Due to the alcohol affect, the cerebellum is unable to co-ordinate muscular movements properly.

(a) The metal which is a constituent of blood pigment is Iron (Fe)

(b) The metal which is a constituent of plant pigment is Magnesium (Mg).