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1. Durg district of Chhattisgarh 

2. Bailadila

1. Because the sucrose content of the sugarcane starts decreasing within 24 hours of harvesting. 

2. Bagasse, Molasses 

3. North India – Uttar Pradesh, South India – Maharashtra

• It enjoys favourable climatic conditions for rearing the silkworms. 

• Karnataka is the hub of skilled workers which are required for production of silk.

• Problem of raw material: ‘Long staple’ fibre is best fibre but most of the cotton grown in India is the ‘short staple’ fibre.

• International competition: Countries like Taiwan, South Korea and Japan are giving a stiff competition.

1. Bengaluru 

2. Rourkela Steel Plant; Krupp and Demag Companies of Germany. 

3. Press Mud: It is used for making shoe polish, carbon paper and wax.

1. It enjoys favourable climatic conditions for rearing the silkworms. Karnataka is the hub of skilled workers which are required for production of silk. 

2. These products are cost effective. These are cheaper as compared to traditional products. Its raw material is easily available. 

3. Electronics industry has given us various products like television, computers, laptops, tabs, radio, DTH, etc. All these electronic products have become the major source of entertainment as well as education. With the help of these products information is readily available and can be shared through the use of internet.

(i) Pulses are grown as rotation crop because pulses are leguminous crop which changes atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates and restores the fertility of the soil. 

(ii) Millets are referred to as dry crops, because they can also grow in regions of low rainfall and poor soils. 

(iii) Tea plantations are found on hill slopes because tea plant cannot withstand standing water on its roots.

Climatic requirements for growing cotton : 

Temperature: 20°C to 32°C and atleast 200 frost free days. 

Rainfall: Ranging between 50 cm to 120 cm abundant sunshine is required during ripening period. 

Climatic requirement for Jute : 

Temperature: 21°C to 35°C a hot climate with high atmospheric humidity. 

Rainfall : Ranging between 150 cm to 200 cm.

Two reasons for the concentration of sugar industry in Uttar Pradesh are : 

(i) Availability of fertile alluvial soil which is rich in lime and potash for the growth of sugar cane. 

(ii) It is densely populated and provides cheap labour and huge market.

Rabi crop is sown during late November and harvested in March e.g. : wheat, mustard etc. 

Kharif crop is sown in June and harvested in early November e.g. : rice, cotton etc

Agro based industries have affected the economy of India by: 

(i) providing raw material for industries 

(ii) They earn foreign exchange for the countries.

Limestone is a valuable mineral because it is used in various industries like chemicals, iron and steel, cement, fertilizers etc.

(i) West Bengal is the largest jute producing state in India. Two centres of jute industry are Kolkata and Rishra. 

(ii) Jute products are gunny bags and carpets.

Two reasons for the concentration of steel plants in the Chota Nagpur plateau region are : – 

(i) Availability of iron ore and coal. 

(ii) Cheap labour available from Bihar and Jharkhand.

Three problems faced by the cotton textile industry are: 

(i) Shortage of raw material. India has still to face shortage of raw material and has to import it.

 (ii) Obsolete Machinery 

(iii) Competition in global market.

(i) Orissa: Iron is mined at Keonjhar. 

(ii) Jharkhand: Iron is mined at Singhbhum.

Most important use of: 

(i) Iron ore : In the production of steel. 

(ii) Bauxite: In the production of aluminium.

Geographical reasons for the following are : 

(i) Port cities have their own oil refineries because two thirds of the petroleum is imported. The crude oil is imported from Gulf countries and Malaysia. 

(ii) Petroleum is called fossil fuel because it is derived from plant and animal . life buried in sedimentary rocks millions of years ago. 

(iii) Coal is called a versatile mineral because it forms a basic raw material for the production of chemicals, dyes, fertilizers, paints, synthetics, explosive apart from source of energy.

The variety of coal, popular for domestic use is ‘Bituminous’ because the ‘Bituminous’ (50% to 80% carbon) is mostly available in India. This variety is good for domestic use.

(i) Cochin (The Cochin Shipyard) 

(ii) Varanasi

(i) Largest oil refinery in the public sector — Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. 

(ii) Jharkhand is the largest coal producing state. 

(iii) Hematite is the best variety of iron ore.

Assam, Mumbai High are some gas producing regions. Two uses of Natural Gas : 

1. Natural Gas is used as the most important fuel (as cooking gas and also as fuel for vehicles). 

2. It is used in the chemical fertilizers.

Petrochemicals are mainly chemicals derived from petroleum resources like coal, gas and petroleum. Two products are plastics and acrylic fibres.

(i) Vishakhapatnam 

(ii) Rourkela steel plant 

(iii) Gurgaon.

Advantages of Mini steel plants are : 

1. They use the electric arc furnace and thus conserve coal. 

2. They require smart capital investment. 

3. They cater to the local need of the market and the cost of transport is reduced.

Oil refinery is located close to the oil fields so that crude oil can be brought to the refineries easily. Since two third of the petroleum is imported, the refineries are located near the coastal areas. 

Oil refinery in the private sector: Reliance Petroleum Ltd. in Jamnagar.

(a) (i) The crop which is being planted in the picture is ‘Rice’ The method used for sowing is ‘transplantation’ method Though it is a laborious method but it increases the yield by 45%. 

(ii) Mean annual temperature of 24°C with a range of 22°C to 32°C. Rainfall required : 150 cm to 300 cm, but much less is required if irrigation is available. 

(b) Gujarat leads in cotton cultivation. 

1. Frost is injurious to the crop. 

2. There should be no rains at the time of ripening of cotton balls. 

(c) (i) (a) Sett Method: Cutting of two or three joints taken from a healthy plant and planted horizontally, in furrows then piled with fertilized soil. 

(b) Ratoon Cropping: The Cane is cut close to the ground where the sugar content is concentrated. After the crop has been cut the stem begins to grow again and gives a new crop. 

(ii) A lot of labour is required for sugarcane cultivation from the time of sowing. Such as before sowing ground is prepared, furrows are made, cuttings (setts) are made by the sugarcane, besides this pesticides and insecticides are sprayed twice or thrice, manuring is also done two or three times. At the time of harvest also lot of manual work is done. Thus a lot of labour is required for sugarcane cultivation. 

(iii) After harvesting cane it is processed within 24 hours If delayed the sucrose content starts decreasing. If the sugar mills are close to the fields, without wasting time in transportation sugarcane can be reached easily. Hence the sugar mills must be near the sugarcane fields. 

(d) (i) Tea bushes are pruned at regular interval as it helps in growing more new leaves and also the height of the plant does not increase, which helps in picking leaves. (ii) Tapping of rubber tree is usually done in the morning hours as latex flows freely at this time, it is also to avoid heat after 12 o’clock and the convectional rain due to which the latex may be diluted. 

(iii) Oil cake is a useful residue because it can he used as manure and also can be used as fodder for cattle.

(i) Products made from petrochemicals are growing in popularity because they are cost effective, economically stable and do not depend on agricultural raw material. 

(ii) A heavy engineering industry requires huge capital investment because it requires enormous amount of power, good transport facility and heavy bulky raw material which is costly.

(iii) The electronics industry contributes to the development of the country because it has largely contributed to space technology, communication, information technology, software industry, medical sciences and defence to develop with electronic apparatus.

Rearing of silk worms on Mulberry leaves is known as ‘Sericulture’ 

Two types of silk: 

‘Mulberry Silk’ and ‘Non mulberry’ silk as Tusser. Eri, Muga etc.

On the basis of the nature of products, industries can be divided into two categories : 

1. Heavy Industry: Use heavy and bulky raw material as iron ore and coal etc. 

Example : Iron and steel industry. 

2. Light Industry: Use light raw material. 

Example: . Pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry etc.

(i) Two reasons for the importance of the cotton textile industry. 

(1) Directly or indirectly 2 crore people which is nearly 40% of the whole country’s labour force depend on this in d usury. 

(2) India is the third largest exporter of cotton textile and earns foreign exchange for the nation. 

(ii) Though the cotton textile industry is the largest, in India but its productivity is not veiy satisfactory. It is due to inadequate supply of good quality raw material and outdated machinery which lead to its poor performance.

The development of the petrochemical industry in India is due to its : 

1. Cost effectiveness. 

2. Economic stability. 

3. Cheaper products as produced on a large scale. 

4. Raw material is easily available and is not dependent on agricultural raw material.

Reasons— 

(i) Because Kolkata has humid climate, inexpensive labour, excellent means of transport and power is easily available as coal at Raniganj only raw material in not there which is easily made available from Deccan plateau region. 

(ii) Woollen textile industry has not developed as the cotton textile industry because: 

1. The need for woollens is limited to the winter months in northern India. 

2. Indigenous wool is of poor quality and have’ to depend on other countries for raw materials.

The two advantages of tourism are :

(i) It helps in improving infrastructure. 

(ii) Development of local handicraft and cultural activities.

The unplanned and unchecked growth of tourist centers deprive them of their original charm and beauty and prove detrimental for places like Shimla, Darjeeling and Mussoorie. Even drinking water is not available to cater for the tourists.

The areas around the tourist spots are covered by commercial constructions and industries. Such unplanned growth tarnishes the image of the concerned spot, e.g. Taj Mahal, Meenakshi Temple.

(i) The Bhopal tragedy—Leakage of Methyl isocyanate. 

(ii) The Minamata Disease—By mercury poisoning. 

(iii) The Chernobyl Disaster—Leakage of nuclear radiations.

(i) Objectives of the treatment of gaseous waste is to drain the harmful particles and allow clean air to escape through chimneys. 

(ii) Two deseases of gaseous pollution are lung cancer and asthma.

(i) Hindustan Aluminium Corporation HINDALCO. 

(ii) Daitari steel plants near Paradeep. 

(iii) Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. Bengaluru. 

(iv) Union Carbide India Ltd. Trombay in 1966.

(i) A planning region is a self-created living, having a lifetime which not only supports the life in the region but also radiates unifying forces that enable the region to be a unified regional space so as to facilitate the practice of regional planning. 

(ii) Any two

1. A planning region should neither be too big nor too small. 

2. Boundary should be flexible. 

3. There should be natural cohesion. 

4. It should have economic harmony. 

5. There should be social harmony. 

6. Functional unity.

(iii) Multi-level Planning

1. Planning for a variety of is regions which together form a system and subordinate system. 

2. The country centralised.

Single level Plan

1. Single-level Planning done at the national level. 

2. Process is is divided into small territorial unit

Roadways are considered more important than any other means of transportation because 

1. It is a cheap transport for long distances and for bulky products. 

2. It promotes national integration and integration within states.

(i) Northern plains are suitable for canal irrigation because the rivers in the north are perennial in nature. 

(ii) Tank irrigation is an important method of irrigation in Karnataka because its a plateau region with natural depressions. 

(iii) Sprinkler irrigation is gaining importance in recent times because it prevents loss of water and there is economical use of water.

1. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. 

2. The organic fertilizer can be used instead of chemical fertilizers and is better specially when used for vegetables. It increases the soil’s ability to hold water and makes the soil easier to cultivate. 

3. Because these are non-biodegradable waste that contain the material which does not breakdown or decompose in the soil.

Two advantages of waterways are : 

1. It is the cheapest source of transport. 

2. Most suitable transport to carry heavy and bulky goods. 

One disadvantage of waterways is : 

1. Demand for waterways is declining because its movement is not as fast as airways or railways.

1. Reducing the use of harmful articles which are non-biodegradable like polybags and replacing them with cloth bags. 

2. Waste segregation is important because under this waste is segregated into different categories like biodegradable and non-biodegradable. It increases recycling process. 

3. Compost is a way of recycling and reuse of organic waste.

(i) An important inland water way of north east India: National Waterways between Sadiyan and Dhubri through Brahmaputra river. 

(ii) Poona-Mumbai express way its terminal cities are Pune and Mumbai. 

(iii) Kolkata Port.

Advantages of Air Transport: 

1. This is relatively free of physical barrier such as mountain. 

2. It saves time as it is the fastest means of transport. 

Disadvantage of Air transport: 

1. It has limited carrying capacity. 

2. It is the most expensive form of transport.

• Rodents, insects and other vermin attracted to open dump sites may pose health risks. Dump sites with scrap tires provide an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes, which can multiply 100 times faster than normal in the warm stagnant water. 

• If solid waste is burnt it may release harmful gases which can harm the health of nearby people.

1. Air transport is the fastest mode of transport and therefore suitable carriage of goods over a long distance requiring less time. 

2. Air transport is regarded as the only means of transport in those areas which are not easily accessible to other modes of transport.

1. It is the most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. 

2. Road transportation is easy and is within the reach of the common man. Moreover, it is available for 24 hours. 

3. Water transport as a whole is much slower than its roads, rail and air competitors.

1. All type of waste pose a challenge to the environment. 

2. Untreated waste materials discharged into stream cause depletion of aquatic life.