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(a) No legal formalities: This system of raising finance is simple as it does not involve legal formalities which are required in the issue of shares and debentures. 

(b) Economical: It is economical because the interest paid on deposits is usually less than the interest rate charged by banks and special financial institutions in advancing money. Moreover, deposits are returned whenever their need is not felt. 

(c) Higher dividends: The company can adopt the policy of trading on equity if the company is earning more than the fate of interest to its public deposits. The company can pay a higher dividend to its shareholders and create a better reputation in the market.

Packaging plays a very significant role in the marketing success or failure of many product especially for non-durable consumer products. It implies placing products in suitable packages for delivery of the product to customer or for the purpose of storage and transport.

A good package should have following features : 

• It should be convenient to handle and use. It should be easy to open and close. 

• It should be safe and should be capable of protecting the product. 

• It lends individuality and prestige to the product. 

• A good package can grab attention, describe the product and induce customers to buy it.

Advantages of equity shares are: 

• Equity shares impose no burden on the company resources because the dividend is payable only at the discretion of the management.

• The liability of equity shareholders is limited to the face value of shares subscribed by them. 

• A company with substantial equity capital commands prestige in the investment market. 

• Equity shareholders have the pre-emptive right to subscribe to new shares issued by company. 

• The face value of an equity share is generally low. 

• The value of investment in equity shares may increase manifold during boom and prosperity of the company-holders of these shares earn capital gains. 

• Equity shares do not create any charge on the assets of the company. 

• Shareholders are not required to pay income tax on dividends received from the company.

(a) Principles of Management are Universal. 

(b) Principles of Management are Flexible.

(a) Supervision 

(b) communication 

(c) Leadership 

(d) Motivation

An informational report presents the data collected or facts observed in an organized form. It is a description of an event as it is and not as it should be. It does not make any recommendations.

A letter of quotation is any letter written in reference to the price of a service or product. This could range from a customer or client requesting or accepting a quote, to the supplier or service provider sending the quote amount. Either of these letters could be headed as a letter of quotation.

In a business letter, postscript should be avoided, as its use shows the carelessness of the letter writer.

Feedback also enables us to evaluate the effectiveness of our message. It makes communication meaningful. It is the end-result of an idea and makes communication a continuous process. If our audience doesn’t understand w hat we mean, w e can tell by the response and then refine the message accordingly.

Subhash Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army : When the Quit India Movement was losing its momentum, the struggle for Indian freedom was going on outside India under a different leadership given by Subhash Chandra Bose. 

Subhash Chandra Bose had difference of opinion with Gandhiji regarding the Indian . National Movement which made him leave the Congress and start his own struggle for freedom. Bose was arrested by the British Government in 1939. In 1941, however, he escaped from India to Berlin to secure German help for India’s independence, but very soon he felt that Germany was not interested in helping him to achieve his goal. So, he left for Japan to organise an armed struggle against the British rule with Japanese help. 

Rash Behari Bose, an Indian revolutionary, was living in Japan since 1915. He wanted to mobilise Indians for an armed struggle against the British. He mobilised the Indian soldiers who were defeated by the Japanese while fighting on behalf of the British army. Subhash Chandra Bose was now invited to lead the movement. He came to Tokyo in June 1943. Ultimately he reached Singapore on July 2, 1943 where he was handed over the leadership of the Azad Hind Fauj or the Indian National Army. Subhash now became known as Netaji, the supreme leader of the Azad Hind Fauj. 40,000 Indian soldiers who had been taken prisoners by Japan now turned into patriots and liberators under Subhash. 

Netaji set up the Provisional Government of India in Singapore on October 21st, 1943. Besides himself, A.C. Chatterjee, S.A. Nyer and Mrs. Lakshi Swami-nathan were sworn in as cabinet ministers. This Provisional Government declared war on British and America. 

The Provisional Government was recognised by Japan, Germany, Italy, Nationalist China, Burma and Thailand. The Andaman and Nicobar islands were handed over by Japan to the Provisional Government of India and were renamed Shaheed and Swaraj Islands. 

The overseas Indians contributed generously with money and materials for the army. Netaji now gave his famous calls ‘Jai Hind’ and ‘Dilli Chalo’. The most famous declaration of Subhash Chandra was ‘Turn mujhe khoon do, main tumhen azadi doonga’ (you give me blood, I will give you freedom). The INA later joined the Japanese army in its March on India from Burma. They crossed the Indian Frontier on March 18, 1944 and the Indian tri-colour national flag was hoisted in Kohima (Nagaland). 

The INA captured Kohima on March 18,1944. The Japanese Military command was all praises for the valour and patriotism of the INA. The INA had to withdraw due to torrential rains, short supplies, lack of air support and losses inflicted by the American bombers. 

Japan was finally defeated and the INA had to surrender. Subhash Chandra Bose and his comrade, Habib-ur-Rehman, escaped. It is believed that while on their way to Tokyo their plane crashed and Subhash Chandra Bose died. This brought to an end the activities of the INA. ‘

Management is goal oriented process : Management always aims at achieving the organizational objectives. 

The functions and activities of manager lead to the achievement of organizational objectives.

Management is Pervasive : Management is a universal phenomenon. The use of management is not only restricted to business firms only but also it is applicable in profit making, non-profit-making, business or non-business organizations: even a hospital, school, club and house has to be managed properly.

Management is a continuous process : Management is a continuous process. All the functions of management are performed continuously, for example, planning organizing; staffing, directing and controlling are performed by all the managers all the time.

Importance of Communication in Business is mentioned below: 

• It can promote managerial efficiency and performance. 

• It provides a necessary basis for direction and leadership. 

• It is essential for decision-making and planning to achieve the goals. 

• It is helpful in planning and coordinating the activities of the business. 

• It plays a vital role in achieving maximum production with a minimum of cost. 

• It is the foundation for democratic management in the organisation. 

• It creates mutual trust and confidence between the management and the workers. Therefore, it is a basis of sound industrial relationships. 

• It improves the morale of workers as they can easily communicate their grievances, troubles, problems, etc. to the management. 

• It is a tool of effective control in the hands of management. 

• It creates a good image of the business in society.

Face-to-face communication is the most common form of communication. It is an interaction between two persons. In such communication, one participant plays the role of speaker and the other of listener interchangeably. This form of communication takes place everywhere; individuals in office, business deals, common persons. Face-to-face communication is prompt and the communication can be made clear to the listener.

(i) District Consumer Forum 

(ii) Replacement of product

Types of markets on the basis of transactions are : 

• Spot markets 

• Future markets

Morarji Desai was the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.

The significance of the Historic Eight Documents lies in the fact that these documents outline the ideological principles on which the Naxalite Communist movement in India was based.

Telecommunication is the modem device for the communication at individual and mass level. It has facilitated the communication of messages within a short span of time. It consists of transmission of word messages and ideas. The main components of telecommunication are telegraph, telephone, fax, radio, television and internet.

Reasons for Assam’s agitation for greater autonomy for the state: 

1. The North East was aggrieved due to unfair . treatment by the centre, e.g. evident in neglect of industries / lack of economic enterprises and / even in the allocation of funds. 

2. It was deprived of its revenue from crude oil, tea and plywood./Assam’s revenue was pumped out of the state. 

3. Marwaris and Bengalis were controlling Assam’s economy. 

4. Labour forces were also largely non- Assamese, contributing to unemployment among Assamese youth. 

5. There was demand for better connectivity between North East and the rest of India e.g. Bridges over Brahmaputra/ railway upgradation / better road links. 

6. Even before independence, there had been a large scale migration from Bihar and Bengal into Assam. 

7. From 1971 onward, refugees poured in from Bangladesh (East Pakistan). 

8. Most returned back after the creation of Bangladesh but almost a lakh stayed behind. 

9. Peasant influx continued in search of land, triggering fear of land-loss among Assamese peasants. 

10.Demographic changes had generated cultural, linguistic and political insecurity. 

11.To face the challenge of illegal migration from Bangladesh, in 1979 All Assam Students Union (AASU) and Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (Assamese Peoples Struggle) were organised. 

12.In 1983, election to State’s Legislature Assembly was organised. 

13.It was marked by large scale violence. 

14.98% of eligible Assamese voters had boycotted. 

15.Congress, however, formed the government. 

16.By- elections showed an increase in the number of voters. 

17.Identification of non Assamese by the Central Government demanded by the people.

Demands for autonomy were raised when Non- Assamese populace felt that Assamese language was being forcibly imposed on them by the State Government. Leaders of the major tribal communities wanted to secede from Assam. To put up a united front, they set up Eastern India Tribal Union, which later transformed into All Party Hill Leaders Conference in the year 1960. They demanded that a tribal state be separated from Assam. 

As a result, massive movement began taking shape to demand autonomy for the State. Consequently, riots broke out in the region. To contain these uneventful series of incidents taking place throughout the State, the Centre acted swiftly and took the following decisions: 

1. It created Mizoram, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh out of Assam. 

2. Tripura and Manipur were’ upgraded into states by the Centre. 

3. Re organisation of the region was completed by 1972. 

By taking the above mentioned measures, Center Government indeed fulfilled the demand for autonomy to a certain extent, yet the major tribal communities went into revolt. They started organizing mass movements and mobilizing public opinion. This is the time when the evil of insurgency started to spread its hood in the region. After creating a number of States from Assam, the Government did not deem it feasible to create more States. They instead went ahead with creating autonomous Councils for these groups/communities. To fulfill the aspirations of other tribal communities like Bodos, Karbis and Dimasas; the latter two were granted autonomy under District Councils and the Bodos were granted autonomous Council.

Two advantages of mini cement plants are : 

• It provides employment to the rural mass.

• It makes cement easily available in remote and inaccessible areas.

The three advantages are : 

1. It is easy to construct such a plant as its gestation period is short. 

2. It needs less capital investment. 

3. It uses electric furnace for processing which is eco-friendly.

(i) Shimla / Kangra /Kullu /Manikaran. 

(ii) Bikaner /Jaipur /Jodhpur /Udaipur. 

(iii) Darjeeling /Kalimpong.

From Prospero’s conversation with Miranda we conclude that Prospero is basically a large hearted man. He was mentally hurt by his brother Antonio and his companions.

They ousted him treacherously twelve years ago and tried to end his life. When his enemies in a ship come near his island, he plans to take a revenge on them.

But he is not really revengeful. Had he been so he could have killed them all. He let them land on the island so that he might teach them a lesson.

He is basically kind-hearted. He assures Miranda that no harm will come to the passengers aboard of the ship. He is, of course, short-tempered. His behavior with Ariel is quite stem. He snubs him for demanding freedom as he is yet to do many things for him. He assures him that he will be freed once he accomplishes all his tasks.

• Launching of irrigation schemes: Many multipurpose projects have been constructed to provide power and irrigation facilities to the farmers. 

• HYV seeds and Agriculture Universities: In order to enhance production, government is providing HYV seeds to the farmers. Special seminars are also being held. Many new Agriculture Universities have been established.

Many a supernatural character has been created by Shakespeare and other playwrights, but Ariel is unmatched. Unlike most supernatural characters, Ariel possesses many human qualities like love for freedom, gratitude, sympathy, desire for praise, dedication to his master and faculty of mischief. When examined deeply, two aspects of his character makes him intriguing. These are his latent faculty of mischief and his sincere devotion towards his master Prospero.

Ariel cannot give full exercise to his faculty of mischief because he is not an independent agent like Shakespeare’s ‘Puck’ in ‘A Midsummer Nights’ Dream’. But Ariel’s playful nature with which he performs those duties enables him to practise his powers upon beings such as Stephano and Trinculo. The scene in which he successfully plants a discard among Stephano, Trinculo and Caliban is full of excellent befooling. The manner in which he gives an account of it to Prospero, shows that he enjoyed the fun of this foolery. There are many instances when Ariel successfully amuses the reader or the audience when the play is read or enacted.

Ariel is an ardent lover of freedom, yet he is bound to Prospero by a feeling of sincere devotion towards him. He performs those tasks and duties punctually and promptly which are imposed upon him by his master. Except for a single occasion, when he shows impatience with Prospero for assigning him so many tasks and postponing his liberation. Throughout the play he shows total devotion to his master Prospero which is very rarely found in supernatural.

Thus, we can say that, Ariel is most sincere in his devotion towards his master though he is quite mischievous and playful, yet he is true and not an exaggeration.

After listening to the tale of her past, Miranda is intensely moved. She feels sorry to think that she must have caused enough trouble to her father Prospero in bringing her up. She feels that her heart bleeds to think of this hard life that Prospero lived on the island. She begins to weep. She asks her father why the conspirator, her uncle, did not destroy them. Prospero tells her that he could not dare to kill them because the people of Milan loved him very much. Antonio did not want to take the risk of shedding their blood.

Prospero’s purpose in telling all this to Miranda was to acquaint her with her real identity. He knew that Miranda was likely to be attracted to Ferdinand and as he had planned, she was likely to be Ferdinand’s wife. He was thus preparing her for the coming events. His purpose was that Miranda must know her royal parentage.

1. Because it is a temperate crop, so it is cultivated in winter. It is grown in northern parts of India and in areas where the temperature does not rise beyond 10°C to 15°C in winter. 

2. Because in this type of farming cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock is done simultaneously. 

3. Because ratoon matures earlier and cost of production is also less.

(i) At the present moment Ferdinand is labouring as a slave of Prospero on the island and Miranda is there watching him. Prospero is the third person unseen by both of them. 

(ii) Miranda is crying to see her love labouring as a log-man and she is quite helpless. She dares not to offer herself to Ferdinand as his wife. 

(iii) The given expression shows Miranda’s innocent and selfless love for Ferdinand. 

(iv) In the given part of statement ‘it’ is referred to as ‘true love’ which cannot be hidden, because the more you try to hide it the more it is exposed. 

(v) “Bashful cunning” means pretence of shyness. By her innocence Miranda proposes about marriage to Ferdinand. 

(vi) Miranda will die a virgin if her proposal is rejected.

1. Jowar, Bajra 

2. Red and sandy soil

After the opening scene of the play, the second scene is of great importance and is an integral part of it. Ferdinand is brought on the scene by Ariel. He follows Ariel’s charming song which refers to his drowned father, and thus comes within the view of Prospero and Miranda. Prospero points him out to Miranda. On seeing the handsome young man, Miranda expresses her unfeigned admiration for him. Ferdinand too is charmed by the beauty and grace of the young lady. Prospero is glad to see that they exchange glances.

In this very first meeting with Miranda, Ferdinand is so deeply charmed by the untouched beauty of the maiden that he offers to make Miranda, the Queen of Naples, since Ferdinand is the heir of his father, who, he believes has drowned in the tempest. Prospero, however, wants to be sure about Ferdinand’s claim that he is the King of Naples, and calls him a traitor and spy and bids him to follow. On being insulted to this degree Ferdinand draws his sword, but finds himself unable to lift it.

Miranda, who has fallen in love with Ferdinand at first sight, begs her father not to be hard with him. Prospero discourages her admiration for Ferdinand and sternly bids her to keep her mouth shut. But Miranda declares that she has no ambition to see a ‘goodlier man’. Ferdinand submits to Prospero’s biddings by saying;

“Might I but through my prison once a day Behold this maid. All corners else O ’the ’ earth Let liberty make use of- space enough Have I in such a prison ”

Though Prospero apparently looks very strict while treating Ferdinand, he actually tests the strength of Ferdinand’s love for Miranda, because Prospero is also a father with a tender heart for his daughter, his “Cherubin.”

1. (a) 21 °C to 27 °C temperature is required for growing cotton which is found in Gujarat. 

(b) Well distributed rain ranging between 50 cm to 80 cm is required which is available in Gujarat. 

2. Gujarat 

3. In Punjab and Haryana = April – May Tamil Nadu = Both Kharif and Rabi

(a) The Indian National Congress in its Lahore session had declared “Poorna Swaraj” or Complete Independence as its ultimate goal. Earlier the Indian demand of Dominion status was rejected by Lord Irwin. The British rulers were in no mood to relent. Against this background, Gandhiji had written a letter to Viceroy Irwin urging him to implement eleven point programme for fulfilling people’s welfare. On receiving a negative response from the Viceroy, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Gandhiji. It aimed at forcing the government to meet the Indian demands. 

(b) The Second Round Table Conference of 1931:

Gandhiji was chosen as the sole representative of the Congress for the Second Round Table Conference. The Conference devoted most of its time to the communal question and the representation of minorities—the Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians and Anglo Indians—in legislatures, both at the centre and in the provinces. Gandhiji was disgusted to find that most leaders seemed concerned only about seats in legislature for their respective communities. The question of Independence or of setting up a responsible government receded into background. Gandhiji returned “empty handed” to India. 

(c) Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931: The repressive and harsh measures used by the British to crush the Civil Disobedience Movement could not suppress the spirit of the people. The government released Gandhiji for negotiating with Viceroy Lord Irwin. After long discussions Gandhiji and Lord Irwin signed a pact on 5 March 1931, popularly called as Gandhiji-Irwin pact. 

According to it, Lord Irwin agreed: 

1. To release all the political prisoners except those convicted for violence and killing. 

2. To permit peaceful picketing of the shops selling foreign goods. 

3. To permit Indians living near sea shore to manufacture salt without paying duty. 

4. To withdraw the ordinances promulgated during the Civil Disobedience Movement.

 On the other hand, Gandhiji agreed : 

1. To suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement. 

2. To stop boycott of British goods. 

3. To attend Second Round Table conference for resolving Indian Political Problem.

(a) The event is the swearing in ceremony of Jawahar Lal Nehru as the Prime Minister of Independent India. The Lady is Lady Mountbatten the wife of the first Governer General of India Lord Mountbatten. The year is 1947. 

(b)

1. Two New Dominions 

India would be partitioned and two independent Dominions—India and Pakistan—would be created from August 15, 1947. The Act provided legislative supremacy of both the Dominions. The territories of the two Dominions were divided in such terms that Pakistan would comprise Sindh, British Baluchistan, North West Frontier Province, the West Punjab and East Bengal. India was to comprise all the remaining territories included in British India. The exact boundaries of the Dominions would be determined by a Boundary Commission. 

2. Provisions of Partition 

(a) Both Bengal and Punjab would be divided if so desired by the people. The Provincial Assemblies of the two parts would meet separately representing Hindu majority districts and Muslim majority districts and would decide through majority vote whether they wanted the division of the province or not. 

(b) A plebiscite would be held in NWFP as well as in Sylhet distict (Muslim majority area) in East Bengal to determine whether they would like to join Pakistan or India. (Both these provinces joined West and East Pakistan respectively.) 

3. Governor-General for Each Dominion There would be a Governor-General who would be appointed by the British King on the advice of the Cabinet of the concerned Dominion. This arrangement would work till the framing of the Constitutions. 

4. Constituent Assemblies to Serve as Central Legislatures The Constituent Assemblies of both the dominions were to act as the Central Legislatures and would have full powers to make laws for their respective Dominion. They would act. as sovereign bodies for legislative purposes. 

(c) Acceptance by the Congress : 

The Congress accepted the plan on the following grounds : 

1. The delay of British rule was harmful for India. The British incited the native rulers to remain independent. The Congress realized that it would be better to accept partition of the country. 

2. It thought that united India was better than a bigger disorganized country. 

3. The Congress thought it would not be possible to run the administration jointly because of the interference by the Leagues. 

4. The communal riots that took place left the Congress with no alternative but to accept the partition of the country. 

5. The Congress leaders felt that partition would rid the constitution of separate electorates and India could then evolve a secular and democratic policy.

(a) Three Consequences of the Cold War: 

1. Formation of Military Alliances: The cold war led to the formation of various alliances—NATO, (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organization), CENTO (Central Treaty Organization), Warsaw Pact etc.

2. Arms race and Militarization: The cold war set in motion a mad race for armaments. Both the blocs spent huge sums on arms and amassed deadly weapons. 

3. Rapid Decolonization: An impact of East-West rivarly was rapid decolonization of many countries. The Eastern Bloc attacked Western powers for not liberating their colonies. It also rendered military and Moral support to wars of national liberation. 

(b) Objectives of NAM: 

1. To preserve the freedom of the new nations from colonial and alien dominations. 

2. To protect human rights and to protect the environment. 

3. To eliminate all causes leading to war and in particular to eliminate nuclear weapons. 

4. To promote freedom to pursue a free domestic and foreign policy. 

5. To settle international disputes in a peaceful manner.

6. To promote equality among individuals as well as among nations and to condemn all forms of discrimination especially the racial discrimination. 

7. To ensure a safer and peaceful world and to afford new opportunities in the development of one’s own country without endangering world peace. . 

8. To help the United Nations to be strong and effective. 

9. To save the new nations from falling by preying to the supremacy of the Super Powers. 

10.To establish a just economic order in order to bridge the gulf between the poor and the rich.

(a) The Indian Parliament comprises the President and the two Houses of Parliament; the House of the People (the Lok Sabha) and the Council of States (the Rajya Sabha). 

(b) The secret ballot system has been devised so that the voters may cast their votes freely in favour of a candidate of their choice without any fear. 

(c) The Parliament can make laws on a-state subject during the proclamation of Emergency. 

(d) The quorum of the Legislative Assembly is one-tenth of its total members i.e., 1/10 × 230 = 23 members.

The Speaker may adjourn the House or suspend the meeting if there is no requisite quorum. 

(e) If no political party gets a clear majority in Lok Sabha, the President can appoint such a person as the Prime Minister who, he feels, can provide a stable government to country. 

(f) Answer has not given due to out of present syllabus. 

(g) Parliament. 

(h) Original jurisdiction means the court has the power to hear a case and decide it before any review is made by another court. Trail courts have the original jurisdiction in the cases brought before them, However, the Supreme Court also has original jurisdiction at the same time with some lower courts. This means a case can be brought directly to the Supreme Court for resolution. 

(i) Governer. 

(j) (1) The Lok Adalats work in the spirit of compromise and understanding. As a result, both the parties feel satisfied. 

(2) Lok Adalats deliver fast and inexpensive justice.

(a) The United Nation Organization (UNO). The Principals of the organization are as follows : 

1. To save succeeding generations from the “Scourge of War’. 

2. To maintain international peace and security and to take effective measures for removal of threats to the peace. 

3. To promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom. 

(b) (i) New York City, USA. 

(ii) All peace loving states which accept the obligations contained in the U.N. Charter can become the member of UNO. Admissions are made by the General Assembly on the recommendation of security council. 

(c) International court of justice is the principal judicial organ of UNO. Its Composition : 

1. It is composed of 15 judges elected for a 9 year term. 

2. The judges are elected by both security council and General Assembly by a majority vote. 

3. To maintain the continuity, one-third of the court i.e. five judges, are elected every three years. 

4. The court elects its President and Vice-President for three years. It also has power to appoint its Registrar.

(a) Three causes of the First World War (1914): 

1. Militant Nationalism and Mutual Rivalries: Each nation thought about her own national interest. Nationalism had become competitive and aggressive. The spirit of Nationalism was a strong driving force in European politics of the 19th century. Thus the whole atmosphere was charged with narrow militant nationalism and inter-state rivalries. 

2. Europe Divided into Power Blocs: In Europe, there existed single nation states like France, Holland, Germany. There also existed some imperial states like Austria Hungarians empire, which included nationalities like Serbs, Hungarians, Bosanions and the Croats. There was the Russia empire which included Polish Ukranian, Turkish and Mages people. Great Britain was also a colonial empire. The major European nation were divided into two Bloc’s. Germany, Austria, Hungary and Italy had made the Triple Alliance in 1882 A.D. and the Dual Alliance united France and Russia. At the dawn of the 20th Century Europe was divided into two hostile camps. Tension prevailed in their relations with each other, bloc-wise. 

3. The immediate cause: The Sarajevo Incident: In June 1914, The Archduke Francis Ferdinand, The Heir-Apparent to the throne of Austria went to Sarajevo, the Capital of Bosnia, on an official visit. On June 28, 1914, he and his wife were shot dead. The assassin, Gavrilo Princep, was a nineteen years old Bosnian student. This dual murder had been planned in Serbia by a secret society of patriotic terrorists called the “Black hand”. The Austrians blamed the Serbians for this crime, as the assassin and fellow conspirators had received their guns and bombs in Serbian Capital with the help of Serbian officials. 

(b) 1. The Treaty of Versailles declared Germany guilty of aggression. 

2. Germany was required to pay for the loss and damages suffered by the allies during the war. Germany had to cede her merchant ship to the allies as compensation. It had to supply huge quantities of coal to France, Italy and Belgium for 10 years. 

3. The area of Rhine Valley was to be demilitarized and German territory west of Rhine was to be occupied by the allied troops for 15 years. 

4. Germany lost Alsace Lorraine to France and Malmedy to Belgium, Schieswig to Denmark; Dazling become a free port in polish territory.

(c) All the States of the world were prohibited from entering into any Secret Treaties and alliances. The member states were not supposed to maintain huge army worship and destructive armament. All states were to respect each other’s independence. All states were to be refer their mutual disputes if any, to the league of nation for a peaceful settlement. The member states were to take necessary action as directed by the League against any state which tried to disturb world peace and order. Apart from the political function the League of Nation won supposed to promote cultural social and economic cooperation among the member states. The United Nation organisation was formed on 24 October, 1945 with objectives similar to those of the League of Nation.

Between 1965 and 1967 Syria, with the aid of Russian advisers and military supplies, bombarded Israeli settlements in Galilee from gun emplacements on the Golan Heights. This culminated in a major air battle between Israeli and Syrian fighter planes on 7th April, 1967. 

The Events of 1967 : In a surprise attack on 5th June, 1967 the Israeli air force destroyed the bulk of the Egyptian air force on the ground. Israeli armoured forces started destroying the Egyptian tanks in the Sinai and took over Gaza and the greater part of the Sinai within two days. At midnight on 8th June, a cease-fire came into effect among Israel, Jordan and Egypt. 

Immediate Consequences : Israel got the possession of the Sinai desert up to the Suez Canal, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East of Jerusalem including the Old City and the Golan Heights. It announced a policy of territories for peace. It meant withdrawal of the war to secure borders to be negotiated for complete peace and recognition in exchange. In the meantime, there was a fierce battle as Israeli tanks climbed on the Golan Heights under the cover firing of Syria. On 10th June, it was captured by Israel and the war came to an end with a call for a cease-fire by the UN.

(a) Lord Mountbatten. 

(b) Prime. Minister Attlee announced that British would quit India by 30th June, 1948. If the Muslim League did not join the Constituent Assembly the government would have to consider to whom the power of the Central Government should be handed. He replaced Lord Wavell, by Lord Mountbatten to solve the dispute of the Muslim League and the Congress as Muslim League demanded Pakistan. 

(c) In the struggle for India’s partition riots broke out in Kolkata, Punjab, Assam and North-West Frontier province. After many consultations with Nehru, Patel, Azad, Jinnah, Liaqat Ali Mountbatten came to the conclusion that the sooner power was transferred the better for all. He was convinced that India was to be partitioned. Transfer of power to Indians could only be on the basis of partition of the country. 

(d) The Congress accepted the Mountbatten plan because : 

1. The Communal riots had taken a serious turn as a result of the direct action of the Muslim League. Partition of the country seemed to offer a new way out of chaos and anarchy. 

2. The League had joined the Interim Government to obstruct and not co-operate Experience of working with the League had convinced Patel and others that it was not possible to carry on and there must either be partition or open war with League, 

3. The only alternative to Partition was a Federation with a weak centre. The disruptive forces—dynastic, communal and regional could be kept under control only by a strong centre. A smaller India with a strong central authority was better than a bigger state with a weak centre.

(a) The General Service Enlistment Act of 1856 provided that all recruits to the Bengal Army should be ready for service anywhere, whether within or outside India. 

(b) (i) Poverty and un-British rule in India. 

(ii) Magazine-Dharma Marg Darshak. 

(c) (i) Jyotiba Phule: Satya Shodhak Samaj. 

(ii) Raja Rammohan Roy: Brahmo Samaj. 

(d) (i) Through his writings he preached radical nationalism, inspired the Indian youth and kindled the fire of patriotism in them. 

(ii) He transformed the freedom struggle into the agitation of the millions and common masses. He, through his speeches and writings, accelerated its pace and widened its base. 

(e) (i) The Princely states that were officially related to the British Empire were made free from all the treaties and relationships. 

(ii) They could decide which dominion to join. 

(f) (i) Non-Cooperative attitude of the 

League: The League had joined the Congress to obstruct the working of the Congress and not to cooperate with it. 

(ii) Communal Riots : The large scale communal riots that engulfed the whole country convinced all that the only solution to the communal problem lay in the partition of India. These riots were the outcome of “Direct Action” Day by the League. 

(g) (i) The German Army was disbanded. She was allowed to keep only one lac soldiers. 

(ii) She was not allowed to have any air force and the sub-marines. 

(h) Germany, Austria, Hungary and Italy. 

(i) A negative vote by a permanent member of a Security Council is called a veto power. 

(j) The main objective of the League of Nations was to preserve peace and settle disputes by arbitration.

(a) Five Years. 

(b) Every member of the House has the privilege to ask questions from the government on the matters of public interest. Such questions are addressed to the Chair and, if admitted, the Government is obliged to answer them. First hour of every working day of the House is reserved for questions unless otherwise decided by the Speaker. 

(c) The Speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. 

(d) Dining the Proclamation of Emergency. 

(e) It can be declared if there is a war, external aggression or armed rebellion inside the country. 

(f) He can be removed or need to resign. 

(g) The Council of Ministers is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. 

(h) The Supreme Court is the highest Court of appeal, and it stands at the apex in the Indian judicial system. It has a very vast appellate jurisdiction. 

(i) A Judge may be removed from his office on ground of “proved misbehavior or incapacity” by impeaching him/her. 

(j) District Judge : District Judge deals in civil cases. 

Session Judge : Session Judge deals in criminal cases.

(a) (i) After the revolt of 1857 and the partition of Bengal, the Britishers saw the unity between the Hindus and Muslims. To check the growth of nationalism, they encouraged the formation of Muslim League. 

(ii) The working of Indian National Congress also gave a setback to the British government. They wanted to create an organisation which could check the popularity of the Congress. 

(iii) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a great social reformer and an educationist. He worked as a guiding force for the Muslims to form a separate organisation. 

(b) The Muslim leaders made the following demands: 

1. Separate Electorates: 

The Muslims should be given the right of sending their representatives to the Provincial Councils and Imperial Legislative Council through separate communal electorates. 

2. Weightage in Representation: The representation to the Muslim Community should be determined not by their numerical strength. It should be in accordance with the position they occupied in India about a hundred years ago. 

3. Greater Representation in Civil, Military and Judicial Services : There should be greater representation of the Muslims in all services-civil and military. Further, there should be Muslim judges in every High Court. 

4. The Founding of a Muslim University: The Deputation asked for help in founding a Muslim University which would be a centre of religious, cultural and intellectual life. The Address concluded with the words that the bond of loyalty united the Muslims and the British in India. The promotion of Muslim interests would further strengthen this bond.

(c) The aims of the Muslim league were : 1. To promote feelings of loyalty among Indian Muslims towards the British Government. 

2. To protect the political and other rights of the Muslims and present them before the Government in mild language. 

3. To promote friendly feelings between Muslims and other communities of India without any harm to the objectives of the League. 

4. One of the main objectives of the Muslim League was to keep the Muslim intelligensia away from the mainstream of National Movement.

(a) The early Congressmen were called Moderates because : 

1. They were in favour of British rule. 

2. There attitude was not anti-British. They had unlimited faith in the British sense of justice. 

3. Petitions, prayers and pleas were the method used by them. 

(b) (i) The Moderates wanted to achieve self government, they did not aim for total independence. They demanded certain reforms and concessions from British government because they wanted to develop India under the guidance of benevolent British rule. On the other hand, Extremists wanted Swaraj i.e., complete independence. 

(ii) Moderates were loyal to British rule and English crown. They considered British rule a gift for India. The Extremists were not loyal to British rule and they considered it as a curse and wanted to uproot it from India. 

(iii) The moderates believed in adopting constitutional and peaceful method to achieve their objective. They had full faith in British sense of justice. Extremists believed in non co-operation and adopted method of boycott against foreign goods and propagation of swadeshi and national education. They believed in Indian culture, civilization, religion and tradition. Whereas Moderates believed in British culture. 

(iv) Moderates believed that Indians were not fit to rule. Under the moderates, national movement was not a popular movement, it had no touch with people. While under extremists, people came under them. 

(c) (i) Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a fearless fighter. He had no faith in the methods of prayers and petitions. 

(ii) It was his firm conviction that independence would come to India only when the Indians were strong to snatch it from the British hands. 

(iii) His weeklies, The Mahratta and The Kesari made bitter attacks on the Government. He used his newspapers as powerful weapons to spread discontent against British rule. 

(iv) It was under his influence that the Congress in its annual Session in 1906 had to pass resolutions regarding Swaraj. He said Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it. 

(v) Bal Gangadhar Tilak wanted to extend Swadeshi and Boycott movements as the normal methods of agitation.

• Climate: Sugarcane is a tropical crop. Peninsular India has tropical climate which gives higher yield per unit area as compared to north India. 

• Higher sucrose: Due to favourable climatic conditions, the sucrose content is also higher in tropical variety of sugarcane in the south. 

• Long crushing period: The crushing season is also much longer in the south than in the north. For example, crushing season is of nearly four months in the north. Whereas it is of nearly 7-8 months in the south.

The Marshall Plan : European integration after 1945 was aided by the Cold War. America extended massive financial help for reviving Europe’s economy under the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan, officially known as the European Recovery Program, was an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $13 billion in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War-II. 

The plan was in operation for four years beginning on April 3, 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-tom regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, improve European prosperity and prevent the spread of Communism. 

The Marshall Plan aid was divided amongst the participant states roughly on a per capita basis. A larger amount was given to the major industrial powers, as it was thought that their resuscitation was essential for general European revival. 

About eighteen European countries received benefits of this plan. Although offered participation, the Soviet Union refused Plan benefits, and also blocked benefits to Eastern Bloc countries, such as Hungary and Poland. Under the Marshal Plan, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation was established in 1948 to channel aid to the west European countries. It became a forum where the western European countries began to cooperate on trade and economic issues. 

The Council of Europe, established in 1949, was another step forward in political cooperation. The process of economic integration of European capitalist countries proceeded step by step escalating the cold war.

The Truman Doctrine : The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. The Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations which were allegedly threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy and led to the formation of NATO in 1949, a military alliance that is still in effect. 

As per Truman Doctrine, the policy of the United States was to support people who were resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. Truman made a plea in the midst of the Greek Civil War (1946 – 9). He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region. 

In fact, the Doctrine set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic, and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union. 

In 1952, both Greece and Turkey joined NATO, a military alliance, to guarantee their stability. 

The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world. It shifted American foreign policy towards the Soviet Union from detente to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan.

Copper has the face centred cubic structure. The coordination number of each ion is 12.

For the reaction 2SO₂ + O₂ ⇌ 2SO₃ the unit of equilibrium constant is  L mol^-1

The deficiency of vitamin D causes Rickets