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Since the oxidation potential of A is higher than that of B, therefore, metal A will displace metal B from its salt solution.

If half life of first order reaction is T, then its rate constant,

K = \(\frac{0.693}{T}\) = \(\frac{0.693}{69.3}\) = 0.01 sec^-1

Cryoscopic constant: It is defined as the depression in freezing point of the solvent produced on dissolving one mole of a substance in 1000 g of it. It is also called molal depression constant.

Instead of bright spot, intensity of fluorescence will be low and scattered

Resolving power is the reciprocal of the smallest angular separation between two distant objects which can be observed distincly using a telescope.

If θ \([=\frac{1.22\lambda}{D}]\) be the angular separation, then resolving power = \(\frac{1}{\theta}\) = \(\frac{D}{1.22\lambda}\) ;

[D = Aperture of objective lens]

In both the interference and diffraction, alternate dark and bright regions are formed due to the superposition of waves. In interference, two coherent sources are required. Diffraction is interference between the light waves starting from the two halves of a single wave front.

In the minimum deviation,

Angle of incidence = Angle of emergence.

• Balmer Series 
• Lyman series

Width of the central maxima  \((2\frac{\lambda}{a}D)\)clearly :

• decreases when the wavelength is decreased. • increases when the slit width V decreases.

Since the straight line A is less steeper than B, so the straight line A represents small resistance. in a parallel combination, the equivalent resistance is less than in series combination. So, A represents the parallel combination.

‘A’ represents parallel combination because A is less steeper than B so resistance of ‘A’ is less than ‘B’. As wdknow resistance in parallel combination is less than series combination.

On emission of 2 alpha particles, mass number is reduced by 8 and atomic number by 4.

_zS^A → _z-4Q^A-8 + 2 ₂he⁴

Now, on emission of 1 beta particle, mass number remains same but atomic number increases by 1.

_z-4Q^A-8  → _z-3Q^A-8 + ⁰_-1β   

After decay, given element is ₈₅R²²² .Therefore

A-8 = 222   ⇒    A = 230

(Atomic Mass)

Z-3 = 85   ⇒    Z = 88

(Atomic No.)

(i) The work function (minimum amount of energy required to emit-elections) of the substance should be low so that electrons may be emitted from it even when it is not heated to a very high temperature. 

(ii) The melting point of the substance should be high so that it may not melt when heated to the required temperature to emit electrons.

(a) The Original Jurisdiction extends to those cases which High Court has authority to hear and decide in the first instance. It has an Original Jurisdiction with respect to the following: 

1. The cases regarding wills, divorce, marriage, admirality, company law and contempt of court can be taken up by the High Court directly. 

2. The Constitutional cases could be taken up under the Original Jurisdiction of the High Court. 

3. The High Court has the power to issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. 

(b) High Court accept an appeal against the decisions of the district courts under Appellate Jurisdiction. 

Advantages of resolving disputes through the Lok Adalat: 

1. The Lok Adalats work in the spirit of compromise. No one nourishes feelings of anger or uphappiness. Both the parties feel that they have been treated fairly. 

2. Lok Adalats deliver speedy and inexpensive justice. One can move Lok Adalat by an application on a plain paper or format available with legal services Authorities. 

(c) The conditions of services of the High Court Judges are as follows: 

1. Term of office and Removal: Every judge of a High Court shall hold office until he attains the age of 65 years. He can be removed from office on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. 

2. Oath of Office: A Judge of a High Court shall take an oath before the Governor of the state which requires him : 

(1) to bear the faith and allegiance to the constitution of India. 

(2) to perform the duties of his office without fear or favour affection or ill will. 

(3) to uphold the constitution and the laws. 

3. Salary and Allowances: The salary of Chief Justice of High court is Rs. 30,000 per month and that of other judges Rs. 26,000 each. In addition to that the judges are entitled to rent free residence and other allowances. 

4. Transfer of Judges: The President may after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court.

(a) Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people therefore it is the Lok Sabha that becomes the mirror and voice of the nation. 

(b) Universal adult franchise means that every person who has attained the age of 18 years is entitled to vote if he is not otherwise disqualified. 

(c) The members of the Rajya Sabha have a six years term. 

(d) A parliamentary constituency is a well defined territorial area which is called upon to elect someone to represent it in the Lok Sabha. At present numbers of the Lok Sabha are elected by 543 single member constituencies. 

(e) The Chief Justice of India. 

(f) Answer has not given due to out of present syllabus. 

(g) Representatives of each state in the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the each state while in Lok Sabha, the House is constituted by direct election on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise. 

(h) Answer has not given due to out of present syllabus. 

(i) The salaries and allowances of the judges of the Supreme Court can be reduced only when there is Financial Emergency in the country. 

(j) Habeas Corpus.

(a) Arms act and Vernacular Press Act. 

(b) Dadabhai Naoroji and Surendra Nath Banarjee. 

(c) Lala Lajpat Rai. The main consequence of the protest was Lala Lajpat Rai’s death on 17 Nov., 1928 as he sustained injuries from which he could not recover. 

(d) Gandhiji withdraw the Civil Disobedience Movement on following assurances: 

(i) to release all political prisoners except those guilty of violence. 

(ii) to withdraw the Ordinances promulgated in connection with the civil disobedience Movement. 

(e) In South-east Asia Indian soldiers fell prisoners into Japanese hands. During this period Britain’s defeats aroused great hopes among Indian soldiers which led to the formation of the Indian Independence League by Rash Bihari Bose, an old revolutionary who was living in Japan. At Tokyo conference a decision taken to form an Indian National Army. 

(f) Lord Mountbatten. 

1. The treaties with the princely States would come to end. 

2. They would be free to associate themselves with either of the Dominions or to remain independent. 

(g) Answer has not given due to out of present syllabus. 

(h) Two proposals of the Wavell plan are as follows: 

1. The British Government will grant Dominion status to India in the long run. 

2. The constitution of India would be framed by the Indians themselves.

(i) Two aims of the League of Nations: 

1. The protection of national minorities 

2. The proper operation of the Mandate system. 

(j) The Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis was a military alliance formed in 1939. It was also referred to as the Axis Powers. This alliance went to war with the Allied Forces during World War II. 

Hitler was demanding corridor for two reasons: 

1. The city of Danzig was inhabited mainly by the Germans. 

2. By occupying the Danzig Corridor, he could connect East Russia with Germany.

Lignite is a lower grade coal and contains about 60% carbon. Its colour varies from dark to black brown. In India it is mined at Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.

(i) Two uses of mineral oil are : 

1. It is used as locomotive power. 

2. It is an important raw material for petrochemical products. 

(ii) Old oil producing area—Digboi in Assam. New oil producing area—Khambhat Basin and Krishna Kaveri Basin.

(i) Two reasons why minerals are important are : 

1. Minerals are power resources for the countries. 

2. Minerals based industries like iron and steel etc. depend on them. 

(ii) In Orrisa, iron ore is mined in Sundergarh and Mayurbhanj. In Chattishgarh, iron ore is mined in Baster and Durg.

Climatic factors necessary for tea are: Temperature required is between 15° to 35°C (under shade), but 25°C is most suitable. 

Rainfall should be between 150 cm to 250 cm, well distributed throughout the year

(i) Kharif crops are sown after monsoons in June, July and harvested in Oct. and Nov. 

(ii) A cash crop which is also a Kharif crop — cotton.

(i) Power generation or thermal power stations. 

(ii) Coal mining industries face a number of problems:

1. Collapse of the roof of the mines and flooding; 

2. Occurrence of poisonous gases, lack of oxygen and light.

Japan is a country of islands whose coast is dotted with four thousand villages of fishermen with several safe ports which help in fishing.

Japan has large continental shelf which is ideal for the growth and reproduction of fish. Warm Kuroshio current from the South meets the cold Oyashio current from the north near the coast of Honshu. It provides favourable conditions for the growth of plankton which is the ideal food for the fish.

There are big corporations with modernized ships and equipments which organize the fishing. The big ships go in the open oceans and send back their catch to the large ships. These big ships are floating factories as the fish is packed and exported from the ship itself.

(i) Land which was used for cultivation but is temporarily out of cultivation. 

(ii) Farming practices which will help to reduce the effect of fallow land : 

1. Crop rotation. 

2. Crop combination. 

3. Proper irrigation facilities. 

4. Proper dose of fertilizers.

(i) “Intensity of cropping” refers to the number of crops raised on a field during an agricultural year. The total cropped area as a percentage of the net sown area gives a measure of cropping intensity.

\(Thus, intensity\, of\, cropping\, = \frac{Tota\, Cropped\, area}{Net\, sown\, area}\)

(ii) Punjab is a densely populated state with good irrigation facilities, fertile soil and moderate rainfall. So the cropping intensity is high. Rajasthan receives very low rainfall, has not so fertile soil and irrigation facilities are absent. So the cropping intensity is low.

(i) Gujarat. 

(ii) Temperature: 20°C to 30°C. 

Rainfall: 50 cm to 100 cm.

(i) Manganese: Largest producer Maharashtra. Use : Used in making iron and steel, acts as a basic raw material for manufacturing its alloy. 

(ii) Mica: Largest producer-Andhra Pradesh. 

Use : Used in the electrical and electronic industry because it can withstand high voltage and low power loss factor.

Marine Fishing in Japan:

1. The meeting of warm Kuroshio and cold Oyashio current provides plankton, which is ideal for fish.

2. Big corporations with modernized ships and equipments, help the people to go in the open ocean. 

3. There are many gulfs, bays, estuaries with large number of ports providing a larger coastline helping in better opportunities in marine fishing in Japan.

Marine Fishing in India: 

1. There is no cold and warm ocean current confluence along the Indian coast. So plankton is not available. 

2. Most of the fishermen use non-mechanized boats. They normally do not go beyond 10 km. 

3. The Indian coasts do not have many gulfs, bays, estuaries and backwaters and also not many ports leading to a lesser coast-line and thereby reducing the opportunities in marine fishing in India.

A Flexible Constitution is one which can be easily amended. Many political scientists define a Flexible Constitution as one in which the Constitutional law can be amended in the same way as an ordinary law is made by the Legislature. Britain presents a classic example of a Flexible Constitution. The Rigid Constitution is one which cannot be easily amended. Its method of amendment is difficult. For amending it, the Legislature has to pass a proposal by a specific, usually big majority of 2/3rd or 3/4th or absolute majority, i.e., 51% of votes. The American Constitution is a classic example of Rigid Constitution.

(a) Bangalore is called electronic capital of India. Two other electronic products centres are Hyderabad and Pune. 

(b) (i) Most of the petrochemical units are in Maharashtra or Gujrat because these states have the maximum refineries and oil fields which can supply its basic requirement of Neptha or Ethylene and Benzene..

(ii) Transportation of product is easier to other countries through ports and being in central position in India, it can be transported in North as well as South. 

(c) (i) Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Ltd. is located in Karnataka. 

(ii) It get: Iron ore: Kemmangundi mines 

Power supply: Earlier it used charcoal from western ghats but now use hydro electricity from the Jog hydroelectric and Shravati power project. 

(d) (i) Integral coach factory (ICF)—Perambur near Chennai. 

(ii) Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL)—Ranipur (Haridwar) 

(iii) The Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT)—Bangalore.

Silk industry is considered as a small scale industry because it does not involve much labour or capital. Two types of silk produced in India is Mulberry and Non-mulberry (Tasser, Eri and Muga).

Two factors affecting the development of the cotton textile in India are : 

1. Competition with synthetic textile. 

2. Obsolete Machinery.

Two by products of the sugar industry are: 

1. Molasses—It is used in alcohol industry, synthetic rubber, fertilizers. 

2. Bagasse—It is used in making card board, paper and insulation board.

Indian economy has been influenced by the textile industry as :

(i) It is the most important foreign exchange earner for the country.

(ii)  It provides employment to millions of people.

(iii)  Cotton industry is the most wide spread industry in India.

(a) (i) Orrisa and Karnataka. 

(ii) Manganese is used for making steel and glass. 

(b) (i) Haematite and Magnetite 

(ii) Low grade iron ore is used in mini steel plants. 

(c) (i) Anthracite is used for domestic purpose because it does not give more smoke and have above 90% of carbon. 

(ii) Oil refineries are located close to oil fields as it helps to transport crude oil or near ports because most cf the crude petroleum is imported from other countries. 

(iii) Location of coal fields is an important factor in industrial development because it is the basic source of power and it is heavy and bulky also which is difficult to transport. 

(d) (i) Bauxite 

(ii) Limestone 

(iii) Manganese.

(i)  Automobile : Mumbai

(ii)  Cotton textile in East : Kolkata

(iii)  Non mulberry Silk : Coimbatore 

(iv)  Petrochemical in South India : Chennai 

Importance of agriculture: 

(i) About 70% of the working population of India is directly involved in agriculture. 

(ii) Agriculture provides about a third of India’s national income.

(i) Cotton textile is called an agro-based industry because for its raw material it depends on cotton which is an agricultural product. 

(ii) It is more widespread than the jute industry because India has tropical climate where cotton is mainly used for clothing.

Electronic industry has become very important in India in view of increasing competition in the international trade. It covers a larger category of essential and luxury products like television, telephone, exchanges, cellular telecom, computers defense, railways etc.

Maharashtra. 

Climate condition: 

Temperature: 20°C to 32°C at least 200 frost free climate. 

Rainfall: Between 50 cm to 120 cm abundant sunshine is required during ripening. 

Soil: Black Cotton soil is ideal.

(i) Main similarity between the woollen and the silk industry : Both of them derive their raw material from animals and both require skilled labour. 

(ii) State that produces

(i)  The cotton industry is a major foreign section of the population.

(ii) It provides employment to a large section of the population.

(iii) Supports a large number of industries like chemical, packaging material etc.

(i) Southern Oscillation: The Southern oscillation is a pattern of meteorological changes which are often observed between Indian and Pacific oceans. Whenever the surface level pressure is high over the Pacific Ocean and low over Indian Ocean, the south west monsoons in India tend to be stronger. If the surface level pressure is high over Indian Ocean and high over Pacific Ocean, the southwest monsoon is likely to be weaker.

(ii) Northern Mountain Ranges: The Himalayas and the adjoining mountain ranges protects India from the bitter cold dry winds of Central Asia during winters. The mountains also act as an effective physical barrier for the rain bearing southwest monsoons to cross the northern frontiers of India.

(i) Jute has to be retted to separate the long strands of fibre from the stem. 

(ii) Tea is grown on hill slopes because tea plant cannot tolerate standing water on its roots. 

(iii) Silver oak and banana trees are grown on coffee plantation to provide shade to the young coffee plants and give additional income to the farmers.

The contribution of cotton industry to the economy of India are : 

1. It is the premier industry of India. 

2. Directly or indirectly more than 2 crore people depend upon this industry. 

3. India is the world’s third largest exporter of cotton textiles.

Problems of the sugar industry are:

(i) The industry is seasonal in character so there is overall increase in the cost of production due to short crushing season.

(ii) There are great distances between the factories and the fields. The increased transport cost increases the cost of production. 

(iii) The low sugar content is due to poor quality cane which tends to dry if not crushed within 24 hrs.

(i) Two problems faced by sugar industry are : 

(1) It is the most soil exhausting crop therefore cost increases. 

(2) Sugar mills are old-fashioned and far from the sugar farms. 

(ii) Two by products of the sugar industry are : 

(1) Bagasse 

(2) Pressmud.

Himalayas and Peninsular Plateau are the two physical divisions of India : 

Himalayas

1. It is a young fold mountain of soft rocks. 

2. Most of the rocks are sedimentary. 

3. Himalayas are tectonic mountains and the rivers are torrential. 

4. It was formed 20 – 30 million years ago, during Tertiary period.

Peninsular Plateau 

1. It is an old landmass of hard rocks. 

2. Most of the rocks are granite and Basalt. 

3. Rivers are slow-moving and are of low gradients with shallow river valleys. 

4. It was formed during Precambrian era.

Manufacturing of cement requires heavy and weight loosing materials and is primarily a raw material-oriented industry. Limestone is the main raw material and on an average 1.5 tonnes of limestone is required to produce one tonne of cement. So, location of a cement plant is based on limestone deposits and also coal which is a major input, as it is used not only as fuel in kiln but also to burn the limestone.

(i) Bud grafting: This is done by the insertion of a strip of bark containing a bud from high yielding clones under the bark of young seedling about 5 cm high till they become united in 3 to 4 weeks Then the bid seedling stem is sawn off above the grafted bud. 

(ii) Ratooning: It is a process by which the cane is cut close to the ground where the sugar content is concentrated After that the remaining stem begins to grow again and produces the second crop called ratoon. 

(iii) Transplantation: In this the sowing of seeds is usually done in well-prepared seed beds called nurseries at the beginning of the monsoons. In about 4 weeks time when the plants are 15 to 20 cm tall they are carefully unrooted in bunches and replanted in rows in the flooded fields.