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• Mining 

• Landfills 

• Wet lands

(i) Waste segregation is important because the method of treating waste depends on the nature of waste like solid waste, liquid waste, biodegradable and nonbiodegradable waste. 

(ii) Nuclear waste is more harmful because radioactive wastes remain active for a long time therefore it can enter in human body through food and water and can cause damage of tissues, blood cells and cancer. 

(iii) As a student I can segregate the waste into biodegradable and non biodegradable waste of my house, reduce the water by incineration and recycling it.

(a) Importance of waterways is declining because : 

(i) It is a slow means of transport. 

(ii) Rivers of India do not have a regular flow of water as water is diverted for irrigation. 

(b) Helicopter services may be used in : 

(i) Mountains 

(ii) Flooded areas. 

(c) Problems faced by Indian railways are :

 (i) It lack repair and maintenance of tracks and bridges. 

(ii) India as the railways operation is on their gauges and shift from gauge to another is a problem. 

(iii) Rail traffic has increased and the old tracks are not able to carry the increased load and accidents are frequent. 

(d) Golden Quadrilateral comprises the national highways connecting Delhi-MumbaiChennai-Kolkata by a 6-lane super highway. It has a total length of 5846 km. Two ways it will help in the economic development of the country are : 

(i) India is a land of vast distances from north-south as well as from east-west. This forms an integrated transport system and bring different people together. 

(ii) Cities lying close to these roads will also be well developed and enhance the growth of our country.

1.The waste water discharged from domestic premises like residences, institutions and commercial establishments is known as sewage. 

2. The process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates is known as eutrophication. 

3. Recycling involves the collection of used and discarded materials, processing these materials and making them into new products. It reduces the amount of waste that is thrown into the community and the air fresher , to breathe.

(i) Two reasons for the growing importance is the status of petrochemical, industries are : 

1. It is durable, cheap, light weight and attractive. 

2. It has replaced wood, glass, metal, natural rubber etc. 

(ii) Two products of the petroleum industry are : 

1. PVC pipes. 

2. Synthetic fibre.

(i) Two conditions necessary for the setting up of a heavy engineering industry are : 

1. Availability of market. 

2. Availability of cheap labour. 

(ii) Ship building yard on east coast is Vishakhapatnam and Chittaranjan for making electric locomotives.

• Water transport as a whole is much slower than its roads, rail or air competitors. 

• It provides access to limited areas.

1. Synthetic fibers, plastics 

2. Wrist watch, drilling machines 

3. Computers, Television

• Railway is cheap mode of transportation. 

• Railway can carry bulky raw material.

Manufacturing centres :

(i) Engines for MIG aircraft—Bangluru/Nasik. 

(ii) Diesel locomotives—Varanasi. 

(iii) Software—Bangluru/Pune/Hyderabad.

Bhilai – Russian,

Rourkela – Germany

Durgapur – U.K., Bokaro – Russia

1. Tata Iron and Steel Industry, Jamshedpur. 

2. 1. Iron Ore: Singhbhum, Mayurbhanj. 

2. Manganese: Noamundi. 

3. Coal: Jharia.

1. Agriculture is the main stay of Indian economy because 67 % of our population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture. It provides raw-material to the industries. 

2. Kharif and Rabi. 

3. Mixed farming is a technique of farming under which equal importance is given to rearing of animals along with cultivation of crops.

(i) Coal from Bokaro and Jharia coal fields. 

(ii) Iron ore from Bonaigarh, Kiriburu and Noamundi in Orissa. 

(iii) Water supply from River Damodar.

Problems of jute textile industry : 

(i) Demand for jute products have decreased due to synthetic substitutes in national and international markets. 

(ii) India faces a problem of shortage of raw jute as most of the jute growing areas went to Bangladesh after partition. 

(iii) Obsolete machinery and inefficient or uneconomic units.

(i) According to the population estimates of India, till 1871, Indian’s population recorded a modest growth. Since then the population has been increasing consistently. However, in 1921, population growth declined to 0.30% caused by large-scale deaths caused by diseases like influenza, plague, cholera etc. This is why 1921 is called the ‘demographic divide’.

(ii) During 1921-1951, the population of India increased from 251 million to 361 million, registering a growth rate 47.3%. During 1951 1981, the population nearly doubled from 361 million to 683 million, a growth rate of 89.2%. In 2001, the population stood at 1027 million registering a growth rate of about 50%. This is why the period from 1951-1981 is referred to as the period of population explosion.

Positive consequences of migration are as follows: 

• Economic in Nature : Remittances, both from international and internal migrants, to their families home add to the economic prosperity.

• Social in Nature : Migrants are agents of social change, as they bring with them new ideas. Migrations helps in the intermixing of diverse cultures. It widens the mental horizons of people. 

• Rural to urban migration also helps in urban development.

(i) Fare is the amount charged by the railways to carry passengers, while freight is the amount charged by the railways to transport goods and luggage from one place to another. 

(ii) There is a distinct contrast in the rail network between the Eastern and Western coastal plains. There exists a long trunk route all along the east coast but such a rail track is missing along the western coast from Mumbai to Kochi. The outcrops of the Western Ghats being very close to the coast, restrict the extent of the coastal plain while the eastern coast is wider and the Ghats lie away from the coast. Now, Konkan Railway Corporation has been constituted to construct west coast rail line, which is one of the most important achievement of Indian Railways and it is considered as an engineering marvel. It crosses 146 rivers, nearly 2000 bridges and 91 tunnels. Asia’s largest tunnel, which is nearly 6.5 km long, also lies on this route. The states of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka are partners in this undertaking.

(i) 1. Water transport is the cheapest means of transport and is most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky materials having low specific cost.

2. It is fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly mode of transport. 

(ii) The factors that hinder inland water transport in India, are : 

1. Inland water transport suffered a great deal at the hands of roads and railways because they could not compete with the speed of road and rail transport. 

2. Though efforts are being made to revive the inland waterways, yet this mode of transport is at its initial stage. Waterways provide only one percent of total transport of India as it is greatly underutilized as it is a time-consuming transport.

Industrial Cluster: Industries are unevenly distributed in India because the factors affecting industrial location are not same everywhere. Industries tend to be concentrated in a few pockets because of certain favourable factors. The pockets having high concentration of industries are known as industrial clusters. 

Several indices are used to identify the clustering of industries, important among them are :

1. Average daily factory employment/No. of workers. 

2. Quantum of power used for industrial purposes.

(i) Availability of bauxite and coke determines the localisation of the aluminium industry. 

(ii) Railway coaches and defence accessories are the two products.

Industries which use heavy and bulky raw materials in their primary stage in large quantities, are usually located near the supply of the raw materials. It is true in the case of raw material which lose their weight in the process of manufacture or which cannot bear high transport cost or cannot be transported over long distances because of their perishable nature. The Jute mills in West Bengal, Sugar mills in Uttar Pradesh, Cotton mills in Maharashtra and Gujarat are concentrated close to the sources of raw materials for this very reason. The industries like iron and steel which use very large quantities of coal and iron ore and lose weight in the process of manufacture are generally located near the sources of coal and iron ore. Thus, availability of raw material plays an important role in influencing the location of an industry.

Minerals associated with the following locations are: 

(i) Ankleshwar 

(ii) Bailadila 

(iii) Korba 

(iv) Bhilwara

Two reasons for land not available for cultivation in India are : 

1. Barren and unculturable waste cover all barren and uncultivated lands in mountains, hills slopes, deserts and rocky areas. These areas cannot be brought under plough except at high input cost with possible low returns. 

2. The other reason is land put to nonagricultural uses like irrigation, industry, mining, etc.

(i) The landholdings are very small in India due to the fact of law of inheritance. The farming land gets divided and sub-divided. The holdings become smaller with each generation as it passes with division from fathers to their sons. 

(ii) Two methods are: 

1. Consolidation of landholding, which means reallocation of holdings which are fragmented due to law of inheritance. This has taken place in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

2. Land holding can be increased if culturable waste land can be brought under cultivation. The land is not being used at present due to constraints like lack of water, salinity or alkalinity of soil, soil erosion, water logging, etc. can be reclaimed to bring it back under plough.

Lrrigation is important in Indian agriculture because : 

1. Uncertainty of Rainfall: The rainfall in India is highly irregular in place and time. Sometimes monsoons arrives early and sometimes it comes late. Sometimes rainfall is not regular throughout the rainy season leading to water scarcity and withering of crops. Hence, irrigation in the only support to raise crops.

2. Uneven Distribution of Rainfall: The distribution of rainfall in India is uneven in most part of country receiving 80% of rainfall, in June to Sept. Western Ghats and Eastern India get more than 250 cm, northern plains and Eastern peninsula get 100- 200 cm; Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana lie in arid zone. Therefore this inadequacy of rainfall has to be met by irrigation.

3. Crop requirements : 

1. Three crop seasons, zaid or summer crops depend on irrigation. 

2. Rapid growth of population force farmers to grow two or three successive crops in a single year which is possible through irrigation only. 

3. High yielding varieties require high quantity of chemical fertilizers which need more water. 

4. Commercial crops like sugar cane needs frequent watering which is possible through irrigation only.

(i) (a) Manganese is used to make steel tough and resistant to rusting.

(b) Manganese acts as basic raw material for smelting of iron ore and manufacturing its ferrous alloys.

(c) Nearly 10 kilograms of manganese is required for manufacturing one tonne of steel, 

(ii) Orissa is the leading producer of manganese. It produces over 36% manganese ore of India. Manganese is mined in Sundargarh and Keonjhar districts of Orissa.

Two difficulties in using pipelines are as follows: 

• Underground pipelines can not be easily repaired and detection of leakage is also difficult. 

• Its capacity cannot be increased once it is laid.

(i) Crop Rotation : The growing of one variety of crop after the other. Pulses or any leguminous crop is grown after cereal crops. High fertilizer intensive crops like sugarcane or tobacco are rotated with cereal crops. 

(ii) Crop Combination: Growing of different crops in the same field at the same time is known as crop combination.

Population growth means the difference between the natural birth rate and death rate of an area/country When the birth rate is higher than the death rate it is called positive growth because the population increases, but when the birth rate is low’er than the death rate, then it is negative growth because ,the population decreases.

But population growth rate is slightly different to the population growth, it is a change in the number of people living in a particular area between two given points of time. The net change between two points of time is expressed in percentage and is described as the growth rate of population.

Crude Literacy Rate: Up to 1981 census, literacy rate was calculated by dividing literate persons by total population and multiplying by hundred. 

This was ‘crude literacy rate’ and was calculated by using the following formula :

\(Crude\, Literacy\,rate\, = \frac {Literte\, population}{Total\, population} \times 100\)

(In this total population means 0 age to the old age). 

Literacy Rate: The literacy rate becomes more meaningful if the sub-population in the age group 0-6 is excluded from the total population, so it was decided in 1991 to use the term literacy rate for the total population relating to seven years and above. The same concept has been continued in 2001. It is a better measure of literacy and is calculated by the following formula:

\(Literacy\, rate = \frac{Literate\, population}{population\, in\, the\, age\, of\, group\, of\, saven\, years\, and\, above} \times 100\)

Literacy rate is more meaningful, accurate in finding out the percentage of literate people than the crude literacy rate.

Qualification shares are the no. of shares that the first directors of the company have to subscribe and pay for. The qualification shares taken by the directors is prescribed in the Articles.

The size of the Board of Directors varies from company to company however under the Companies Act, the minimum no. of directors for a Public Limited Co. is (3) Three.

The moisture content of food is usually responsible for its spoilage. The higher the moisture in food, the more are the chances of bacterial and fungal growth in it. Salt has a characteristic of absorbing water. When salt is added to food, it takes up the excess moisture content, making it unavailable for micro¬organisms and thus, preventing their growth. In this manner, salt helps to prevent spoilage of food and acts as a preservative.

Demand pull inflation refers to a situation in which prices rise because the demand for goods and services exceeds their total supply available at current prices.

When basically dissimilar parts of different animals are modified for the same purpose it is ‘ called convergent evolution, e.g. wing of bat-modification of forelimb and wings of insect are the extension of body wall and when the same basic organ becomes adapted by specialisation to different functions, it is known as divergent evolution e.g. limbs of vertebrates.

(a) Difference between Advertising and Publicity: 

1. Advertising is related to only commercial information to the public while publicity may or may not be related with the communication of commercial information. 

2. Advertising aims only economic benefits while publicity aims both social and economic benefits. 

(b) Differences between Stakeholders and Customers:

(c) Differences between Marketing and Sales: 

1. Marketing is customer oriented, whereas selling is product oriented. 

2. The main aim of marketing is to earn profits through maximum customer satisfaction whereas selling aims at earning maximum profits by increasing the volume of sales. 

(d) The cost which can be easily and effectively controlled by the person responsible at organization level are termed as controllable costs. On the other hand, the costs which cannot be easily and effectively controlled by-the person responsible are termed as uncontrollable costs.

(e)

• Koraput 

• Bengaluru 

• Kapurthala

1. (a) Raw material is grown in Maharashtra itself and is also easily available from neighbouring states of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. 

(b) Humid climatic condition in Mumbai favours spinning of yam. 

(c) Cheap hydroelectric power is available. 

2. Ahmadabad and Jamnagar

1. Rourkela 

2. Iron ore – Bonaigarh, Mayurbhanj, Manganese – Barajamda

Iron and steel industry is called the basic industry because : 

• It is the industry which lays the foundation of rapid development of other industries such as heavy engineering, defence equipment, automobiles, aeroplanes, etc. 

• It is also helpful in providing employment.

Given (Vapour Density) V.D. = 8 

Mol.wt = 2 x V.D.= 2 x 8 = 16

No. of moles in 24.0 g of gas = wt/mol.wt = 24/16 = 1.5 moles

At s.T.P., 1 mole of a gas occupies 22.4 l

1.5 moles (or 24.0 g) of the gas will occupy 

= (22.4 x 1.5)/1 = 33.6 l

Molecular Weight = 2 x VD

 = 16 g

Volume of 16 g gas = 22.4 L

Volume of 1g gas = \(\frac{22.4}{16}\)

Volume of 24g gas = \(\frac{22.4}{16}\times24\)

 = 33.6 litres.

I also love to say --- ‘My Daddy strongest.’ From the heart of hearts, I feel that God has combined all the good qualities and made a masterpiece i.e., my dad. He is a man of a very cool and sweet temperament. I have never seen him angry. He presents a smiling face to everybody. He knows how to smile his way into the heart of everybody. He smiles and whistles under all difficulties. He is as patient as a woman and as cheerful as a child. He is always calm and quiet. He seldom allows anything to disturb his peace of mind. There is perfect harmony in our house due to his such qualities.

He is fully conscious of his duties and rights. He worries for his duties more than for his rights. He is public spirited and puts the country and the people above self. He is conscious of the debt he owes to society. He gives to society in the same measure as he receives from it.

He refrains from doing harm to others in any shape or form. He is law-abiding. He is pure in thought, word and deed. His actions are in keeping with his words. He never goes back upon his world. He is a gentleman par excellence.

He regards physical fitness as a moral duty. He keeps himself in perfect health to be of service to his country. He is a slave to duty and not a slave of his passions. Last but not the least, he is true to himself own self. He is always guided by moral considerations.

I make every effort to follow in his footsteps. I look upon him as many mentor and friend, philosopher and guide. 

1.   I was doubtful whether it was you.

2.   She complained of the room being too hot.

3.   He seemed not to get out of the habit.

4.   How long your hair is!

5.  Please go through this and see if there is any mistakes. 

(i)  The relation between the two is of father and son. The sentence “In your father’s house you might do as you pleased” gives the clue.

(ii)  They keep themselves away from one another at the time of joining a new school as no one knows about the others.

(iii)  It is somewhat psychological that we grow some prejudices or form ill-founded opinions against those whom we do not know. The other party also does the same. Thus we lose the opportunity of befriending most of the people.

(iv)  One should not give oneself more airs of self-importance. In a big school, there are many boys with various interests and jobs. It is ridiculous to think that everybody will give to attend to you. So it is better to realize that you are not the only person in the world.

(v)  A king’s son can do whatever he pleases. At one’s home one can do, to a certain extent, what one pleases. But in a school, amid a larger group, one has to adjust oneself in the group. One has to share one’s joys and problems with others.

(vi)  Differences can be settled amicably by meeting with one another, discussing, understanding other’s point of view and accepting one’s mistakes, if any.

One should not form prejudices against others without knowing about them fully well. Try to avoid other’s fault. Never look down upon anyone for his misfortunes. Do not take airs of self-importance.

Consider everyone equally important. Remember you are one among others. You have to adjust with the group and share your joys and problems with them.

H.No., 12, P.G. Road,

Delhi-110002

June 1, 2004

Dear Mother,

Hope this letter of mine will find you in good health. I am fine here and enjoying my college life. My college life is quite different from the school environment. On the first day, when I was going to college with a group of friends, we met an old man. He was bald and was rather shabbily dressed. He was arguing with an auto rickshaw driver, over mere two rupees. One of my friends told the old man to give the driver his proper due. I know why she had to interfere. She passed a few critical remarks at him, saying, she could not understand why some people were so stingy. Two of my other friends also joined her in passing remarks at him.

The incident was soon forgotten and we reached the college. We waited in the classroom for our first Biology class. We were aghast, when the same old man, walked in. He was our Biology teacher! Mummy, you can imagine the state we were all in. In really, wished the earth would open up and swallow all of us. Our teacher behaved as though he hadn’t known anything and taught us very well. We were extremely embarrassed. We are planning to write an apology letter to him and hand it over personally to him. We hope that he will pardon us.

Please convey my regards to Daddy and accept them yourself too.

Your affectionate daughter,

Neerja

105, Defence

Colony,

New Delhi

1st Sept., 1995

The District Magistrate,

Lodhi Colony,

New Delhi.

Subject: INAUGURATION CEREMONY

Dear Sir,

We, the students of Delhi Public School have recently opened a Welfare Club. We organize activities to raise funds in order to help the weaker sections of society.

The welfare club is launching another project – Adoption of a neighboring village. For its inauguration, we would like an eminent and learned person like you, to preside over the function. We would appreciate it greatly if you could deliver a lecture, encouraging people for initiating such activities. The inauguration ceremony is scheduled to be held on the 15th of September. The programme will commence at 6:00 p.m. There will be a cultural programme followed by your speech.

We wish to teach the villagers the importance of good health and hygiene. For this, we ourselves, will go into the cleaning of the roads and the surrounding areas. We also propose to provide clean drinking water sources to them and to provide education free of cost. Adult education is also in your agenda. Employment will given, as far as possible, to all the worthy youths. They will be doing something usefull instead of wasting precious time in idle gossip. We hope to receive immense encouragement by our presence itself. Please make it convenient to be present.

Thanking You.

Yours sincerely,

Rohit Verma

(Incharge, Welfare club)