Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

(i) On the basis of sources of raw material industries are classified as:

(a) Agro Based Industries

(b) Mineral Based Industries.

(ii) These industries are different from each other on following basis:

(a) Agro Based industries:

• Draws their raw materials from agricultural products.
• e.g.: Textiles-Cotton, jute, silk and woollen.  Rubbel sugar; coffee, iea and edible oil etc.

(b) Mineral Based Industries:

• Draws their raw materials from minerals.
• e.g., Iron and steel, cement, machine tools, petro chemicals etc.

Definition:

"Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.

Classification:

(i) Agro-based: Cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, etc.

(ii) Mineral-based: Iron, steel, cement etc.

Definition of Manufacturing Sector:

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.

It is considered as backbone of development because:

(i) It not only helps in modernising agriculture but also forms the backbone of our economy.

(ii) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.

(iii) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.

(iv) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous.

Manufacturing sector is considered to be the backbone of development.

Basic or key industries are industries that supply their products or raw materials to other industries to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium smelting.

There are about 70 jute mills in India. Most of them are located in west Bengal, mainly along the banks of the High river, in a narrow belt.

Our manufactured goods must be at par in the quality with those in the international market.

Definition of Manufacturing Sector:

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.

It is considered as backbone of development because:

(i) It not only helps in modernising agriculture but also forms the backbone of our economy.

(ii) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.

(iii) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.

(iv) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous.

Iron and steel industry is called as “Mother of all industries” or “basic industries”.

Jute textile industry is an agro-based Industry.

India is placed second in export and first in the production of raw jute and jute goods.

The factors that facilitate its production are :

1. The proximity of the Jute production areas.

2. Inexpensive Water availability.

3. Good transportation network including rail, road, and waterways.

4. Cheap Availability of labour from Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa etc.

The above factors have led to the concentration of jute mills along the Hooghly river.

As per the factors, West Bengal is the best-suited region for the textile industry, and this is the reason that most of the industries are located in West Bengal.

(a) Neelam: Extensive market centers, transportation, banks and electricity have contributed considerably in decentralization of this industry.

The economic strength of a country lies in the development of manufacturing industries because:

(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture which forms the backbone of our economy.

(ii) It reduces the heavy dependence of people on the agriculture sector and creates jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

(iii) It is necessary for the removal of unemployment and poverty.

(iv) It brings down regional disparities.

(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and enhances prosperity.

(vi) It brings much needed foreign exchange.

Yes, it is true that “The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries”. The importances of the Manufacturing industries are – 

• For the general and economic development of the country, the manufacturing sector plays an important role and is the backbone of development. Manufacturing industries increased the job opportunities in the secondary and tertiary sector, reducing the dependence of people on the agricultural sector. 
• Industrial development should be the main concern for the development of the country which will eradicate poverty and unemployment. Public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India consider this as their main philosophy. By the establishment of the industries in tribal and backward areas, regional disparities and difference among the people will gradually come down. 
• It brings foreign exchange as manufactured goods are exported which increases trade and commerce of the country.
• It is considered that country which used raw materials to make finished goods of higher value are the prosperous one, thus India should expands manufacturing industries of the country.

Efficiency and competitiveness are the keys to compete in the manufacturing sector in this era of globalization.

To boost the economy, it is important to export as well as import the goods; only either way would do not bear profit. To trade in the international market, the quality of the product must be better than others. This requires efficiency in the production sector.

The process involved in conversion of raw materials into finished goods is known as manufacturing industry.

Factors for the concentration of jute mills in West Bengal:

(i) Proximity of the jute producing areas.

(ii) Inexpensive water transport.

(iii) Abundant water.

(iv) Cheap and skilled labour.

(v) Port facilities

(vi) Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking and insurance facilities.

Petroleum industry acts as a nodal synthetic industry. Some of the main petroleum products that are manufactured for trade with foreign countries are petroleum gases, gas oil, propane, distilled crude oil, naphtha, ethane, and kerosene. The manufacturing industry has benefitted greatly due to this.

To improve the productivity, economist predicts that manufacturing can achieve its target over the next decades.

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called as manufacturing.

The key factor in the location of an industry is availability of raw material.

The factors that determine locations of industry are :

1. The proximity of the Jute production areas.

2. Water availability.

3. Good transportation network.

4. Availability of labour.

There are about 70 jute mills in India mostly located in West Bengal along the banks of the Hugli river. Factors responsible for the location in the Hugli basin are: 

(i) Nearness of the jute producing areas. 

(ii) Low-cost water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to help the movement of raw material to the mills. 

(iii) Abundant water for processing raw jute. 

(iv) Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. 

(v) Kolkata as an urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

Manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of industrial are either available or can be arranged at a lower cost.

Lime stone, sea shalls, slag, silica alumina, clay and gypsum are the raw materials used in the cement industry.

Cement has various uses like for building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and other commercial establishments. For the cement industry, bulky and heavy raw materials are required such as limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum, along with this rail transportation, coal and electric power is also required. India produces different types of cement. 

There are certain factors for choosing the ideal location for setting up a cement factory or any other factory– 

• To choose the location for setting up the industry is difficult and is influenced by the factors like availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc. It is difficult to look for the place with the inclusion of all these factors. 
• The location is chosen when either all these factors are available at one place or arranged at a lower cost. 
• Urbanisation follows when the industrial activity starts. These industries are sometimes located in or near the cities as cities provide markets for industrial products and also services like banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants, financial advice, etc. Sometimes, all these industries come together to make use of the advantage provided by urban centres. This is referred to as agglomeration economies. 
• Most of the industries are also located with the view to connect easily with the places of overseas trade like Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata, etc.
• The location of the industry is also influenced by government policies and specialised labours. 

Gulf countries have easy access to these industrial plants located in Gujarat which has strategically located Cement plants. In 1904, the first cement plant set up in Chennai, India. It was after independence that the cement industry developed and other factors like since 1989 decontrol of price and distribution and policies led to the development in terms of capacity, process, technology and production. Moreover, there are 128 large plants and 332 mini cement plants. 

Currently, the largest cement producing states in India Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Kerala. To increase the demand and supply, initiatives have been taken. In terms of export and production, the cement industry is doing well.

The development of chemical fertilizer industry started when Fertilizer Corporation of India started its factory at Sindari.

The first chemical fertilizer factory was established at Panipat in Tamil Nadu in 1906.

It is also known as ‘Sunrise Industry’. There has been a constant increase in the demand of raw material for plastic.

First chemical fertilizer factory of India was established in 1906 at Ranipat in Tamil Nadu.

The chemical industry is important in India. Chemical are of two types i.e. Organic and Inorganic chemicals.

Industries are responsible for four types of pollution i.e.,:

(i) Air, (ii) Water, (iii) Noise, (iv) Land.

(i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories.

(ii) Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc., into the water bodies.

(iii) Noise pollution is due to industrial and construction activities. Machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills cause hearing problems and irritation.

Iron and steel industry is the basic industry as:

(i) All the other industries depend on it for their machinery.

(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods.

(iii) It provides variety of consumer goods.

(iv) Construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipments, are the gift of iron and steel industry.

Jute textile industry is an agro-based Industry.

USA, Canada, Russia, UAE, UK, and Australia are the main markets of jute where the demands have increased.

The main reason behind the increased demands are:

1. The demands have increased internally because of the norm made by the government on the mandatory packaging of goods with jute.

2. National Jute policy formulated increased the yield of jute production.

Correct option is (a) Second

Correct option is (d) Hajira

(b) Bengaluru

Bangalore is called the Silicon valley of India.

(d) Tata Iron and Steel Corporation Ltd (TISCO)

In 1859 the first jute mill set up near Kolkata at Rishra

OIL is a joint sector industry.

Mahatma Gandhi believed in the ideology of Swedeshi ie, to use everything that is made in India. During the colonial period, the British had discouraged the Indian textile industries and promoted the British made goods especially the textiles. This lead to the closure of several Indian hand loom industries and many weavers were hit hard. Gandhi and other leaders in order to promote swedeshi goods encouraged the people to spin yarn and weave Khadi. This hit the British textile industries hard and provided work to many Indian artisans and weavers.

The steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry are as follows:
(a) To control water pollution, industrial effluents need to be treated on all three levels (primary, secondary and tertiary); the use of water for processing should be minimised via reuse and recycling; rainwater can be harvested to meet water requirements, and ground water usage should be regulated by law.
(b) For the minimisation of air pollution, smoke stacks should be fitted to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Also, smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal.
(c) Noise pollution can be controlled by fitting generators with silencers, redesigning machinery to reduce noise, and using earplugs and earphones besides other noise absorbing material.

Steps to minimise environmental degradation:

(i) Optimum utilisation of equipments, adopting Iatest techniques.

(ii) Upgrading existing equipments.

(iii) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilization.

(iv) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.

(v) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, water recycling system and liquid waste management.

Textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy because: 

• It contributes 14% of industrial production. 
• It has generated employment to 35 million people directly which is the second largest next to agriculture. 
• It has contributed to 24.6% of foreign exchange earnings. 
• It contributes to 4% of GDP. 
• It is the only industry in Indian which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

(i) The textile industry contributes significantly to industrial production. i.e. 14%. 

(ii) 35 million persons are directly engaged in this industry. Thus, it is the second largest industry after agriculture in employment generation. 

(iii) It contributes 4% towards GDP. 

(iv) It is the only industry in India which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e. from raw material to the highest value added products. 

Textile industry is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain. 

It occupies unique position in Indian economy for the following:

(i) Contribution to Industrial Production The share of textile industrial production is about 14% making it one of the largest industry in India.

(ii) Employment Generation This industry generates employment for more than 35 million persons directly or indirectly.

(iii) Demand Creation Textile industries create demand for other industries such as chemicals, dyes, packaging materials and engineering works.

(iv) Contribution to GDP and Foreign Exchange Textile industry contributes 4% to India’s G.D.P. It also helps in earning 24.4% of the total foreign currency drawn in the country.
Thus, it can be concluded that the textile industry occupies a unique position in Indian economy.

The textile industry occupies a unique position in Indian economy, because it contributes:

(i) Significantly to industrial production (14 percent).

(ii) It generates employment (35 million persons directly).

(iii) Earns foreign exchange (about 24.6 percent).

(iv) It contributes to a larger amount towards GDP (4 percent).

(v) Only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

The first copper refining unit of India was founded at Ghatshila in Jharkhand by Indian Copper Corporation (ICC).

Aluminium is light in weight, strong, malleable, good conductor of electricity and rustproof.