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(i) A ball out of play: The ball is out of play when it passes completely over the side-line or back-line. 

(ii) Advantage : A penalty is awarded only when a player or team has been disadvantaged by an opponent breaking the Rules. Referee extends one arm high from the shoulder in the direction in which the benefiting team is playing. 

(iii) Yellow card : It is temporary suspension to a player for a minimum of 5 minutes of playing time indicated by a yellow card or warning. 

(iv) Flick: This technique is used for penalty strokes. It is similar to push but the ball which is lifted at a low height.

1. Long Corner: When the ball is unitentionally hit across the end line by a defender or goalkeeper a long corner is awarded. 

2. Advantage: The rules do not allow the person who kicked the ball to gain advantage from the kick, so the ball will automatically be passed on to the opposing team. 

3. Goal will not be counted and the player will be disqualified or sent off the game. 

4. Ball is out of play: 

1. When the ball crosses the side line. 

2. When referee stops the game.

1. Procedures to be followed while taking ‘Penalty Stroke’: 

1. Time stops during penalty stroke. 

2. Only goalkeeper and the player taking stroke is permitted inside shooting circle. 

3. Player flicks the ball from penalty spot 7 yards in front of goal post. 

2. The three instances are: 1. For an offence in the circle which does not prevent the probable scoring of a goal. 

2. For an intentional offence outside the circle but within 23 metres area, defenders are defending. 

3. For intentionally playing the ball over the back line. 

3. Shooting Circle: If attacking team commits foul in opponents shooting circle, then, opponents are rewarded with 16 yard hit; if defensive team commits foul inside the shooting circle then opponents are awarded penalty corner.

1. An alternating possesion indicator is given, when a shot bounces off the rim and away from the basket, and players from opposing team grab the ball and fight for its possession. 

2. Double Foul: A double foul is a situation in which two opponents commit personal fouls against each other at same time. 

3. A Violation is an infraction of rules of game, i.e. illegal actions for controlling or dribbling the ball during the game without obstructing opponent. 

4. A three-point shot is made from beyond the three-point line, an arc surrounding the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points made inside the three-point line.

Penalty Corner: 

1. In this an attacker pushes a ball from a mark which is ten yards away from the goal post on the side that team prefers. Five defenders including a goal keeper are allowed to defend their goal. 

2. A penalty corner is awarded for an offense by a defender in the circle which does not prevent the probable scoring of a rebel. 

Penalty Stroke: 

1. In this an attacker is allowed to push or scoop the ball from the penalty spot. All defenders except the goal keeper stand behind the 25 yard line. 

2. A penalty stroke is awarded when a defender commits a foul in the circle that prevents a probable goal.

Player Hinders Opponent : If a player commits any act which hinders his opponent in making a stroke, then, if this is deliberate, he shall lose the point or if involuntary, the point shall be replayed.

(i) Carried : When ball touches the leg or feet of the player, it is a violation. 

(ii) Back stick: A player when uses backside of stick while dribbling. It is also a violation. 

(iii) Penalty Corner: Apenalty comer is awarded for an offence by a defender in the circle which does not prevent the probable scoring of a goal; for an intentional offence in the circle by a defender against an opponent who does not have possession of the ball or an opportunity to play the ball; for an intentional offence by a defender outside the circle but within the 23 metres area they are defending; for intentionally playing the ball over the back-line by a defender. 

(iv) Penalty Stroke: It is also known as 7-yard push. It is given when some serious offence is committed by the defending team in their shooting circle which probably has interrupted the goal scoring. Time stops during penalty stroke. Only goalkeeper and the player taking stroke is permitted inside shooting circle. At the whistle player pushes or scoops or flicks the ball towards the goal scoring whereas goalkeeper defends it. It is done from the penalty spot 7 yards in front of goalpost.

1. The six equipments required on the technical table are: 

1. Two clocks for keeping the time.

2. A Hooter for indicating the start and stop of the game. 

3. A score sheet to record the scores. 

4. Three whistles. 

5. Green card to indicate the fault. 

6. Yellow card to indicate the fault. 

2. Pass back is always taken from the centre of the field and used to start the game, restart after half time arid after a goal has been scored. 

3. The six important positions of a player on the field are 

(1) Halfback 

(2) Fullback 

(3) Mid fielder/inner or striker 

(4) Defenders 

(5) Goal keeper 

(6) Sweeper.

1. A Push: Moving the ball along the ground using a pushing movement of the stick after the stick placed close to the ball.

 2. A Raised Ball: When the ball is hit and ball leaves the ground and goes on waist hit it is called raised ball. 

3. Side Line: Line of 90 mts in the length is called side line. 

4. A Flick: Pushing the ball so that it is raised off the ground.

1. A corner push is pushing the ball, by involving the penalty corners which is an attack within the field of play. 

2. A Dodge is the technique of dribble, in which the coming opponents are deceived in other direction by fake body movement. It prevents opponents to interfere or get possession of the ball.

3. A Tapping skill is used to stop the fast coming ball by carefully stopping with stick. In this the stick is kept in between the fast coming ball so that it stops close to stick. 

4. A Shin Gaurd is the protective equipment used by a player to protect the shinbone and ankle. It is fiber made flat curved guard which is worn under the stocking to protect lower leg and ankle.

(i) A long corner is awarded if the foul is committed by a player of the attacking team. 

(ii) Raised ball is a ball which bounces into the circle as a result of a lofted stroke.  

(iii) Astro turf is an artificial surface made up of synthetic fibre. The synthetic fibre used gives the surface an appearance of the natural grass. This type of surface has a base of water. This makes the surface equivalent to the natural hockey field. The water level increases the low side resistance (LSR) and shock absorbance of the surface. This makes the surface excellent and safe for the players. This surface also remains soft as compared to the natural field. 

(iv) If a hockey match is tied after the end of regulation time then an extra time of two 7.5 minute periods is played. During this period, the team which scores the first goal is declared winner. It means 'the game ends as soon as one team scores'.

(i) Warning/Green Card: A player is warned by green card by Umpire if he has committed foul unintentionally. It can also be given if player indulges himself in foul play or wasting time. Player is temporarily suspended for 2-minutes. 

(ii) Field-Goal: It is a goal scored by dribbling or passing within the shooting circle in a strategic move by the attacking players. 

(iii) Push: This stroke is used to send the ball to shorter distance. Right nand is placed low on the stick and pushes the stick forward while the left hand holds the top of handle. This skill is mostly used to pass the ball to own team player when he is close. 

(iv) Side-line : The longer side of playfield on both side of playfield with 91.40 meters (lOOyards) perimeter line.

(i) Equipments used by referee during a match: 

1. Whistle 

2. Cards (Green, Yellow, Red) 

3. Note book 

4. Rule book 

5. Watch 

6. Pencil 

(ii) Bully : It is a call used to start or restart play. The referee puts the ball between two opposing players. Two players of both the teams stand in front of each other. They touch this stick to the ground three times and alternately their opponent’s stick after that ball is put is play. 

(iii) Duration of a Hockey Match : 

4 Quarters of 15 minutes each.

A Penalty Corner is Awarded : 

• For an offence by a defender in the striking circle which does not prevent the probable scoring of a goal. 

• For an intentional offence in the circle by a defender against an opponent who does not have possession of the ball or an opportunity to play the ball. 

• For an intentional offence by a defender outside the circle but within the 23 metres area they are defending. 

• For intentionally playing the ball over the back-line by a defender. 

• When the ball becomes lodged in a player’s clothing or equipment while in the circle they are defending. , 

Procedure for taking Penalty Corner : An attacker pushes a ball from a mark which is 10 yards away from the goal post and other player stops the ball with hockey stick at the top of the shooting circle, then another player hits the ball in the goal post. It can be taken from both sides right and left. Meanwhile, the opposing team tries to stop the goal.

1. A back stick is a type of illegal spot in which the ball is touched by the rounded face of the hockey stick which is considered a penalty.

2. A penalty stroke is awarded when a defender against an opponent intentionally in the circle prevents the probable scoring of a goal or crossing over the back- line before permitted during the taking of penalty corners.

1. It is given a foul by the umpire, i.e., and IFK is awarded to the goalkeeper. 

2. A penalty stroke is awarded to the opposing team player. 

3. Penalty stroke is given. 

4. It is considered as a goal to be scored.

1. Duties of the time keeper are: 

1. Records time of playing. 

2. Interrupts the game when technical delegate from the responsible federation visits. 

3. Keeps record of suspension time of suspended players. 

4. Checks the exit and entry of substituting players. 

2. The three instances are: 

1. Serious or repeated rules violations. 

2. Unsportsman like conduct. 

3. Illegal substitution. 

3. The advantages a handball goalkeeper enjoys: 

1. He can touch the ball by any part of his body. 

2. He can move with the ball inside the goal area. 

3. Leave the goal area without the ball and participate in the game.

Corner push is a technique of attack within the hockey field, when the ball is pushed involving the penalty corners.

1. Basic compulsory equipments required by a player are: 

1. Field players should wear uniform. 

2. Gloves for protection. 

3. Shin, ankle and mouth protection to protect yourself. 

4. A goalkeeper wears a different coloured shirt with a protective headgear. 

5. Stick with a handle and a curved head which is flat on its left side. 

2. Duration of the game = two halves of 35 minutes each 

Duration of interval = 5-10 minutes for rest. 

3. The ball is out of play when: 

1. The ball is over the side-line. 

2. The ball is over the back-line by an attacker. 

3. The ball is over the back-line unintentionally by a defender.

Five skills of a hockey player are : 

1. Dribbling 

2. Dodge 

3. Holding of Hockey stick 

4. Hitting a stationary ball 

5. Penalty stroke

The basic equipments used by volleyball players consist of jersey, shorts, socks and sports shoes

1. Situations where a penalty throw is awarded: 

1. When a clear chance of scoring is illegally prevented any where on the court by an opposing team player. 

2. When the referees have interrupted a ligitimate scoring chance for any reason. 

3. When a player pushes the opponent player. 

4. When a player jumps over opponent player. 

5. Impeding the opponents counterattack. 

6. Holding the opponents player. 

2. Situations where warning is given: 

1. When a player reach around opponent intentionally. 

2. When a player tries to hit the opponent player.

Tackling: Most forms of football have a move known as a tackle. The primary and important purposes of tackling are to dispossess an opponent of the ball, to stop the player from gaining ground towards goal or to stop them from carrying out what they intend. 

Trapping: Trapping is to gain control over the ball. It is a skill applied to keep possession of the ball. It is a method of gaining control of the ball off of a pass or a loose ball. Trapping the ball involves using the feet, thighs or chest to bring the ball to the ground while keeping it in the player’s possession. It can include stopping the ball completely or redirecting the ball in a controlled manner. When trying to stop or slow the ball, players cushion the ball as it moves towards them.

(i) Duties of Match Referee: Match Referee is an official responsible for the conduct of game under rules and regulations. His decision shall be final for the result of match. He is authorized to exercise his powers under the rules. 

• He enforces the rules of game over both teams, gives decision on controversies and disputes over ground. 

• Referee keeps the record of the game and acts as timekeeper. 

• He stops the game if player has been seriously injured and restarts the game after stoppage. 

• He is to check the equipments of the game and see that ground is fit for conduct of the game. 

(ii) The basic compulsory equipments: Studs (football shoes), Shin Guard, T-shirt with No., Shorts, Stocking. In case of straggle for ball possession when both players commit foul simultaneously, in that case the Referee stops the game for sometime and afterwards drops the common ball to get the possession of the ball. Game restarts when the ball touches the ground.

The basic compulsory equipments required by a football player are : 

1. A jersey or shirt with sleeves. 

2. Shorts : If thermal undershorts are worn, they are of the same main colour as the shorts. 

3. Stockings

4. Shinguards : These are covered entirely by the stockings. These are made of a suitable material (rubber, plastics or similar substances). They provide a reasonable degree of protection. 

5. Footwear

Three situations when a penalty stroke is awarded are :

1. Intentional offence by a defender within the circle when the opponent is in possession of the ball.

2. Crossing over of defenders over the back line without permission of the referee for taking penalty corner.

3. Intentional offence by a defender within the circle to prevent the opponent from scoring a goal.

(i) Side line hit or Scooping occurs when a stationary or slow moving ball is raised off the ground with a slow movement of the stick, after the head of the stick is placed slightly under the ball. 

(ii) Rolling substitution is the continuous replacement of one player from another throughout the game, as long as each side has only 11 players on the field at once. 

(iii) A corner is awarded when the ball goes outside the pay area over the back line. A short corner is awarded if the foul is committed by a player of the defending team. A long corner is awarded if the foul is committed by a player of the attacking team. 

(iv) A back-line is the shorter (55 meters) perimeter line. The back-line between the goalposts is called the goal line.

Some basic compulsory equipments required by a player are :

(i) Helmet

(ii) Neck guard

(iii) Shoulder pad

(iv) Elbow pad

(v) Hockey stick

1. Free throw and Throw-off. 

2. The restraining line means that the goalkeeper is not allowed to cross this line. This line is about 4.4 yards away from the rear goal line. 

3. A throw-off is taken by the team that wins the coin toss and chooses to start the game with the ball. At a whistle, the ball is passed from centre court to a teammate and play begins. 

4. Free Throw is also known as 9 meter throw. If defensive team commits fault or violation then opponent is awarded with 9 meter free-throw. Defensive player must be 3 meter away from the opponent players.

(i) Trapping: It is controlling the lifted ball before it could bounce or control the ball in air, so that it should fall near the body range. It is trapped by chest, thigh (upper leg), under the foot, etc. 

(ii) Tackling: It is taking the ball possession from the opponent with sliding. Many times trapping the ball with head, chest, foot is also done for the possession of the ball. 

(iii) Dribbling: It is faking to the opponent in such a way that the control of ball is kept. Player controls the movement of the ball with the feet whereas upper body gives the dodging movement. 

(iv) Kicking: It is the most common skill used to hit the ball with power. It reaches long and away to the desired position. It is performed in various ways like kicking with inside; outside of foot; instep-kick; punt-kick; scissor kick; banana or chip-kick; roll back-kick, etc. It can be used during free-kick, goal-kick, comer-kick, penalty-kick or when situation suits.

(i) If played unintentionally by a defender or deflected by a goalkeeper or player with goalkeeping privileges, play is re-started with the ball on the 23 metres line and in line with where it crossed the back-line and the procedures for taking a free hit apply. With the ball being placed on the line, the re-start is effectively within the 23 metres area and the provisions for taking a free hit are applicable 

(ii) 1. Striker 

2. Center forward 

3. Leftwinger 

4. Rightwinger 

5. Midfielder 

6. Full backer 

7. Swipper

(i) A corner is awarded on the 5m mark from the corner of the field. 

(ii) The four playing positions in hockey are :

(i) Forward

(ii) Half-back

(iii) Full-backand

(iv) Goalkeeper

1. The referee throw is taken from the center of court. The referee will throw the ball vertically between two players of the two teams. Occurs when two opposing players commit a violation. 

2. The player is excluded from the game for unsportsmanlike conduct after receiving a warning and even a 2-minutes suspension. He is excluded for fouls which endanger the opponent’s health and for an assault by a team official.

3. The player is substituted and enters the field of play from the substitution line.

1. Goal Line is a 60 yard line on the goal. Goal line is used for penalty corner and corner attacker. 

2. Playing Distance: The distance within which a player is capable of reaching the ball to play it, is called playing distance. 

3. Dribbling is tackling the belli with the stick work. The movement of ball is controlled by rolling stick around it, while maintaing constant control of it with the stick. 

4. Obstruction is when a player prevents another player from playing the ball by placing their own body or stick between the other player or their stick and the ball shadow (or third party) obstruct opponent from tackling a team member in the way as discussed before.

1. When the goal is scored unitentionally by the centre referee, the goal is counted but that referee is removed from the match. 

2. In this case, the game is continued whether same player touches the ball twice or not. 

3. In this case, the goal is considered to be scored.

1. A goal scored: when the whole ball passes over the goal line, between goalposts and under crossbars, provided there is no violence of the Laws of the game by the team previously who has scored the goal. 

2. In football, many matches end in a draw, but in cases where a winner must be chosen then tie breaker is applied, there are three methods of this. The usual method is Normal Extra Time. If, at the end of extra time, no winner can be decided, the match goes to a penalty shootout. 

3. Sudden death has been perceived as a particularly poor fit for football because the process gives an inherent advantage to the team who gains possession of the ball: they can score and end the game immediately, but the team on defense cannot score immediately. 

4. The four fundamental skills of football are: 

(1) Passing and Interpassing. 

(2) Kicking. 

(3) Heading. 

(4) Dribbling.

1. A suspension: A player is suspended from the game for a period of two minutes, for a serious rules violation or for unsportsmanlike conduct. The player is usually given a warning first. The referee raises his arm with two finger extended to indicate the player has been suspended. 

The suspension of player is done when: 

1. Faulty substitution 

2. Repeated fouls 

3. Repeated unsportsmanlike conduct 

4. As a consequence of a disqualification of a player or team official. 

2. An Exclusion: A player is excluded when he found guilty of an assault (according to rules) during the play time on or out side the playing court. After calling a time-out, the referees raises and cross both the arms over the head to indicate the player has been excluded. 

3. A Goal Scored is scored when the entire ball crosses the goal line inside the goal. A goal may be scored from any throw (free-throw, throw-in, throw-off, goal-throw). 

4. The fast break begins when the defense team takes the ball by means of blocking, interception or rule violation.

1. A goal is scored when the whole ball passes across the goal line, which lies between the goal posts, and under the cross bar provided that no violation of the laws of the game has been committed by the team scoring the goal.

2. Sent-off is an activity when the player, substituted player has been given a red card and is sent back, i.e., sent out of the play field if he has committed any offence or not followed the rules of the game. 

1. In hockey, suspension is shown by a red card. If a player gets a red card during a game then he or she is suspended for the remainder of the game. Usually the suspension length is determined by the rules of the league that the player is participating in. 

2. Free hits are awarded when offences are committed outside the scoring circles. The ball may be hit, pushed or lifted in any direction by the team offended against. 

3. Astro turf is a brand of artificial turf. The original Astro turf product was a short pile synthetic turf. The prime reason in incorporate Astro turf on game field was to avoid cost of layings natural turf, especially indoors. 

4. A goal is scored when a player of the attacking team plays the ball in the circle, after which the ball crosses wholly the backline between the goal posts and under the crossbar.

1. (b) League

2. (b) Elimination tournament

3. (a) 15

The conservation of environment employs the stainable used as well as the management of natural resources such as wild life, water, air, energy and earth deposits. The aim of conservation of environment is the balanced and appoertite use of natural recourses so that nighters, the environment is effected nor the coming generations are deprived of them. Conservation of natural resources usually faces on the needs and interests of human beings for the biological, economic, cultural and recreational values. Its is a fact that the development is necessary for a better future but only when the changes occur in the best ways.

Wastage of water should be avoided at any stage should be avoided. Every person in the society should use minimum quantity of water for their daily use. Drinking water left out should be reused for other different purposes. Water conserved through rain water harvesting should be properly and economically used. The underground water should be used in a fair way. The water used for cleaning and washing should be reused for irrigation. the water flowing out of industries may be purified and reused. Every person in the society should play an active role to check water pollution . the taps should not be continually open while using for daily needs. The leakage of water taps and water pipes should secretly stopped.

Essay trekking: The individuals specially the beginners are offered easy treks. There is no difficult climbing. It means there is no-climbing on high altitudes. Such treks usually provide colorful horizons of whole series of mountain ranges. 

Adventure sports are usually outdoor sports which involve intense and sometimes lifethreating actions,which creat an adventurous atmosphere. The individuals involved in adventure sports compete against nature rather than another individual. Adventure sports are related to unlimited thrill ,excitement, entertainment and adventure. Individuals take parts in such sports for passion, entertainment and due to strong urge for thrill and adventure. Participating in adventure sports makes a person learn about himself conquer the fears, inhibitions and gather the sense of achievement or success.

Objectives of adventure sports

(a)To develop selfconfidence:-The adventure sports have different objectives than other sports. As a person competes with himself therefore develops a great sense of achievement after achieving the goal . They overcome fear , experience thrill and thus helps to develop selfconfidence. 

(b) To build the concentration:- In adventure sports an individual gets a series of absorbing experiences .He usually forms habit of extended attention. In this way he enhances his ability to concentrate. 

(c) To have bonding with nature:-Most of the adventure sports being outdoor activities provides strong bonding with nature which provides exposure to natural environment. 

(d) To face the challenge against odd situations:- Adventure sports provides ample opportunites for developing such traits so as to face the challenges confidently and efficiently. Thus it develops courage and determination. 

(e) Proper use of abundant energy:- Adventure sports helps in a positive and healthy channelisation of abundant energy and enthusiasm. Thus beneficial for the participant's harmonious development. 

(f) To provide exhilaration amusement and excitement:- It is also a vital objective of adventure sports to provide exhilaration, amusement, excitement, recreation and enjoyment. 

(g) To encourage creativity:- These sports allow and encourage creativity in the innovation of new manoeuvers and in the stylish execution of existing techniques. 

(h) To develop mental and physical fitness:- These sports are helpful in developing mental and physical fitness. Such sports involve fitness skills. Climbing mountain skill requires use of major muscle groups as well as mental sharpness. 

(i) To improve social relations :- Most of the sports like hiking, trekking, camping, mountaineering ,river rafting and rock climbing provides ample opportunities to improve social relations .Qualities like cooperation, sympathy, helpfulness, adjustment,group cohesion ,unity, sincerity,patience, fraternity and tolerance are developed.

To develop self confidence: in such sports an individual‟s competes with himself to achieve their goal, thus they overcome fear and experience thrill. Thus there is development of self confidence. 

To improve social relation: the adventure sports like hiking, trekking,camping,mountaineering,river rafting and rock climbing helps in development of cooperation sympathy helpfulness, adjustment, group conesion,unity,patience, fraternity and tolerance are developed.

Adventure sports are activities where high degree of risk is involved. These are thrilling and adventurous, death defying feats achieved with a sporting mindset. These activities require more athletic ability than others but it is a fact that all adventure sports need a strong mental attitude.

Conservation of forests 

1. More and trees should be planted. 

2. Avoid overgrazing of grass land by animals. 

3. Paper comes from trees. Thus, make attempts to use recycled paper. Do not waste paper. 

Conservation of Energy 

1. Switch off bulbs, tube-lights, fans and other electric appliances when not in use. 

2. Other sources of energy, like solar energy, wind energy, etc. can also be used. 

3. Solar cookers, solar water heaters etc. can be used instead of LPG, coal or kerosene. 

Conservation of Water 

1. Close taps when not in use. Do not keep the water taps open while washing, cleaning and brushing teeth. 

2. Do not dump waste material into rivers or other water bodies.

3. Factories should not dump hazardous or poisonous material on land or in water bodies. This makes water (even ground water) poisonous. 

Conservation of Food 

1. Foodgrains should be properly stored and protected from rodents. 

2. Excessive use of pesticides should be discouraged.

 The five adventure sports are: 

1. Camping 

2. Rock climbing 

3. Trekking 

4. River rafting 

5. Mountaineering

Adventure sports can be define as outdoor sports or activities in which the participant competes in a natural environment more against himself/herself than against other.

The present day leaders will have to inculcate the appropriate qualities in the students who are entering in this profession. They should not concentrate on traditional qualities. The present day leaders of physical education should adopt the right path today. The leaders in the physical education have both type of qualities i.e., innate qualities and acquired qualities. Through the programmes of physical education the acquired qualities can be created and developed successfully. So, the leadership can be created, developed through physical education programmes up to a large extent. Regarding the creating leaders in the field of physical education ample opportunities are available in a number of universities, colleges and schools. 

 For creating or making the effective and efficient leaders in the field of  physical education, stress must be laid down on the following points: 

(a) Analyze of leadership skills recurred for further development. 

(b) Identify the students or groups of students whose leadership skills required to be improved. 

(c) Offer the opportunities for leadership roles. Provide some leadership courses. Recognition of leaders by giving them a cap, badge or different uniform. 

(d) To have faith and confidence in the students. 

(e) To reword them on their success. 

(f) To restart a leadership course for the remaining recocunised students.