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Change of Ends : The player shall change sides at the end of the first third and every subsequent alternate game of each set.

1. Passive play is when the team keeps the’ball in possession without making a recognizable attempt to attack or try to score. In this case, a free throw is awarded to the other team. 

2. Shuffling: As the ball moves away from your defensive space, you will shift along the 6-meter line by shuffling in the direction the ball is moving. Move with short, quick shuffle steps, never crossing your feet and keeping them in contact with the floor. 

3. A Tie-rule: Overtime will be given in the play off, if the game is still a tie, penalty throw will decide the winner.

Overtime is played, following a 5-minute break, if a game is tied at the end of the regular playing time and a winner has to be determined. The overtime period consists of two halves of 5 minutes, with a 1-minute half-time break. If the game is again tied after a first overtime period, a second period is played after a 5-minute break. This overtime period also has two halves of 5 minutes, with a 1-minute halftime break. If the game is still tied, the winner will be determined in accordance with the rules for the particular competition.

Rule of a tie-break in doubles : 

• 66 in a set result in a 7 points tie- break game played. 

• 7 points earned combined with a 2 points advantage wins the game. 

• The 1st point is served from the right service court. 

• Service rotates after the 1st point is played. 

• Every 6-points the tennis competitors change the court.

• Width of the lines on the court 5 cm. 

• Diameter of centre circle — 1-80 m. 

• Length and width of the board — 1-80 m and 1-05 m.

(i) Measurement: 

• Height of the net at the centre of the court—3 feet 

• Diameter of the posts—6 inch 

• Weight of the ball — 56-7 gm – 58-5 gm 

• Width of the strap of the net—5 cm 

• Length of the racket—81-28 cm (32 inch) 

(ii) 

1. Overhead Smash : In this, still swing the arm more fully back and bend it more and push the heel of the hand upward and hit the ball with power. It takes place when ball is high in the air. 

2. Ground Shot : A ground shot in tennis is a forehand or backhand shot, that is executed after the ball bounces once on the court. It is usually hit from the back of the tennis court, around the baseline. 

(iii) Difference between a volley and a lob : 

A volley : When a player strikes the ball without allowing it to touch the ground.

A lob : Hitting the ball high into the air to drive the opponent back from the net.

Food intolerance is completely different from food allergy and the two should not be mixed. Food allergy is caused by a response of the immune system against food proteins, thinking they are harmful substances. Food intolerance is not food poisoning, which is caused by toxic substances that would cause symptoms in anyone who ate the food. Food intolerance is not life threatening either.

Symptoms 

Food intolerances are rarely harmful but may cause unpleasant symptoms: 

• nausea 
• bloating 
• abdominal pain 
• diarrhoea - usually begins about half an hour after eating or drinking the food in question. 

The severity of symptoms varies from one person to another and depends on two factors: how much or little enzymes a person produces; and on the quantity of food consumed.

1: Take charge of your education

2: Identify how your learns best

3: Think life success, rather than school success

4: Emphasize healthy lifestyle habits

5: Take care of yourself, too

Keeping both your body and mind fit, during pregnancy is so much important that exercise will help you do both. During pregnancy everyone gets stressed and anxious. Women have to remain active for fit pregnancy and regular exercises will help in doing so. Exercises build up tolerance power and improves suppleness and strength. Blood circulation improves and it can help you ease at tensions. Whenever you do exercises it should be in your limits and range. During exercise hormones called "ENDOR PITTONS" released which makes us feel good and high and gives emotional lift too. With exercises you have more energy and less of backaches, Cramps and breathlessness. During pregnancy go for stretching, upper bending and squiching exercises. Less exercises for pelvic region. Exercises should be followed by proper rest, relaxation and massage to make comfortable.

Warning [Excercising the right way is 'MUST' under the guidance of Professional]

During Menopause the following exercise are recommended: 

I. Cycling 

II. Brisk Walking 

III. Swimming 

IV. Water aerobics. 

V. Yoga In Osteoporosis: Muscles strengthening exercises. 

VI. Standing and rising on toes. 

VII. Lifting of weight. 

VIII. Exercises with equipment's -elastic bands & free weight wear. 

IX. Balance posture and functional exercises as climbing stairs, yoga. 

X. Pilates-flexibility - to avoid risk of fracture.

If Shuttlecock gets struck in Net : After the service is returned, the shuttle is caught on the net and remains suspended on its top, or after passing over the net is caught in the net then the umpire shall call out let. When a “let” occurs, play since the last service shall not count and the player who served last shall serve again,

Insomnia is the health problem in which a person cannot sleep properly. 

The symptoms of insomnia are: 

• Emotional excitement 

• Restlessness 

• Irritated easily 

• Overstressfulness 

• Eye pain

In this type of tournament the total teams are divided into four Zones. All the teams play their matches within their Zone on league basis. Further the winner of each team again plays with each other or league basis. Finally One team is declared as the winner of inter-zonal or group tournament.

This tests consists of six items. It is commonly known as the Kraus-weber tests. These tests are supposed to measure the minimum muscular fitness of an individual. In fact, they measure the level of strength and flexibility of certain key muscle groups below which the functioning of the whole body as a healthy individual seems to be endangered.

This test is also known as fullerton functional test of senior citizens. It helps the early identification of at risk participants. Along this, it is significant to plan safe and effective physical exercise programmers for senior citizens because individual’s health and fitness level can be known better with the help of this test.

Harvard Step Test is a cardiovascular fitness test. It is also called aerobic fitness test. It was developed by Brouha and others in 1943. It is used to measure the cardiovascular fitness or aerobic fitness by checking the recovery rate.

The answer is: (a) 1

The athlete’s fitness index score is calculated with the help of following formula.

Fitness index score = (100 × test duration in

seconds) divided by (2 × sum of heart beats in recovery period).

(100 × 180 Sec)/ 2 × 54 = 500/3 = 166.66

Purpose: To assess the upper body (shoulder) flexibility, which is important in performing various jobs such as combing one’s hair, putting on overhead garments and reaching for a seat belt etc. Equipments required: A ruler. 

Procedure: This test is performed in standing position. Keep one had behind the head and back over the shoulder and reach as for as possible down middle of your back. Your palm should touch your body and the fingers should be downward. Then carry your other arm behind you back palm facing outward and fingers upward and reach up as far as possible trying to touch or overlap the middle fingers of both hands. Fingers should be aligned. Measure the distance between the tips of the fingers. If the fingers tips touch then the score is zero. If they do not touch measure the distance between the fingertips (-ve score). If they overlap measure by how much (+ve score). Practice two times and then test two times.

Ageing is an inevitable and extremely complex, multi-factorial process. It is characterized by the progressive degeneration of organ systems and tissues. It is largely determined by genetics and influenced by a wide range of environmental factors such as diet, exercise, exposure to microorganism, pollutants etc.

Dr. K.L. Anderson has defined physical fitness as “The ability for respiration and circulation to recover from a standard work load.” 

Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It is measured in litre/minute. Cardiac output is a product of stroke volume and heart rate. If either heart rate or stroke volume increases or both, the cardiac output increases also. 

1. Increase in number and efficiency of capillaries: With the regular exercise, the efficiency and number of capillaries are increased. Te unused and new capillaries become efficient and nourish the various cells efficiently. 

2. Increase in number of RBC: The number of RBC (Red Blood Cells) increases when exercises are taken on regular basis. These RBC’s are the carriers of nutritients, including hemoglobin and O₂ to the muscles. 

3. Delay in fatigue: Regular exercise delays the fatigue in an individual. Fatigue is felt due to the formation of lactic acid and phosphate in the muscles. These waste products are easily and very fastly removed from muscles, if exercises are performed regularly. Even muscles can bear the formation of lactic acid, so it delay the fatigue. 

1. Size of muscles: The strength of the muscle largely depends upon the size of the muscle. It is a well known fact that bigger and larger muscles can produce more force. The force produced by the same size of muscle in males and females is approximately the same but males are found to be stronger because they have larger muscles and bigger muscles in comparison to females. 

2. Body weight: It is also a well known fact that the individuals who are heavier are stronger than the individuals who are lighter. There is a positive correlation between body weight and strength among international weightlifters. The heavier weightlifters lift the heavier weight. So, body weight also determines the strength of an individual. 

3. Intensity of the nerve impulse: A muscle is composed of a number of motor units. The total force of the muscle depends on the number of contracting motor units. Whenever, a stronger nerve impulse from central nervous system excites more number of motor units, the muscles will contract more strongly or it can said that the muscle will produce more force or strength. So, the intensity of the nerve impulse also determines the amount of strength.

1. Increase in heart rate: Generally the resting heart rate of an adult remains at 72 beats per minute. The elite endurance athletes usually have 28 to 40 beats per minute. Even before the beginning of exercise the heart rate increases in anticipation. It is known as anticipatory response. When an individual starts exercise his heart rate increases as per the internsity and duration of the exercise. 

2. Increase in stroke volume: Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected per beat from the left ventricle. It is measured in ml/beat. Stroke volume increases proportionally with exercise intensity. In untrained individuals the stroke volume at rest remains at 50 to 70 ml/beat. It increases up to 110 to 130 ml/beat during intense exercise. The stroke volume of experienced athletes at rest remains at 90 to 110 ml/beat. It increases up to 15 to 22 ml/beat during intense exercise. 

3. Increase in cardiac output: Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It is measured in litre/minute. Cardiac output is a product of stroke volume and heart rate. If either heart rate or stroke volume increases or both, the cardiac output increases also. 

Important of anatomy and physiology: both are important in the field of physical education without the understanding of basics structure and its basic structure and its function we cannot bring about the improvement in muscles for the development of strength and endurance. It deals with mechanical principles of action of human body and sports implements for the treatment of an injured athlete knowledge of all the organs in a scientific way is necessary. 

These are also called motor skill related components which help in the development of skill, technique, style and contribute to good performance. Various physical fitness components are strength, flexibility, speed, agility, coordination, endurance and power.

Hypertrophy of muscles: Due to training the heart muscle fibres become thicker and stronger and thus help to have more forceful contractions of the heart. Strength training results in high degree of muscle hypertrophy, i.e. Increase in muscle size.

Aerobic: The term 'aerobic' means 'with oxygen'. Any physical activity which requires increased oxygen intake is an aerobic activity. During aerobic activities, a continuous supply of oxygen by the body is maintained in order to burn carbohydrates and fats for the production of energy for hese activities. 

An increase in thickness in individual muscles fibre is called hypertrophy. Gain in strength and muscular endurance usually depends on the size of individual muscle fibres. Usually we call it increase in size of muscle.

Slow-twitch of muscle fibres: The slow-twitch of muscle fibres provides better energy to the exercising muscles during endurance activity. It determines the endurance of a person.

1. Length of playfield = 18 metres. 

Breadth of playfield = 9 metres. 

2. For Men; 

Height of the net = 2.43 metres. 

For Women; 

Height of the net = 2.24 metres. 

3. Weight of ball = 260 – 280 gms. 

Circumference of ball = 65-67 cms. 

4. Dimension of free zone area: 3 metres wide. 

Dimension of Service line: 9 metre from centre line.

1. Side-out means when a team wins on other team’s serving game to take back the serving rights in order to win the points. 

2. A penalty is committed by the team by making a playing action contrary to the rules. The referee judge the faults and determines the consequences according to the rules.

3. Carrying the Ball: If ball rests momentorily in the hands of the player, i.e., it is held for short duration in the action, it is illegal.

(a) 

1. Take bath everyday in the morning, but in summer one should take bath twice a day. 

2. Teeth should be brushed twice a day. 

(b) Two causes of obesity in children: 

1. Faulty habit of eating. 

2. Heredity. 

(c) 

1. Exercise should be taken in open air. 

2. Exercise should be done in the early morning or evening. 

3. Proper rest should be taken. 

(d) Organic Disease: A disease of a particular abnormal condition, a disorder of structure or function that affects a part or all parts of an organism is called organic disease. 

Examples: Ulcer, Brain Tumor.

(i) Side-out is a type of scoring system in which, if the serving team wins the rally, points are awarded to the winner serving team and continues to serve also. If the receiving team wins the rally, they get the chance to serve but the points are not awarded to the team. 

(ii) Penalty is a situation when a player commits a foul intentionally and the referee shows a yellow card to the player committing the foul and service to the opponent team. 

(iii) Carrying the ball is a situation when the ball is not rebound from the hit and it stays for some time with the player. 

(iv) A player may penetrate below the net in opponent’s area if it does not interfere with the play of the other team. If it interferes with the play of the other team, the penetration fault is said to be committed by the player.

(i) A Pivot foot: The front foot of pitcher remain stationary while pitching is called pivot foot. 

(ii) Time-out: It is an interruption of game requested by coach. It lasts not mo e than one min. It can be taken one time in I, II and III quarter; and two times in IV quarter. 

(iii) Throw in: It is passing the ball from side line or end line (after the dead-ball) to restart the continuity of game. 

(iv) Holding: It is personal contact to opponent player that infers the freedom of movement (by body contact).

1. In softball, stealing a base is everything. If you hit a single, then with the power of stealing you could be on third, that is called stealing. 

2. An Altered Bat: An illegal practice, involving adding material or extra grips to the bat, including more than two layers of tape is called an altered bat. 

3. An Inning in softball consists of two halves, where a single half is called a frame. In each half, one team bats until three outs are made with the other team playing defense. 

4. Circumference of Ball: 11 to 12 inches Weight of Ball: 6 to 7 oz.

(i) A fly ball is one that is caught in the field and holds the runner on base. Runners advancing on fly ball can be thrown out returning to base. 

(ii) Dug Out is a designated area for coaches, players, substitutes and other officials. 

(iii) Pivot foot is the front foot of the pitcher that remains stationary while pitching. 

(iv) Innings consists of two halves, in each half, one team bats until three outs are made with the other defense team.

Badminton requires you to be able to move around the court quickly so agility is key, but don’t worry if you are not the most agile because playing regularly will help you to improve in this area.  In fact Badminton along with other sports such as Squash and Tennis are ideal sports to improve not only agility but your hand–eye coordination whilst improving fitness.

Fundamental Skills of Badminton :

Clear or Toss : This is an offensive as well as defensive stroke. It is taken with overhead swing of the racket to hit the shuttle hard so that shuttle goes deep and back in the opponent’s court. It may be high clear or low clear, over the both sides of the court in opponents side.

Smash : This is an offensive stroke to stop the rally at once. In this, shuttle is powerfully hit in downward direction and gives no chance to the opponent to return. Shuttle is hitted with very fast swing of hand just over the head. Shuttle goes steep’ down in opponent’s court.

Half-Smash : This is an offensive skill in which shuttle travels very fast in ownhalf court but lands close to net in opponent side. It is a combination of smash and drop as racket is just tilted before the hit which gives spin to the shuttle.

Drop : This is slow push to the shuttle so that it just crosses the net and lands near the net in opponent’s court. It is taken from deep position and shuttle is contacted at overhead swing of racket.

Net-Drop : It is returning a close drop by placing the shuttle close to net in opponent court.

Tap : It is returning a rising shuttle close to net by steping ahead (close to net) and placing the racket in the path of shuttle. Thus, shuttle lands close to net in opponent court.

Flat Return: It is returning the coming shuttle with force, just at the height of net. This skill is also termed as drive. This offensive skill is used mostly in doubles game.

1. Appeal Play: An appeal play occurs when a member of the defensive team calls the attention of an umpire to an infraction which he would otherwise ignore. 

2. A Batted Ball: A fair ball which is hit by the batter is called batted ball. 

3. Fair Territory: The area between the home and first base or home and third base is called fair territory. 

4. Base Path: An imaginary line three feet to either side or direct line between the bases.

(i) Leaping is an illegal act that results in the pitcher becoming air-borne on the initial push-off from the pitcher plate. 

(ii) Suspended game is one in which the plate umpire leaves his position to brush the plate or to perform other duties not directly connected with the calling of plays. 

(iii) A triple play is a continuous action play by the defence on which three offensive players are put out. 

(iv) Batter is a player on base to face the delivery bowled by the pitcher.

1. At the time of play, not more than 7 players should be present on the court out of 14 total players. The remaining 7 players are substitutes. 

2. At a given time, dining the match, one of the player should be a goalkeeper. He can become a court player at any time and vice-versa. A team should have 5 players in the starting and can be increased up to 14 at any time, including overtime. 

3. The duration of the interval in any case is 10 minutes. If the game is tied at the end, then 5 minutes overtime can be given. 

4. The circumference of the ball for males is 58-60 cms and for females, it is 54— 56 cms

Foul tip is a batted ball which goes directly from the bat to the catcher’s hand or goes not higher than the catcher’s head and is legally caught by the catcher.

1. A Jeopardy is a state in which the ball is considered as the play ball and the offensive player is not allowed to play in the game. 

2. If the batter has hit the ball between the first and the third base lines, then the ball is said to be fair ball. 

3. A dead ball is a ball when the game has been stopped by the umpire or the ball is not in play. It remains as a dead ball until the game is started again.

1. The coach and the team representative, if find the’ need of any substitution, they immediately inform the plate umpire before entrance of the substitution. This change is informed to the scorer by the umpire. The substitution does not become official until the ball has been played. 

2. Before starting the game, all field positions are set. The batter is send to the home plate and the pitcher comes at the pitcher’s mound. The ball is thrown to the striking zone to be played by the batter. The ball is thrown by the underhanded motion to the batter. Before the game, the batting order is fixed and cannot be changed any time during the match.

1. Centre pass is a set piece used to start a game and to resume play after a goal has been scored. It is always played from the center line and the ball must be passed back to a teammate. 

2. The ball is put on the line wherever it went out, then a player of the team who did not touch the ball last has a free hit. This type of hit is called a side-line hit.

1. The three duties of the recorder are: 

    1. Assists the referee about the score dining the match. 

    2. Enters the names of the players who are not entitled to participate. 

   3. To maintain the score board at every         time of the match. 

2. The utility of the goal area is that only the goalkeeper is allowed to enter into the goal area. When a court player enters the goal area, the goalkeeper-throw, free throw or 7 meters throw are the decisions given by the referee. 

3. A corner throw is awarded when the defender, other than the goalkeeper, has knocked the ball over the goal line. The game is restarted by means of a throw from the corner of the court.

(i) Recorder sits over the official table. 

1. He fills the score sheet carefully.

2. He notes down the players, fouls, suspension, warning cards, etc. over the score sheet. 

3. He notes down the player scoring the goal. 

4. He checks the changing player. 

(ii) A comer throw is given to an attacking player while the ball is played over goal line by a defending player or either side of the goal. Corner throw is thrown by attacking player from the comer of court. It is done by throwing the ball by using either hand. 

(iii) Goal Area: The arc around the goal post at 6 meters which is restricted for all players except goalkeeper. Only goalkeeper is permitted inside the own goal area. Goalkeeper can touch the ball with any body part inside the goal area. Only goalkeeper is permitted to leave the goal area without permission.

1. A foul ball is a ball that is hit outside of the foul lines on the field. A ball that bounces in fair territory then goes into foul territory before it passes a base if considered a fair ball. 

2. A player is said to be an illegal pitcher when the team exceeds the charged conference limit. The player cannot return to the pitching position for the rest of the game. 

3. When the ball comes back into play again on the order of the umpire to start the game is called play ball. 

4. The strike zone is a zone to where the pitcher usually throws the ball. It is an area over home plate.

1. The ball is in play from the serve, i.e., start of the rally till the ball lands on the ground or court to win the point. A ball hit into the net may still be kept in play (upto 3 hits) provided that a player does not make contact with the net. The ball is not in play when the referee declares the fault or if two opposing players touch the net simultaneously, the ball is declared dead and is replayed. 

2. An expulsion is a very extreme condition. Extremely offensive conduct results in the red and yellow cards held together, expulsion from the remainder of the game. Expelled players must leave the playing court and remain seated in the penalty area until the start of a new game. This is known as expulsion. 

3. To win a set, the team that first scores 25 points with a minimum two point advantage (no scoring cap) wins. The best of three games will win matches. If there is a deciding game, it will be i won by the team that first scores 15 points with a minimum two point advan tage.