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Five causes of deforestation in India during the British rule were:

a. The British considered forests as wildernesses which must be brought under cultivation to enhance the income of the state. Thus, large tracts of forest lands were cleared for cultivating land.

b. Due to high demand, forests in Britain were dissapearing. This created a problem for British Royal navy as wood as required to build ships. The British started exploring Indian forests on a massive scale.

c. Forests were destroyed to supply sleepers for railways and to further expand areas under railways.

d. The colonial government thought forests as unproductive and hence cleared them for building dams and laying down cities.

e. Cash crops were expected to bring huge revenues. So large areas of natural forests were cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations. 

(i) Film industry : Bombay film industry has contributed in a big way to produce an - age of City as a blend of dream and reality, it is Indias film capital providing employment to more than 10 lakh people.

Most of the people in the film industry were themselves migrants and became successful. This has encouraged more migration.

(ii) Employment : Bombay is one of the most important industrial towns of India providing employment to skilled, and unskilled workers. It also provides employment lo women workers.

(iii) Spacious bungalows : Film producers heroes and industrialists live in sprawling spacious bungalows which attract large number of migrants to the city.

(iv) Bombay films have contributed in big way to produce an image of the city[Bombay] as a bland of dreams and reality.

(i) At first Bombay was just a part in the western India and acted as a major outlet for cotton textile from Gujarat. By end of 19th century it became a major industrial centre.

(ii) Originally Seven islands were joined into one landmass over a period of time. The earliest project began in 1784. The government approved plan of building a high wall to prevent the flooding of the areas of Bombay.

(iii) Need for additional commercial space led to the formulation of various plans both by government and private companies, for reclamation of more land from sea.

(iv) In 1864 Back Bay Reclamation company won the right to reclaim fore shore from the tip of Malabar hill to the end of Colaba. By the end of 19th century the city had extended to about 22 sq. miles. Population also increased.

(v) A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust, which built a dry dock between 1914-18 and on the excavated land created the Ballard Estate followed by the building of Marine Drive of Bombay.

On January 9, 1905, a mass of peaceful workers with their wives and children was fired at in St. Petersburg while on its way to the Winter Palace of present a petition to the Czar. More than a thousand of them were killed and thousands of others were wounded. The events of the Black Sunday provoked unprecedented disturbances throughout Russia. Sections of the army and the navy also revolted.

With too much of printed money in circulation, the value of German mark fell. As the value of German mark collapsed, prices of goods soared. The image of Germarts carrying cartloads of currency notes to buy a loaf of bread was widely publicised evoking worldwide sympathy. This crisis came to be known as ‘hyperinflation’ a situation when prices rise phenomenally high.

Hyperinflation is a situation when there is very high price rise. It occurred in Germany after the first world war due to too much printing of currency.

Economic activities can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary activities. Now let us examine these from India’s employment point of view: 

(i) Primary sector : More than 60% of the population is already working in the primary sector. This sector is already facing the problem of disguised unemployment. So there is not scope for further employment. 

(ii) Secondary sector : This sector absorbs only 10% of the working population. There is much scope in this sector as new manufacturing units are being set up. This sector bas the maximum capacity to absorb surplus workers of the primary sector. 

(iii) Tertiary sector : Tertiary sector provides service. As the need for the service sector is increasing this sector has the ability to absorb some working population.

The major impact of the spread of electricity in Palampur was to transform the system of irrigation. Electricity helped the farmers to shift from the traditional Persian wheels to electricity - run tube wells. The irritation capacity of electricity - run tube wells in much more than that of the Persian wheels. More important, spread of electricity leads, literally. The whole society from darkness to light. It transforms all social - economic norms of life. It is like a whole new world.

He was the Commissioner – in - Chief of the French Forces. The political instability of the Directory paved the way for his rise as a dictator. In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor of France.

 Steps  taken by him :

(i) He introduced many laws such as the protection of private property. 

(ii) He introduced a uniform system of weights and measures provided by decimal system. 

OR 

(i) Nazis wanted to establish an exclusive racial community of pure Germans by eliminating all other races. 

(ii) They wanted only a society of ‘Pure and healthy Nordic Arynas’. 

(iii) Under his racial policy Hitler even ordered to eliminate unhealthy or abnormal Arynans. 

(iv) Many ‘inferior’ races like Gypsies, blacks and Jewish were killed and deputed.

(i) The Yozana was launched in 1993.

(ii) The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns.

(iii) Under this unemployed are helped in seating up small business and industries.

(i) Poverty : Even after more than 50 years of independence more than 26% of the population still lives below poverty line, and this section remains food insecure.

(ii) Natural calamity : Food security is also required because during any year the country can face a national disaster or calamity like earthquake, drought, flood tsunami etc.

(iii) Price control : Food security is also required to check the rising prices of essential goods. Whenever the prices of food grains rise more than normal, government can release food grains from its stores.

(iv) Uninterrupted supply of food grains : Food security is also required to ensure food at all times.

There are in all six Fundamental Rights :

(i) Right to Equality.

(ii) Right to Freedom.

(iii) Right against Exploitation.

(iv) Right to Freedom of Religion.

(v) Right to Education and Culture.

(vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Right to Free and Compulsory Education for the 6 to 14 age group has been incorporated by 96^th Amendment.

Although both Houses discuss bills, Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha because of the following reasons:

(i) Money bills can be only be introduced in Lok Sabha.

(ii) Rajya Sabha cannot change money bills. It can only give its suggestions for consideration by Lok Sabha.

(iii) No-condidence motion against the government can be passed only in Lok Sabha.

(vi) In a joint session of the two Houses, the Speaker of Lok Sabha presides over the House.

The nature of Fundamental Rights is an under :

(i) The Government cannot make a law which violates the Fundamental Rights.

(ii) Some rights are available to all, while some other rights are available only to citizens.

(iii) These rights are not absolute. These are subject to certain restrictions imposed in the interest of public order, decency or morality.

(iv) These rights are justifiable.

(v) Some of these rights can be suspended in times of emergency. 

(i) Evergreen forests (or Tropical Rain Forests) are found on the rainy parts of the Western Ghasts and the island groups of Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. On the other hand, deciduous forests are found mostly in the eastern parts of the country - north eastern states along the foothills of the Himalays, Jharkhand, West Orissa and Chhattisgarh and the eastern slopes of the Western Ghasts. 

(ii) Ebony, mahogany and rosewood are the most (Important) trees of the Evergreen Forests. While on the other hand, teak is the most dominant species of the deciduous forests. Other found here are bamboos, sal, shisham sandalwood and khair. 

(iii) Trees of the Evergreen Forests don’t shed their leaves at one and the same time, so these forests remain evergreen. On the other hand the trees of the deciduous Forests shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks in summer.

There is no denying the fact that advances in technology, especially in television technology, affected the development of contemporary cricket. This becomes quite clear from the following account : 

(i) Television coverage made the game of cricket quite popular even among the millions of people residing is small towns and villages. 

(ii) The television coverage made cricket quite popular among the children and they became great fans of the different cricket players, both bowlers and batsmen. they watched carefully the techniques of the various players and themselves used them in their own trained only due to the great advancement in the field of technology.

(iii) As a result of the television converge, the different cricket boards became quite rich by selling television rights to different televisions companies. 

(iv) Continuous deletions coverage made cricket create celebrities who began to earn a lot of money by commercial advertisements.

OR

To Gandhi, khadi, white and coarse, was a sign (i) of purity (ii) of simplicity and (ii) of poverty. Wearing khadi became a symbol of nationalism, a rejection of western mill-made cloth. Gandhi’s dream was to cloth whole nation if khadi. Khadi would be a means of erasing differences between religions, classes, etc. But Gandhi’s ideas could not find universal acceptance even in India. 

(i) The aristocratic Indian adopted Indian dhoti and kurta as their dresses; but these were made of fine fibers rather than the coarse khadi. 

(ii) Those who had been deprived by caste norms for centuries were attracted to western dress styles. For them these were symbols of liberation. 

(iii) Many poor women simply would not allowed to purchase khadi, which is relatively much expensive then the mill-made saris. 

(iv) Many woman wore coloured saris with designs. White was seen as symbolic of renunciation.

(i) Whey there was a quarrel between the Bombay Gymkhana and Parsi cricketers over the use of public park the Britishers favaoured the Bombay Gymkhana. 

(ii) The regarded religious communities as separate nationalities that is why they used to approve applications for clubs on the bias of community. 

(iii) The encouraged pentangular tournament at it was based on communities. 

(vi) The first class cricket was also organised on communal and racial lines. The teams that played colonial India’s greatest and most famous first-class cricket tournament did not represent regions, but religious communities.

The Tagore family of Bengal experimented in 1870s with designs for a national dress for both men and women in India. Rabindranath Tagore suggested that instead of combining Indian and European dress, India’s national dress should combine elements of Hindu and Muslim dress. Thus the chapkan (a long buttoned coat) was considered the most suitable dress for men.

(i) More enclosure: Due to the introduction of threshing machines rich farmers were enclosing more and more open fielfs. This was having an adverse impact on the poor class. Now the area under open fields was decreasing. 

(ii) Loss of Job : Earlier, it was common for labourers to live with the landowners. They used to help their master throughout the year but with the introduction of machines work became insecure, employment uncertain and income unstable

(a) (ii) seem to be growing similar 

(b) (iii) make it an ideal hotel for tourists. 

(c) (i) Located along Chowringhee Lane, and facing the Hooghly 

(d) (ii) it includes a stay at the hotel Park-View 

(e) (i) there was none which could offer.

(i) The Chennai region has topped for the second consecutive year with 96.18% of students clearing the CBSE exam in 2010.

(ii) The Indian Meteorological department formally announced that the heatwave in the north India will subside next week.

(iii) About 100 huts near Vyasarpadi railway station were destroyed by the fire that broke out early on Friday.

(iv) Education Consultant Mr Jayan Gandhi’s advice to media aspirants was taken as tremendous scope for literature graduates.

(v) Twelve people were injured and seven were killed in a road accident.

A is carbon, B is carbon monoxide and C is carbon dioxide. 

A which is carbon belongs to Group 14 of the Periodic Table.

Carbon monoxide is toxic and Carbon dioxide causes global warming. 

A unit is a method to express the quantity of a thing that is defined by a convention and used as a standard to measure the quantity of the same thing. A unit of measurement is important in the practical life since ancient times to present. While a region may adopt specific units of measurement resulting multitude units, now there are international units used globally, called International System of Units (SI), e.g. the SI of length, mass and time are metre (m), kilogram (g), and second (s).

(a) In displacement reaction, more reactive metal displaces less reactive metal. Since, zinc is more reactive than hydrogen it displaces hydrogen in dilute hydrochloric acid and copper is less reactive than hydrogen and hence cannot displace hydrogen in dilute hydrochloric acid.

(b) Transition metals and their compounds show catalytic activities because of their ability to adopt multiple oxidation states and to form complexes.

(c) The d-orbitals of Zn, Cd and Hg are completely filled. As a result, they cannot participate in metallic bonding with other atoms of the same element. Therefore, they are soft and have low melting point.

(a) Due to the formation of chemical bonds between adsorbate and adsorbent in case of chemisorptions 

(b) Brownian movement and Tyndall effect 

(c) The movement of colloidal particles under an applied electrical potential is electrophoresis. When electrophoresis of dispersed particle in a colloidal system is prevented by some suitable means, it is observed that dispersion medium itself begins to move in an electric field. This phenomenon is known as electro osmosis.

(a) As flux to remove FeO impurities in the form of slag FeSiO₃. 

(b) Roasting :- Heating of ore in excess of air below its melting point 

Calcinations :- Heating of ore in limited supply of air below its melting point

No. of moles of ethylene glycol = n_B

Molar mass of C₂H₆O₂ = (24 + 6 + 32)g mol^–1

N_B = 222g/62mol^-1 = 3.58mol

mass of solution = (250 + 222)g = 472g

Phosphorus has five valence electrons so it cannot exceed its oxidation state beyond +5 so it cannot act as reducing agent but it can acquire lower oxidation state like +3 etc. Thus, PCl₅ can act as oxidising agent only.

(a) Because Mn ²⁺ is more stable than Mn³⁺ due to half-filled d⁵ configuration whereas Fe²⁺ becomes unstable after loosing an electron from half filled orbital. 

(b) Due to presence of higher number of unpaired electrons in iron, they have stronger covalent bonding. Hence, the enthalpy of atomization is more of iron than that of copper. 

(c) Sc³⁺ is colourless as it does not contain unpaired electrons to undergo d-d transition while Ti³⁺ is coloured as it contains unpaired electrons to undergo d-d transition by absorbing light from visible region and radiate complementary colour.

In catalysis reactants get absorbed on the surface of the catalyst and after product formation, these needs to be released from the surface so that new reactant can take its place. So desorption is as necessary as adsorption in the process of catalysis.

4-Nitro anisole or 4-Nitromethoxy benzene.

Two ions
[CO(NH₃)₅ NO₂] Cl → [CO(NH₃)₅ NO₂]⁺ + Cl^–

(a) BOD: It is referred to as Biochemical Oxygen Demand. It is defined as the amount of oxygen required by bacteria to breakdown the organic matter present in a certain volume of a sample of water. 

(b) Ozone hole: Ozone hole is formed due to depletion of ozone layer in the stratosphere due to presence of chlorofluoro carbon (CFC). In 1980s, atmospheric scientists working in Antarctica reported about depletion of ozone layer commonly known as ozone hole over the South pole.

(c) Photochemical smog: It occurs in warm, dry and sunny climate. The main components of the photochemical smog result from the action of sunlight on unsaturated hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides produced by automobiles and factories. It has high concentration of oxidising agents and is therefore, known as oxidising smog.

(i) Solution having pH 3, i.e., A is the most acidic. 

Solution having pH 12, i.e., C is the most acidic. 

(ii) pH in decreasing order of hydrogen ion concentration: A < B < D < C.

Suggestions II and IV are correct. 

Suggestion I is wrong because safranine is used to stain plant cell not to test the presence of starch. 

Suggestion III is wrong because transparent paper strip is permeable to sunlight.

A colourless gas with brisk effervescence is evolved on addition of sodium bicarbonate to acetic acid. Lime water turns milky when this gas is passed through it, thus the evolved gas is carbon dioxide.

On reaching back home, the old lady opened the door and realized that her house had been burgled. She immediately called the police. It took a long time for them to take the fingerprints and collect the evidence. The old lady was afraid to stay in the house alone and so her neighbour invited her to stay with her. The next day, too, she did not go home as the police were searching the house for more clues. She thought she would go to her nephew’s house, who lived in the next lane. Her nephew was surprised to see her and when the lady told him about the burglary, he seemed a little nervous. The old woman thought that may be he was afraid that his house would be burgled too, and took no notice of it. Later, as she was having tea, she saw him sneak out of the house with a heavy bag. She followed him and saw him selling her jewellery in a shop. She called the police and they caught him. All her belongings were seized from him and he was sent to jail. The old lady lost her trust on her relatives and stayed alone for the rest of her life.

The poet evokes the symbol of Earth that teaches us how to live on it by doing its activity most efficiently and quitely.

These questions have been set to test the students’ understanding of the text and their ability to interpret, evaluate and respond to the issues raised therein. Hence no particular answer can be accepted as the only correct answer. All presentations may be accepted as equally correct provided they have been duly supported by the facts drawn from the text. The important thing is that the student should be able to justify his or her viewpoint.

Distribution of marks :

Content:

Expression :

grammatical accuracy, appropriate words and spelling coherence and relevance of ideas and style

-Jansie- practical, aware of their poor socio-economic status/ background, knows ‘both earmarked for the biscuit industry’

-Sophie- dreamer, unrealistic, aspired to be an actress, own a boutique or be a manager, all beyond her means.

Detailed Answer :

Sophie had unrealistic dreams about her career. They were unrealistic because she neither had the money nor the talent to start a boutique and she considered herself to be a natural manager. She dreamt of achieving things she had no access to. She belongs to a lower middle class family but dreams of owning a boutique, or becoming an actress or a manager. Moreover instead of working towards her goals, she only dreams about them. 

Jansie on the other hand, was a practical girl who knows that Sophie gets lost in her fantasy world. She understands that the world Sophie talks and dreams about, is far beyond them. So, she discourages Sophie from escaping the world. 

Following are the duties performed by Human Resource Manager : 

1. Analyzing jobs – A human resource manager should analyse jobs and collect information about jobs to prepare job descriptions. This becomes the base for looking for potential employees. 

2. Recruitment – Recruitment is a process of searching qualified people for the jobs. Recruitment allows a human resource manager to create a pool of the prospective candidates. 

3. Selection – Selection is a process of choosing the best person out of a number of prospective candidates for the job. 

4. Performance appraisal – Performance appraisal means evaluating an employee’s current and past performance as against some standards. Performance appraisal facilitates a human resource manager to plan the policy of training, promotion and compensation. 

5. Compensation and incentive plans – A human resource manager should develop a sound compensation policy and incentive plans which should be adequate and equitable.

(D) 2g of H₂

(B) 6.023 × 10²¹

1.

1. There is more positive charge on carbonyl carbon in case of CH₃CHO but in acetone due to +I-effect of two methyl group carbonyl carbon has less positive charge so less reactive towards HCN.
2. Due to -I effect of nitro group, benzoate ion will be more stabilised so 4-nitrobenzoic acid is more acidic than benzoic acid.