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Market demand curve
Q = 200 - 4p
When the demand curve is a straight line and total cost is zero, the duopolistic finds it most profitable to supply half of the maximum demand of a good.
At P = Rs 0, market demand is
Q = 200 - 4(0) = 200 units
If firm B does not produce anything, then the market demand faced by firm A is 200 units.

Therefore, The supply of firm A = 1/2 x 200 = 100 units

In the next round, the portion of market demand faced by firm B is 200 - 200/2 =200 - 100 = 100units

Therefore, Firm B would supply 1/2 x (200 - 200/2) = 50 units

Thus, firm B has changed its supply from zero to 50 units. To this firm A would react accordingly and the demand faced by firm A will be 200 - 1/2 x(200 - 200/2)

= 200 – 50 = 150 units

Therefore, Firm A would supply = 150/2 = 75 units
The quantity supplied by firm A and firm B is represented in the table below.

Therefore, the equilibrium output supplied by firm A

= 200/2 - 200/4 + 200/8 - 200/16 + 200/32 + 200/64 + 200/128 + 200/256 + ...... = 200/3 units

Similarly, the equilibrium output supplied by firm B = 200/3 units.

Market Supply = Supply by firm A + Supply by firm B = 200/3 + 200/3

Equilibrium output or Market Supply = Q = 400/3 units ………………. (1)

For equilibrium price
Q = 200 - 4p
4p = 200 – Q

p = 50 - Q/4

p = 50 - 1/4(400/3) [from (1)]
p = 50 - 100/3
p = (150 - 100)/3
p = Rs 50/3
Therefore, the equilibrium output (total) is 400/3 units and equilibrium price is Rs 50/3.

The long run time horizon is featured by the free entry and exit of firms. If the firms in the short run are earning abnormal or super normal profits, then, new firms will be attracted to enter the market. Due to the new entrants, the market supply will increase. It leads to the reduction in the price that ultimately falls sufficiently to become equal to the minimum of average cost. When the market price is equal to the minimum of AC, it implies that all the firms earn normal profit or zero economic profit. 

On the contrary, if in the short run the firms are earning abnormal losses, then the existing firms will stop production and exit the market. This will lead to a decrease in the market supply, which will ultimately raise the price. The price will continue to rise until it becomes equal to the minimum of AC. 'Price = AC' implies that in the long run all the firms will earn zero economic profit. 

Hence, when the price is equal to the minimum of AC, neither any existing firm will exit nor any new firm will enter the market.

Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, complete efficiently selected aims. Managers are charged with the responsibility of taking actions that will make it possible for individuals to make their best offerings to group objectives.

A manager needs to manage a people doing their tasks and skills and lead their individual vision and control.

1. Planning -  Predetermining a course of action for accomplishing organizational  objectives.

2. Organizing - Arranging the relationships among work units for accomplishment of objectives and the granting of responsibility and authority to obtain those objectives.

3. Staffing - Selecting and training people for positions in the organization

4. Leading - Creating an atmosphere that will assist and motivate people to achieve desired end results.

5. Controlling - Establishing, measuring, and evaluating performance of activities toward planned objectives.

Yes, I agree with this statement. That profit is not an objective but a requirement of business. 

A business must earn profit because of the following reasons:

(a) For long-term survival : Profits alone help a business to continue to exist for a long time. It has
been observed that for achieving other economic as well as social objectives, profit must be earned. The business in which the profit is meagre or no profit is earned, closes down quickly.

(b) For rapid growth: Profit provides a sound financial structure for the growth and expansion of the business.

(c) Increases the efficiency of business : It acts as an incentive, motivating workers to contribute their maximum worth to the enterprise. Profit increases with the increase in efficiency and improved performance of the organisation.

(d) For building reputation and recognition : If the business earns adequate profits, it will pay fair and competitive wages to its employees, dividends at competitive rates to shareholders, etc. In other words, all the parties can be satisfied. This helps the business to earn reputation and goodwill in the society.

Commerce is concerned with buying, selling and distribution of commodities. It is an organised system for the exchange of goods and services. It involves not only the functions of buying and selling but several other activities required to facilitate buying and selling.

The purpose of commerce is to provide the right goods to the right persons at file right time and at the right place. Therefore, we can say business depends on commerce.

The following steps are involved in online trading:

(i) Registration Before online shopping one has to register with the online vendor by filling up a registration form. In this form one has to give a password to protect the account otherwise anyone can log in your account.

(ii) Placing an Order : In online transactions the order can be placed by picking and dropping the items in the shopping cart. Shopping cart is an online record of what you have picked up while browsing. After being sure of what you want to buy then check out from shopping cart and choose your payment option.

(iii) Payment Mechanism: In an online purchase payment is made through

(a) Cash on delivery

(b) Through cheque

(c) Net banking transfer

(d) Credit or debit card

(e) Digital cash [Note If they ask steps in e-trading then following steps are to be mentioned]

(1) Opeaning bank ale

(2) Opeaning demat account with a depository participant

(3) Opeaning online trading account with stock brokers

(4) Trading software installation

(5) Bidding and trading in securities

(iv) Digital cash : Digital cash is a type of electronic currency which is found only in cyberspace. It has no physical real properties but still can be used as a real currency in an electronic format. The amount equal to the digital cash which the buyer wants to get issued in his favour, is deposited by him in the bank dealing in digital cash through cheque, drafts, etc. The bank sends a special software to the buyer. Hence, while making online purchases, the buyer can make the payment by drawing digital cash from his account with the bank.

Former relates to selling and the latter relates to marketing.

Science is a systematised body of knowledge that establishes cause and effect relationship.

The basic features of science are:

(i) Systematised body of knowledge Science is a systematised body of knowledge, consisting of principles and theories based on cause and effect relationship.

(ii) Principles based on experimentation
Scientific principles are formed on the basis of observation and experimentation.

(iii) Universal validity Scientific principles are valid and applicable universally.

Management is a science because of the following reasons:

(i) Like science, there is a systematised body of knowledge in management, consisting of theories, principles and concepts.

(ii) Principles of management are evolved after continuous observations and experimentation.

(iii) Like science, some of the principles of management have universal validity, but they are not as exact as principles of pure science.
Conclusion Management is a social science or soft sciences, as it involves the study of human behaviour. Management cannot be as perfect as natural sciences. Therefore it is an inexact science.

Financial management is concerned with procurement and utilization of funds in a proper way. The primary objectives of financial management is to maximize owner’s wealth. 

Following are the important objectives of financial management: 

(a) To estimate accurately the amount of capital to be required. 

(b) To determine the form and proportionate amount of securities to be issued. 

(c) To raise funds at minimum cost and at most advantageous terms. 

(d) To maintain financial liquidity and flexibility. 

(e) To ensure the efficient administration of capital.

It is a matter of discussion whether management should be regarded as a science or an art of both. For this purpose, we have to assess different views, as given below:

Management as a science. Science is a systematically organized body of knowledge based on proper findings and exact principles and is capable of verification. The generalizations are made on the basis of empirical studies and so they may be applicable in future also. In order to be recognized as science, a subject should have the following characteristics: 

(a) A systematized body of knowledge including concepts, principles and theories. 

b) Is should establish cause and effect relationship. 

(c) Methods of enquiry should be universally applicable. Like other social science, management is also related with human beings and it is not an exact science like physics of chemistry. Though inexact, management, like social science, is based on a systematized body of knowledge; its practice depends on cause and effect relations, and not on the personal likes and dislikes of managers. Principles of management, as in the case of science, are also derived from observations and experiments. 

Management as an art. Art is concerned with the application of knowledge and skills. Desired results are achieved through the application of skill. 

Thus an art has the following characteristics: 

(a) It signifies practical knowledge. 

(b) It signifies personal skills in a particular field of human activity. 

(c) It helps in achieving desired/predetermined results. 

(d) It is creative in nature. 

Management is also an art since it involves application of knowledge and personal skills to application of knowledge and personal skills to achieve desired results. Every manager has to apply certain knowledge and skills while dealing with the people to achieve the desired results. As an art, management calls for a group of abilities, skills and judgments and a continuous practice of management concepts and principles. From the above discussion, it is clear that management is both a science and an art.

Prison authorities made many blunders.

• They allowed the German tutor who was Evan’s accomplice to take his classes

• Everyone assumed that he was a teacher from the technical college

• The invigilator’s identify was also not verified

• On the Examination day, Jackson’s not getting 'Evans’ ‘bobble-hat’ removed was a blunder

• If Stephens had not shifted from the cell, the escape would not have been possible

• Jackson should have searched McLeery thoroughly and examined the rubber ring closely

• The prison staff blindly believed that the injured was the invigilator, though it was Evans playing a trick on them.

• When Evans was arrested, the Governor was complacent and sent him in a prison van, leaving Evans in the hands of his own accomplices. 

(a) Nobody knew who his father was. 

(b) His mother died soon after his birth. 

(c) Oliver was brought up in an orphanage run by the workhouse.

Total number of students among whom the survey was conducted = 100 

40% of 50 = (40/100) x 50 = 20 

The students scoring less than 40% marks are the students who scored less than 20 marks. From the given table it is observed that there are 5 + 10 = 15 students who scored less than 40% marks. 

∴ Required probability = 15/100 = 3/20.

Storage time of water = ‘x’ seconds 

Amount of stored water = y cubic cm 

Water stored per second = 30 cubic cm 

Water stored in ‘x’ second = 30x

A.T.Q.

(i) Amount of stored water = water in 'x' second

y = 30x

(ii) In the form of ax + by + c = 0, y = 30x can be written as

30x - y + 0 = 0

(iii) Values: 

(i) Eco-friendly, (ii) cooperation

(i) Sucrose is dextrorotatory, on hydrolysis in the presence of hydrochloric acid or enzyme invertase, it gives a mixture of D-(+)-glucose and D-(–)-fructose which is laeorotatory called invert sugar.

(ii) If more than find-amino acids are joined together by peptide bend (CONH) the polyamide thus formed is called polypeptide.

(iii) Enzymes are biocatalyst. Almost all the enzymes are globular proteins. Enzymes are specific in nature and efficiency in their action. They are required in small quantity and highly active optimum temperature range (298–310 K) and pH values 5–7.

(a) a₁ = -30, a₂ = -24

d = a₂ - a₁ = -24 - (-30) = 6

\(\therefore\) sum of first 30 terms is

S₃₀ = 30/2 [2a + (30 - 1)]

 = 15 [2 x -30 + 29 x 6]

 = 15 [-60 + 174]

 = 15 x 114

 = 1710

(b) Given sum of n terms of A.P. is

S_n = n(4n + 1)

T₁ = S₁ = 1(4 + 1) = 5

T₂ = S₂ - S₁ = 2(4 x 2 + 1) - 5 = 18 - 5 = 13

T3 = S₃ - S₂ = 3(4 x 3 + 1) - 18 = 39 -18 = 21

T₄ = S₄ - S₃ = 4(4 x 4 + 1) - 39 = 68 - 39 = 29

Hence, required AP is 5, 13, 21, 29.....

(a) D = 0

⇒ b² - 4ac = 0

⇒ 4(m - 1)² - 4(m - 1) = 0

⇒ 4(m - 1) (m - 1 - 1) = 0

⇒ (m - 1) (m - 2) = 0

⇒ m = 1  or m = 2

\(\because\) Given equation (m - 1)x² + 2(m - 1)x + 1 = 0 is a quadratic equation.

\(\therefore\) m \(\neq\)1(If m = 1 then equation (1) is not remaining a quadratic equation)

\(\therefore\) m = 2

(b) \(\sqrt3\) x² + 10x + 7\(\sqrt3\) = 0

⇒ \(\sqrt3\) x² + 3x + 7x + 7\(\sqrt3\) = 0

⇒ \(\sqrt3\) x (x + \(\sqrt3\)) + 7(x + \(\sqrt3\)) = 0

⇒ (x + \(\sqrt3\)) (\(\sqrt3\)x + 7) = 0

⇒ x + \(\sqrt3\) = 0 or \(\sqrt3\)x + 7 = 0

⇒ x = -\(\sqrt3\) or x = -7/\(\sqrt3\)

Let R be the radius of solid sphere 

\(\therefore\) R = 10.5 cm

Also let r & h be the radius and height of formed each smaller cones respectively.

\(\therefore\) r = 3.5 cm & h = 3 cm

\(\therefore\) Total number of cones so formed = \(\frac{volume\,of\,shpere}{volume\, of \, one\, cone}\)

⇒ n = \(\cfrac{\frac43\pi R^3}{\frac13\pi r^2h}\) = \(\frac{4R^3}{r^2h}\)

 = \(\frac{4\times10.5\times10.5\times10.5}{3.5\times3.5\times3}\)

 = 12 x 10.2

 = 126

Hence, number of cones so formed = 126

When we toss a coin, the possible outcomes are only two, head or tail, which are equally likely outcomes. Therefore, the result of an individual toss is completely unpredictable.

The characteristics of black soil:

(i) These soils are black in colour and are also known as regur soils.

(ii) Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.

(iii) It develops deep crack during hot weather, helping in proper aeration of the soil.

(iv) The black soils are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. They are well-known for their capacity to hold moisture.

(iv) It is found in the plateau areas of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh as well as in the Godavari and Krishna valleys.

Soil Erosion is one form of soil degradation. It occurs in almost all types of lands. Flowing water, rainwater, and the wind are the prime agents which cause a significant amount of soil loss each year. Too much of soil erosion causes serious loss of topsoil and also reduces crop production potential, lower surface water quality, and damaged drainage networks.

Causes of soil erosion:

1. Due to human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, construction and mining, etc.
2. Natural forces like wind, glacier and water leads to soil erosion.
3. The running water cuts through clayey soils and makes deep channels as ‘gullies’. The land becomes unfit for cultivation, this process is called gully erosion and the land is called bad land or ravines in the Chambal basin.
4. Sometimes, water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. It leads to the washing away of the top soil. This process is called sheet erosion.
5. Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land, and is called wind erosion.
6. Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming.

The classification of economic activities into primary, tertiary and secondary is useful on account of the information it provides on how and where the people of a country are employed. Also, this helps in ascertaining as to which sector of economic activity contributes more or less to the country’s GDP and per capita income.

If the tertiary sector is developing much faster than the primary sector, then it implies that agriculture is depleting, and the government must take measures to rectify this. The knowledge that the agricultural profession is becoming unpopular or regressive can only come if we know which sector it belongs to. Hence it is necessary to classify economic activities into these three sectors for smooth economic administration and development.

 The organized sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have assured work. They are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in various laws such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act etc. It is called organized because it has some formal processes and procedures. Some of these people may not be employed by anyone but may work on their own but they too have to register themselves with the government and follow the rules and regulations.

The unorganized sector is characterized by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed. Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. Employment is not secure. People can be asked to leave without any reason. When there is less work, such as during some seasons, some people may be asked to leave. A lot also depends on the whims of the employer.

The reasons for the participation of various social classes and groups in Civil Disobedience Movement are as follows: 

i. Rich peasants- rich peasant communities like patidars of Gujrat & the jats of Uttar Pradesh joined the movement because, being producers of commercial crops they were hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. Due to the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand made them fight against high revenues. 

ii. Poor peasants- joined the movement because they found it difficult to pay rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. 

iii. Business class- they reacted against colonial policies that restricted activities because they were keen on expanding their business and for this they wanted protection against imports of foreign goods. They thought that Swaraj would cancel colonial restrictions and trade would flourish without restrictions. 

iv. Industrial working class- they did not participate in large numbers except in the Nagpur region. Some workers did participate in, selectively adopting some of the Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as a part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions. 

v. Women- there were large scale participation of women in the movement. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. 

The abstract concept of Swaraj did not move the nation's 'untouchables,' who from around the 1930's had begun to call themselves Dalit or oppressed. For long the Congress had ignored the Dalits, for fear of offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus. Gandhiji persuaded the upper castes to change their hearts. He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi (the sweepers). He called the ‘untouchables’ Harijan, organized satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. But many Dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution. Political empowerment, they believed, would resolve the problems of their social disabilities. They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose Dalit members for legislative councils. 

(i) It was designed in Bengal during the Swadeshi Movement. 

(ii) It was tricolour flag. 

(iii) Having red, yellow and green colours. 

(iv) It had eight lotuses representing our eight provinces. 

(v) A crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims.

The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its programme of struggle: 

(i) The industrialists came closer to the Congress, but the workers stayed aloof. 

(ii) Congress felt this would alienate industrialists. 

(iii) It would divide its anti-imperial forces. 

(iv) Civil Disobedience Movement would be weakened.

Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act, 1919 : 

The Rowlatt Act was hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council. Indian members unitedly opposed it. it gave government enormous powers to repress political activities. It allowed detention of political prisoners without trials for two years. 

Organization of Satyagraha : 

(i) Mahatrna Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws. 

(ii) It was started with a 'Hartal' on 6th April. 

(iii) Rallies were organized in various cities. Workers went on strike in railway workshops. Shops were closed down.

The Char data-type stores fixed length strings. If a string to be stored in a field having length smaller than the field size then padded on the right is done automatically before being stored.

Whereas, Varchar supports variable length strings and therefore if the string to be stored is smaller than the field size it stores without modification. And hence, it saves memory.

import mysql.connector

mydb = mysql.connector.connect{

host="localhost",

user="root",

passwd="cbse",

database="school"

}

mycursor = mydb.cursor()

mycursor.execute("INSERT INTO student values(3,'Michelle', 'Agartala');")

mydb.commit()

Client-side scripting from the given Web scripting is as follows:

(i) Java Scripting

(ii) VB Scripting

Server-side scripting from the given Web scripting is as follows:

(iii) ASP

(iv) JSP

(i) It has centralized control.

(ii) Fault diagnosis is easy.

Advantages of using Unicode to represent text are as follows :

1. Allows for multilingual text using any or all the languages that you desire.

2. Text in any language can be exchanged worldwide

Difference between Bus topology and Star topology is as follows: In bus topology, all nodes are connected to server along a single length of cable. Whereas, in star topology, all nodes are connected to server individually. 

Advantages of Star topology over Bus topology are:

(i) Easy to detect faults and remove it.

(ii) Failure of single system will not bring down the entire network.

Disadvantages of Star topology over Bus topology: 

(i) Requires more cable length than Bus topology.

(ii) If hub or server fails, the entire network will be disabled.

Example of URL → http: // www. microsoft. com Example of IP address → 192.168.0.0

Star Topology Two advantages of star topology are as follows : 

1. Easy to detect faults and remove It. 

2. Failure to single system will not bring down the entire network.

(a) JAVA, COBOL

(b) jListl. getSelectedValue ( ) ;

If statement is more appropriate for this situation because here is given only two conditions which will be executed by if statement while switch statement is used where multiple branch selection statements are given.

switch (choice)

{

Case 1 : JTextFieldl. setText ("New Delhi to Goa") ;

break ;

Case 2 : jTextFieldl.setText ("New Delhi to Paris") ;

break ;

Case 3 : jTextFieldl.setText ("New Delhi to Bangkok") ;

break ;

default: jTextFieldl.setText ("P1. choose valid option") ; 

}

class Square

{

public static void main (String args [ ])

{

int x. y ; x = 10 : y = x * x ; 

Algal bloom in the lake or any other water body forms a scum. The scum depletes the oxygen in the water leading to foul smelling of the water body. The oxygen depletion affects the aquatic life adversely resulting in the death of fish and ultimately the eutrophic lake itself dies. 

Eicchornia crassipes/water hyacinth grows in a eutrophic lake.

• MNC wanted to encash on our rich legacy by bio piracy. 
• It leads to injustice, inadequate compensation and unauthorized exploitation of traditional knowledge of the country.
• Second amendment of the Indian Patents Bill takes into consideration issues related with patent terms, emergency provisions, and research &development initiative.

a.  Energy 

b.  Learn, earn, burn and enjoy.

c.  Are intelligent skilful and hardworking but lack insight and foresight. Being self indulgent do not follow any moral code of conduct. Are confined to present joys and do not think deeper. (any one merit and one demerit)

d.  May take the form of political opposition: giving verbal expression to its resentment

e.  Exploiting mother Earth and Nature to their extent of destruction and consequently his own.

f.  By evolving a new way of life and releasing a new principle of global consciousness through a fundamental research in the science of life

(i) privileged 

(ii) Cosmos

Transition elements (also known as transition metals) are elements that have partially filled d orbitals. IUPAC defines transition elements as an element having a d subshell that is partially filled with electrons, or an element that has the ability to form stable cations with an incompletely filled d orbital.

Number of unpaired electrons

sp³ d² , 4

F cannot show positive oxidation state as it has highest electronegativity/ Because Fluorine cannot expand its covalency / As Fluorine is a small sized atom, it cannot pack three large sized Cl atoms around it.

(a) Concerned about environment, caring, socially alert, law abiding citizen

(b) Low density polythene is highly branched while high density polythene is linear.

(c) As it is non-biodegradable .

(d) Which can be degraded by microorganisms,eg PHBV

In +3 oxidation state of phosphorus tends to disproportionate to higher and lower oxidation states / Oxidation state of P in H₃PO₃ is +3 so it undergoes disproportionation but in H₃PO₄ it is +5 which is the highest oxidation state, so it cannot. 

(i) The oxidation state of P in H₃PO₄ is +5 and in H₃PO₃ is +3. The oxidation state of P expands from -3 to +5. So, H₃PO₄ can only be reduced whereas H₃PO₃ can be both oxidized and reduced. Hence, H₃PO₃ undergoes disproportionation reaction but H₃PO₄ does not. 

(ii) As fluorine is more electronegative than chlorine and due to absence of empty d-orbital, fluorine shows only -1 oxidation state. As it is not able to expand its covalency, therefore FeCl₃ does not exist. 

(iii) The size of oxygen is smaller than sulphur due to which it forms pπ-pπ bond leading to the formation of O₂ molecule. The intermolecular forces in it are weak van der Waals forces which cause it to exist as gas. Whereas, sulphur does not form S=S double bonds but exist as S₈ molecule held by strong covalent bonds and exists as solid.